{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,13]],"date-time":"2026-02-13T20:43:41Z","timestamp":1771015421519,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":84,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[1989,11,1]],"date-time":"1989-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":625881600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Artificial Intelligence"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1989,11]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/0004-3702(89)90077-5","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2003,3,14]],"date-time":"2003-03-14T13:02:52Z","timestamp":1047646972000},"page":"1-63","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":737,"title":["The structure-mapping engine: Algorithm and examples"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"41","author":[{"given":"Brian","family":"Falkenhainer","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Kenneth D.","family":"Forbus","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Dedre","family":"Gentner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/0004-3702(89)90077-5_BIB1","series-title":"Proceedings AAAI-87","article-title":"Recent developments in Butterfly Lisp","author":"Allen","year":"1987"},{"key":"10.1016\/0004-3702(89)90077-5_BIB2","series-title":"The Architecture of Cognition","author":"Anderson","year":"1983"},{"key":"10.1016\/0004-3702(89)90077-5_BIB3","series-title":"Sun up to Sun down","author":"Buckley","year":"1979"},{"key":"10.1016\/0004-3702(89)90077-5_BIB4","series-title":"The Computer Modelling of Mathematical Reasoning","author":"Bundy","year":"1983"},{"key":"10.1016\/0004-3702(89)90077-5_BIB5_1","series-title":"Proceedings Second International Workshop on Machine Learning","article-title":"Concept formation by incremental analogical reasoning and debugging","author":"Burstein","year":"1983"},{"key":"10.1016\/0004-3702(89)90077-5_BIB5_2","volume":"II","year":"1986"},{"key":"10.1016\/0004-3702(89)90077-5_BIB6","series-title":"Machine Learning: An Artificial Intelligence Approach","article-title":"Learning by analogy: Formulating and generalizing plans from past experience","author":"Carbonell","year":"1983"},{"key":"10.1016\/0004-3702(89)90077-5_BIB7_1","series-title":"Proceedings Second International Machine Learning Workshop","article-title":"Derivational analogy in problem solving and knowledge acquisition","author":"Carbonell","year":"1983"},{"key":"10.1016\/0004-3702(89)90077-5_BIB7_2","volume":"II","year":"1986"},{"key":"10.1016\/0004-3702(89)90077-5_BIB8","series-title":"Advances in the Psychology of Human Intelligence","article-title":"Expertise in problem solving","author":"Chi","year":"1982"},{"key":"10.1016\/0004-3702(89)90077-5_BIB9","series-title":"Proceedings Tenth Annual Meeting of the Cognitive Science Society","article-title":"Systematicity as a selection constraint in analogical mapping","author":"Clement","year":"1988"},{"key":"10.1016\/0004-3702(89)90077-5_BIB10","series-title":"Proceedings Third Annual Meeting of the Cognitive Science Society","article-title":"Analogy generation in scientific problem solving","author":"Clement","year":"1981"},{"key":"10.1016\/0004-3702(89)90077-5_BIB11","series-title":"Proceedings Fourth Annual Meeting of the Cognitive Science Society","article-title":"Analogical reasoning patterns in expert problem solving","author":"Clement","year":"1982"},{"key":"10.1016\/0004-3702(89)90077-5_BIB12","series-title":"Cultural Models in Language and Thought","article-title":"How people construct mental models","author":"Collins","year":"1987"},{"key":"10.1016\/0004-3702(89)90077-5_BIB13","series-title":"Proceedings IJCAI-81","article-title":"Generalizations based on explanations","author":"DeJong","year":"1981"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/0004-3702(89)90077-5_BIB14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00114116","article-title":"Explanation-based learning: An alternative view","volume":"1","author":"DeJong","year":"1986","journal-title":"Mach. Learning"},{"key":"10.1016\/0004-3702(89)90077-5_BIB15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1016\/0004-3702(81)90002-3","article-title":"Inductive learning of structural descriptions: evaluation criteria and comparative review of selected methods","volume":"16","author":"Diettrich","year":"1981","journal-title":"Artificial Intelligence"},{"key":"10.1016\/0004-3702(89)90077-5_BIB16_1","article-title":"Towards a general-purpose belief maintenance system","volume":"2","author":"Falkenhainer","year":"1988"},{"key":"10.1016\/0004-3702(89)90077-5_BIB16_2","series-title":"Tech. Rept. UIUCDCS-R-87-1717","year":"1987"},{"key":"10.1016\/0004-3702(89)90077-5_BIB17_1","article-title":"An examination of the third stage in the analogy process: Verification-based analogical learning","author":"Falkenhainer","year":"1986"},{"key":"10.1016\/0004-3702(89)90077-5_BIB17_2","series-title":"Proceedings