{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,28]],"date-time":"2025-10-28T03:07:09Z","timestamp":1761620829285},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"1-2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[1994,10,1]],"date-time":"1994-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":780969600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Artificial Intelligence"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1994,10]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/0004-3702(94)90108-2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2003,3,14]],"date-time":"2003-03-14T13:02:52Z","timestamp":1047646972000},"page":"277-334","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":41,"title":["Causal approximations"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"70","author":[{"given":"P.Pandurang","family":"Nayak","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/0004-3702(94)90108-2_BIB1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1016\/0004-3702(91)90110-6","article-title":"Graphs of models","volume":"51","author":"Addanki","year":"1991","journal-title":"Artif. Intell."},{"key":"10.1016\/0004-3702(94)90108-2_BIB2_1","first-page":"131","article-title":"On representations of problems of reasoning about actions","volume":"3","author":"Amarel","year":"1968"},{"key":"10.1016\/0004-3702(94)90108-2_BIB2_2","series-title":"Readings in Artificial Intelligence","first-page":"2","year":"1981"},{"key":"10.1016\/0004-3702(94)90108-2_BIB3","volume":"5","author":"Artobolevsky","year":"1980"},{"key":"10.1016\/0004-3702(94)90108-2_BIB4","series-title":"Proceedings IJCAI-87","first-page":"239","article-title":"Approximation in mathematical domains","author":"Bennett","year":"1987"},{"key":"10.1016\/0004-3702(94)90108-2_BIB5","year":"1984"},{"key":"10.1016\/0004-3702(94)90108-2_BIB6","series-title":"Intelligent Tutoring Systems","first-page":"227","article-title":"Pedagogical, natural language and knowledge engineering techniques in SOPHIE I, II and III","author":"Brown","year":"1982"},{"key":"10.1016\/0004-3702(94)90108-2_BIB7","author":"Coren","year":"1989"},{"key":"10.1016\/0004-3702(94)90108-2_BIB8","series-title":"Proceedings AAAI-90","first-page":"365","article-title":"QPC: a compiler from physical models into qualitative differential equations","author":"Crawford","year":"1990"},{"key":"10.1016\/0004-3702(94)90108-2_BIB9","author":"Dahlquist","year":"1974"},{"key":"10.1016\/0004-3702(94)90108-2_BIB10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.1016\/0004-3702(84)90042-0","article-title":"Diagnostic reasoning based on structure and behavior","volume":"24","author":"Davis","year":"1984","journal-title":"Artif. Intell."},{"key":"10.1016\/0004-3702(94)90108-2_BIB11","series-title":"Proceedings IJCAI-77","first-page":"299","article-title":"Multiple representations of knowledge in a mechanics problem-solver","author":"de Kleer","year":"1977"},{"key":"10.1016\/0004-3702(94)90108-2_BIB12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1016\/0004-3702(84)90037-7","article-title":"A qualitative physics based on confluences","volume":"24","author":"de Kleer","year":"1984","journal-title":"Artif. Intell."},{"key":"10.1016\/0004-3702(94)90108-2_BIB13","author":"Even","year":"1979"},{"key":"10.1016\/0004-3702(94)90108-2_BIB14","series-title":"Proceedings AAAI-88","first-page":"301","article-title":"Setting up large-scale qualitative models","author":"Falkenhainer","year":"1988"},{"key":"10.1016\/0004-3702(94)90108-2_BIB15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1016\/0004-3702(91)90109-W","article-title":"Compositional modeling: finding the right model for the job","volume":"51","author":"Falkenhainer","year":"1991","journal-title":"Artif. Intell."},{"key":"10.1016\/0004-3702(94)90108-2_BIB16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1016\/0004-3702(84)90038-9","article-title":"Qualitative process theory","volume":"24","author":"Forbus","year":"1984","journal-title":"Artif. Intell."