IJCAI-87","year":"1987"},{"key":"10.1016\/0004-3702(89)90077-5_BIB18","series-title":"Proceedings Fourth International Machine Learning Workshop","article-title":"Scientific theory formation through analogical inference","author":"Falkenhainer","year":"1987"},{"key":"10.1016\/0004-3702(89)90077-5_BIB19","article-title":"The SME user's manual","author":"Falkenhainer","year":"1988"},{"key":"10.1016\/0004-3702(89)90077-5_BIB20","article-title":"Learning from physical analogies: A study in analogy and the explanation process","author":"Falkenhainer","year":"1988"},{"key":"10.1016\/0004-3702(89)90077-5_BIB21","series-title":"Proceedings AAAI-86","article-title":"The structure-mapping engine","author":"Falkenhainer","year":"1986"},{"key":"10.1016\/0004-3702(89)90077-5_BIB22","series-title":"Proceedings IJCAI-81","article-title":"Qualitative reasoning about physical processes","author":"Forbus","year":"1981"},{"key":"10.1016\/0004-3702(89)90077-5_BIB23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1016\/0004-3702(84)90038-9","article-title":"Qualitative process theory","volume":"24","author":"Forbus","year":"1984","journal-title":"Artificial Intelligence"},{"key":"10.1016\/0004-3702(89)90077-5_BIB24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/0004-3702(84)90038-9","article-title":"Qualitative process theory","author":"Forbus","year":"1984"},{"key":"10.1016\/0004-3702(89)90077-5_BIB25","series-title":"Proceedings AAAI-86","article-title":"Interpreting measurements of physical systems","author":"Forbus","year":"1986"},{"key":"10.1016\/0004-3702(89)90077-5_BIB26","article-title":"The qualitative process engine","author":"Forbus","year":"1986"},{"key":"10.1016\/0004-3702(89)90077-5_BIB27_1","series-title":"Proceedings Second International Machine Learning Workshop","article-title":"Learning physical domains: Towards a theoretical famework","author":"Forbus","year":"1983"},{"key":"10.1016\/0004-3702(89)90077-5_BIB27_2","volume":"II","year":"1986"},{"key":"10.1016\/0004-3702(89)90077-5_BIB28","article-title":"The structure of analogical models in science","author":"Gentner","year":"1980"},{"key":"10.1016\/0004-3702(89)90077-5_BIB29","series-title":"Metaphor: Problems and Perspectives","article-title":"Are scientific analogies metaphors?","author":"Gentner","year":"1982"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/0004-3702(89)90077-5_BIB30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1207\/s15516709cog0702_3","article-title":"Structure-mapping: A theoretical framework for analogy","volume":"7","author":"Gentner","year":"1983","journal-title":"Cognitive Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/0004-3702(89)90077-5_BIB31","unstructured":"Gentner, D., Mechanisms of analogy, in: S. Vosniadou and A. Ortony (Eds.), Similarity and Analogical Reasoning (to appear)."},{"key":"10.1016\/0004-3702(89)90077-5_BIB32","series-title":"Analogical: Proceedings of the First Workshop on Analogical Reasoning","article-title":"Analogical inference and analogical access","author":"Gentner","year":"1988"},{"key":"10.1016\/0004-3702(89)90077-5_BIB33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gentner, D. and Clement, C., Evidence for relational selectivity in the interpretation of analogy and metaphor, in: G.H. Bower (Ed.), The Psychology of Learning and Motivation, Advances in Research and Theory 22 (Academic Press, New York, to appear).","DOI":"10.1016\/S0079-7421(08)60044-4"},{"key":"10.1016\/0004-3702(89)90077-5_BIB34","series-title":"Mental Models","article-title":"Flowing waters or teeming crowds: Mental models of electricity","author":"Gentner","year":"1983"},{"key":"10.1016\/0004-3702(89)90077-5_BIB35","series-title":"Proceedings International Conference on Systems, Man and Cybernetics","article-title":"Analogical reminding: A good match is hard to find","author":"Gentner","year":"1985"},{"key":"10.1016\/0004-3702(89)90077-5_BIB36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.2307\/1130388","article-title":"Metaphor as structure-mapping: The relational shift","volume":"59","author":"Gentner","year":"1988","journal-title":"Child Dev."},{"key":"10.1016\/0004-3702(89)90077-5_BIB37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1207\/s15516709cog1003_2","article-title":"Systematicity and surface similarity in the development of analogy","author":"Gentner","year":"1986","journal-title":"Cognitive Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/0004-3702(89)90077-5_BIB38","series-title":"Proceedings Third Conference on Theoretical Issues in Natural Language Processing","article-title":"Metaphor: The good, the bad and the ugly","author":"Gentner","year":"1987"},{"key":"10.1016\/0004-3702(89)90077-5_BIB39","series-title":"Proceedings AAAI-84","article-title":"Non-monotonic reasoning using Dempster's rule","author":"Ginsberg","year":"1984"},{"key":"10.1016\/0004-3702(89)90077-5_BIB40","series-title":"Presented at the Meeting of the Midwestern Psychological Association","article-title":"Relational similarity and the non-independence of features in similarity judgements","author":"Goldstone","year":"1988"},{"key":"10.1016\/0004-3702(89)90077-5_BIB41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1016\/0004-3702(88)90032-X","article-title":"Learning by understanding analogies","volume":"35","author":"Greiner","year":"1988","journal-title":"Artificial Intelligence"},{"key":"10.1016\/0004-3702(89)90077-5_BIB42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1016\/0004-3702(89)90003-9","article-title":"Computational approaches to analogical reasoning: A comparative analysis","volume":"39","author":"Hall","year":"1989","journal-title":"Artificial Intelligence"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/0004-3702(89)90077-5_BIB43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"401","DOI":"10.1145\/359488.359503","article-title":"An interference matching technique for inducing abstractions","volume":"21","author":"Hayes-Roth","year":"1978","journal-title":"Commun. ACM"},{"key":"10.1016\/0004-3702(89)90077-5_BIB44","article-title":"The Copycat project: An experiment in nondeterministic and creative analogies","author":"Hofstadter","year":"1984","journal-title":"MIT AI Laboratory Memo 755"},{"key":"10.1016\/0004-3702(89)90077-5_BIB45","series-title":"Proceedings IJCAI-87","article-title":"Compiling plan operators from domains expressed in qualitative process theory","author":"Hogge","year":"1987"},{"key":"10.1016\/0004-3702(89)90077-5_BIB46","author":"Holland","year":"1987","journal-title":"Induction: Processes of Inference, Learning, and Discovery"},{"key":"10.1016\/0004-3702(89)90077-5_BIB47","article-title":"The pragmatics of analogical transfer","volume":"1","author":"Holyoak","year":"1984"},{"key":"10.1016\/0004-3702(89)90077-5_BIB48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Holyoak, K.J., Juin, E.N. and Billman, D.O., Development of analogical problem-solving skill, Child Dev. (to appear).","DOI":"10.2307\/1129778"},{"key":"10.1016\/0004-3702(89)90077-5_BIB49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"515","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00413622","article-title":"Constrained semantic transference: A formal theory of metaphors","volume":"68","author":"Indurkhya","year":"1986","journal-title":"Synthese"},{"key":"10.1016\/0004-3702(89)90077-5_BIB50","series-title":"Proceedings Seventh Annual Conference of the Cognitive Science Society","article-title":"Purpose-directed analogy","author":"Kedar-Cabelli","year":"1985"},{"key":"10.1016\/0004-3702(89)90077-5_BIB51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kedar-Cabelli, S.T., Analogy: From a unified perspective, in: D.H. Helman (Ed.), Analogical Reasoning: Perspectives of Artificial Intelligence, Cognitive Science, and Philosophy (Reidel, Dordrecht, Netherlands, to appear).","DOI":"10.1007\/978-94-015-7811-0_4"},{"key":"10.1016\/0004-3702(89)90077-5_BIB52","article-title":"Computing the similarity of structured objects by means of a heuristic search for correspondences","author":"Kline","year":"1983"},{"key":"10.1016\/0004-3702(89)90077-5_BIB53","series-title":"Mental Models","article-title":"Problem representations in physics","author":"Larkin","year":"1983"},{"key":"10.1016\/0004-3702(89)90077-5_BIB54","series-title":"Elements of Discrete Mathematics","author":"Liu","year":"1977"},{"key":"10.1016\/0004-3702(89)90077-5_BIB55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.1109\/TPAMI.1980.4767034","article-title":"Pattern recognition as rule-guided inductive inference","volume":"2","author":"Michalski","year":"1980","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Pattern Anal. Mach. Intell."},{"key":"10.1016\/0004-3702(89)90077-5_BIB56","article-title":"Building in equational theories","volume":"7","author":"Plotkin","year":"1972"},{"key":"10.1016\/0004-3702(89)90077-5_BIB57","series-title":"Proceedings IJCAI-83","article-title":"A synthetic view of approximate reasoning techniques","author":"Prade","year":"1983"},{"key":"10.1016\/0004-3702(89)90077-5_BIB58","series-title":"Proceedings IJCAI-85","article-title":"Towards a model of conceptual knowledge acquisition through directed experimentation","author":"Rajamoney","year":"1985"},{"key":"10.1016\/0004-3702(89)90077-5_BIB59","series-title":"Proceedings Ninth Annual Meeting of the Cognitive Science Society","article-title":"Analogy and similarity: Determinants of accessibility and inferential soundness","author":"Rattermann","year":"1987"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/0004-3702(89)90077-5_BIB60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1145\/1089208.1089210","article-title":"A short survey on the state of the art in matching and unification problems","volume":"13","author":"Raulefs","year":"1979","journal-title":"ACM SIGSAM Bull."