},{"key":"10.1016\/0004-3702(94)90108-2_BIB17","series-title":"Readings in Qualitative Reasoning about Physical Systems","article-title":"The qualitative process engine","author":"Forbus","year":"1990"},{"key":"10.1016\/0004-3702(94)90108-2_BIB18","series-title":"Proceedings Third Annual Meeting of the Cognitive Science Society","first-page":"219","article-title":"Using qualitative simulation to generate explanations","author":"Forbus","year":"1981"},{"key":"10.1016\/0004-3702(94)90108-2_BIB19","author":"Halliday","year":"1978"},{"key":"10.1016\/0004-3702(94)90108-2_BIB20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.21236\/ADA201041","article-title":"Model-based troubleshooting of digital systems","author":"Hamscher","year":"1988"},{"key":"10.1016\/0004-3702(94)90108-2_BIB21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1016\/0004-3702(91)90112-W","article-title":"Modeling digital circuits for troubleshooting","volume":"51","author":"Hamscher","year":"1991","journal-title":"Artif. Intell."},{"key":"10.1016\/0004-3702(94)90108-2_BIB22","series-title":"Proceedings AAAI-88","first-page":"313","article-title":"Causal ordering in a mixed structure","author":"Iwasaki","year":"1988"},{"key":"10.1016\/0004-3702(94)90108-2_BIB23","article-title":"Model generation and simulation of device behavior with continuous and discrete changes","author":"Iwasaki","year":"1991"},{"key":"10.1016\/0004-3702(94)90108-2_BIB24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1016\/0004-3702(86)90089-5","article-title":"Causality in device behavior","volume":"29","author":"Iwasaki","year":"1986","journal-title":"Artif. Intell."},{"key":"10.1016\/0004-3702(94)90108-2_BIB25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1016\/0004-3702(86)90073-1","article-title":"Qualitative simulation","volume":"29","author":"Kuipers","year":"1986","journal-title":"Artif. Intell."},{"key":"10.1016\/0004-3702(94)90108-2_BIB26","series-title":"Proceedings AAAI-87","first-page":"621","article-title":"Abstraction by time-scale in qualitative simulation","author":"Kuipers","year":"1987"},{"key":"10.1016\/0004-3702(94)90108-2_BIB27","author":"Macaulay","year":"1988"},{"key":"10.1016\/0004-3702(94)90108-2_BIB28","series-title":"Proceedings AAAI-90","first-page":"25","article-title":"Dynamic constraint satisfaction","author":"Mittal","year":"1990"},{"key":"10.1016\/0004-3702(94)90108-2_BIB29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.21236\/ADA263755","article-title":"Automated modeling of physical systems","author":"Nayak","year":"1992"},{"key":"10.1016\/0004-3702(94)90108-2_BIB30","series-title":"Proceedings AAAI-92","first-page":"710","article-title":"Automated model selection using context-dependent behaviors","author":"Nayak","year":"1992"},{"key":"10.1016\/0004-3702(94)90108-2_BIB31","series-title":"Proceedings IJCAI-81","first-page":"893","article-title":"Causal understanding of patient illness in medical diagnosis","author":"Patil","year":"1981"},{"key":"10.1016\/0004-3702(94)90108-2_BIB32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1016\/0004-3702(91)90107-U","article-title":"Order of magnitude reasoning","volume":"51","author":"Raiman","year":"1991","journal-title":"Artif. Intell."},{"key":"10.1016\/0004-3702(94)90108-2_BIB33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1016\/0004-3702(74)90026-5","article-title":"Planning in a hierarchy of abstraction spaces","volume":"5","author":"Sacerdoti","year":"1974","journal-title":"Artif. Intell."},{"key":"10.1016\/0004-3702(94)90108-2_BIB34","series-title":"Proceedings AAAI-87","first-page":"655","article-title":"Piecewise linear reasoning","author":"Sacks","year":"1987"},{"key":"10.1016\/0004-3702(94)90108-2_BIB35","series-title":"Proceedings Tenth Annual ACM Symposium on Theory of Computing","first-page":"216","article-title":"The complexity of satisfiability problems","author":"Schaefer","year":"1978"},{"key":"10.1016\/0004-3702(94)90108-2_BIB36","series-title":"Proceedings AAAI-91","first-page":"904","article-title":"Knowledge compilation using Horn approximations","author":"Selman","year":"1991"},{"key":"10.1016\/0004-3702(94)90108-2_BIB37","series-title":"Knowledge Based Expert Systems in Engineering: Planning and Design","first-page":"211","article-title":"Constraint management in conceptual design","author":"Serrano","year":"1987"},{"key":"10.1016\/0004-3702(94)90108-2_BIB38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"517","DOI":"10.2307\/2021114","article-title":"On the definition of the causal relation","volume":"49","author":"Simon","year":"1952","journal-title":"J. Philos."