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/0004-3702(89)90077-5_BIB61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"124","DOI":"10.1037\/0278-7393.13.1.124","article-title":"A structure-mapping model for word problems","volume":"13","author":"Reed","year":"1987","journal-title":"J. Experimental Psychol. Learning, Memory Cognition"},{"key":"10.1016\/0004-3702(89)90077-5_BIB62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.1016\/0010-0285(84)90014-8","article-title":"Remindings and their effects in learning a cognitive skill","volume":"16","author":"Ross","year":"1984","journal-title":"Cognitive Psychol."},{"key":"10.1016\/0004-3702(89)90077-5_BIB63","series-title":"Cognitive Skills and Their Acquisition","article-title":"Analogical processes in learning","author":"Rumelhart","year":"1981"},{"key":"10.1016\/0004-3702(89)90077-5_BIB64","series-title":"A Mathematical Theory of Evidence","author":"Shafer","year":"1976"},{"key":"10.1016\/0004-3702(89)90077-5_BIB65","series-title":"Proceedings IJCAI-85","article-title":"Learning about momentum conservation","author":"Shavlik","year":"1985"},{"key":"10.1016\/0004-3702(89)90077-5_BIB66","article-title":"A structural approach to abstraction processes during concept learning","author":"Skorstad","year":"1989","journal-title":"Master's Thesis"},{"key":"10.1016\/0004-3702(89)90077-5_BIB67","series-title":"Proceedings AAAI-87","article-title":"Analogical processing: A simulation and empirical corroboration","author":"Skorstad","year":"1987"},{"key":"10.1016\/0004-3702(89)90077-5_BIB68","series-title":"Proceedings Tenth Annual Meeting of the Cognitive Science Society","article-title":"Abstraction processes during concept learning: A structural view","author":"Skorstad","year":"1988"},{"key":"10.1016\/0004-3702(89)90077-5_BIB69","series-title":"Proceedings IJCAI-75","first-page":"71","article-title":"A complete unification algorithm for associative-commutative functions","author":"Stickel","year":"1975"},{"key":"10.1016\/0004-3702(89)90077-5_BIB70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02291665","article-title":"Representation of structure in similarity data: Problems and prospects","volume":"39","author":"Tversky","year":"1974","journal-title":"Psychometrika"},{"key":"10.1016\/0004-3702(89)90077-5_BIB71","series-title":"Aptitude, Learning and Instruction: Cognitive Process Analyses","article-title":"Planning nets: A representation for formalizing analogies and semantic models of procedural skills","author":"van Lehn","year":"1980"},{"key":"10.1016\/0004-3702(89)90077-5_BIB72","article-title":"Felicity conditions for human skill acquisition: Validating an AI-based theory","author":"van Lehn","year":"1983","journal-title":"Xerox Palo Alto Research Center Tech. Rept. CIS-21"},{"key":"10.1016\/0004-3702(89)90077-5_BIB73","series-title":"Proceedings IJCAI-75","article-title":"Induction of concepts in the predicate calculus","author":"Vere","year":"1975"},{"key":"10.1016\/0004-3702(89)90077-5_BIB74","series-title":"Pattern-Directed Inference Systems","article-title":"Inductive learning of relational productions","author":"Vere","year":"1978"},{"key":"10.1016\/0004-3702(89)90077-5_BIB75","series-title":"On the development of metaphoric competence","author":"Vosniadou","year":"1985"},{"key":"10.1016\/0004-3702(89)90077-5_BIB76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1207\/s15516709cog0901_4","article-title":"Massively parallel parsing: A strongly interactive model of natural language interpretation","volume":"9","author":"Waltz","year":"1985","journal-title":"Cognitive Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/0004-3702(89)90077-5_BIB77","article-title":"Learning structural descriptions from examples","author":"Winston","year":"1970"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/0004-3702(89)90077-5_BIB78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1145\/359038.359042","article-title":"Learning and reasoning by analogy","volume":"23","author":"Winston","year":"1980","journal-title":"Commun. ACM"},{"key":"10.1016\/0004-3702(89)90077-5_BIB79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.1016\/0004-3702(82)90004-2","article-title":"Learning new principles from precedents and exercises","volume":"19","author":"Winston","year":"1982","journal-title":"Artificial Intelligence"}],"container-title":["Artificial Intelligence"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:0004370289900775?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:0004370289900775?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,27]],"date-time":"2019-03-27T00:22:37Z","timestamp":1553646157000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/0004370289900775"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[1989,11]]},"references-count":84,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[1989,11]]}},"alternative-id":["0004370289900775"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/0004-3702(89)90077-5","relation":{},"ISSN":["0004-3702"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0004-3702","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[1989,11]]}}}