},{"key":"10.1016\/0004-3702(94)90108-2_BIB39","series-title":"Readings in Model-Based Diagnosis","first-page":"419","article-title":"What's in SD? Towards a theory of modeling for diagnosis","author":"Struss","year":"1992"},{"key":"10.1016\/0004-3702(94)90108-2_BIB40","series-title":"Proceedings First International Conference on Principles of Knowledge Representation and Reasoning","first-page":"475","article-title":"Inheritance in automated planning","author":"Tenenberg","year":"1989"},{"key":"10.1016\/0004-3702(94)90108-2_BIB41","author":"van Amerongen","year":"1967"},{"key":"10.1016\/0004-3702(94)90108-2_BIB42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0038-1635400","article-title":"Explanatory power for medical expert systems: studies in the representation of causal relationships for clinical consultations","volume":"21","author":"Wallis","year":"1982","journal-title":"Methods Inform. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/0004-3702(94)90108-2_BIB43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1016\/0004-3702(78)90015-2","article-title":"A model-based method for computer-aided medical decision-making","volume":"11","author":"Weiss","year":"1978","journal-title":"Artif. Intell."},{"key":"10.1016\/0004-3702(94)90108-2_BIB44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/0004-3702(86)90066-4","article-title":"The use of aggregation in causal simulation","volume":"30","author":"Weld","year":"1986","journal-title":"Artif. Intell."},{"issue":"2\u20133","key":"10.1016\/0004-3702(94)90108-2_BIB45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1016\/0004-3702(92)90029-W","article-title":"Reasoning about model accuracy","volume":"56","author":"Weld","year":"1992","journal-title":"Artif. Intell."},{"key":"10.1016\/0004-3702(94)90108-2_BIB46","series-title":"Recent Advances in Qualitative Physics","article-title":"Query-directed approximation","author":"Weld","year":"1991"},{"key":"10.1016\/0004-3702(94)90108-2_BIB47","year":"1990"},{"key":"10.1016\/0004-3702(94)90108-2_BIB48","author":"Welty","year":"1984"},{"key":"10.1016\/0004-3702(94)90108-2_BIB49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1016\/0004-3702(84)90041-9","article-title":"Qualitative analysis of MOS circuits","volume":"24","author":"Williams","year":"1984","journal-title":"Artif. Intell."},{"key":"10.1016\/0004-3702(94)90108-2_BIB50","series-title":"Proceedings AAAI-90","first-page":"349","article-title":"Interaction-based invention: Designing novel devices from first principles","author":"Williams","year":"1990"},{"key":"10.1016\/0004-3702(94)90108-2_BIB51","series-title":"Proceedings Fifth International Workshop on Qualitative Reasoning about Physical Systems","article-title":"Critical abstraction: generating simplest models for causal explanation","author":"Williams","year":"1991"}],"container-title":["Artificial Intelligence"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:0004370294901082?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:0004370294901082?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,17]],"date-time":"2020-03-17T22:32:17Z","timestamp":1584484337000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/0004370294901082"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[1994,10]]},"references-count":52,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1-2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[1994,10]]}},"alternative-id":["0004370294901082"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/0004-3702(94)90108-2","relation":{},"ISSN":["0004-3702"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0004-3702","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[1994,10]]}}}