{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,6]],"date-time":"2026-01-06T02:19:17Z","timestamp":1767665957617},"reference-count":57,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[1980,5,1]],"date-time":"1980-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":325987200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Automatica"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1980,5]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/0005-1098(80)90034-5","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2003,3,14]],"date-time":"2003-03-14T08:27:27Z","timestamp":1047630447000},"page":"237-253","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":243,"title":["Human dynamics in man-machine systems"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"D.","family":"McRuer","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/0005-1098(80)90034-5_BIB1","author":"Allen","year":"1970","journal-title":"Research on Display Scanning, Sampling, and Reconstruction Using Separate Main and Secondary Tracking Tasks"},{"key":"10.1016\/0005-1098(80)90034-5_BIB2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"498","DOI":"10.1109\/TSMC.1975.5408372","article-title":"Alcohol effects on driving behavior and performance in a car simulator","volume":"5","author":"Allen","year":"1975","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Syst., Man Cybern."},{"key":"10.1016\/0005-1098(80)90034-5_BIB3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.21236\/AD0710590","author":"Anderson","year":"1970","journal-title":"A New Approach to the Specification and Evaluation of Flying Qualities"},{"key":"10.1016\/0005-1098(80)90034-5_BIB4","series-title":"Handling Qualities Criteria","first-page":"106","article-title":"Theoretical pilot rating predictions","author":"Anderson","year":"1972"},{"key":"10.1016\/0005-1098(80)90034-5_BIB5","author":"Anderson","year":"1970","journal-title":"Paper Pilot Ponders Pitch"},{"key":"10.1016\/0005-1098(80)90034-5_BIB6_1","author":"Baron","year":"1968","journal-title":"The Optimal Controller and Information Processor"},{"key":"10.1016\/0005-1098(80)90034-5_BIB6_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1109\/TMMS.1969.299875","volume":"10","year":"1969","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Man-Machine Syst."},{"key":"10.1016\/0005-1098(80)90034-5_BIB7","author":"Baron","year":"1970","journal-title":"Application of Optimal Control Theory to the Prediction of Human Performance in a Complex Task"},{"key":"10.1016\/0005-1098(80)90034-5_BIB8","series-title":"Third Annual NASA-University Confecence on Manual Control","first-page":"247","article-title":"The effect of a random-sampling interval on a sampled-data model of the human operator","author":"Bekey","year":"1967"},{"key":"10.1016\/0005-1098(80)90034-5_BIB9","author":"Bryson","year":"1969"},{"key":"10.1016\/0005-1098(80)90034-5_BIB10","author":"Curry","year":"1976","journal-title":"Pilot Modeling for Manned Simulation"},{"key":"10.1016\/0005-1098(80)90034-5_BIB11","author":"Dillow","year":"1971","journal-title":"The \u201cPaper Pilot\u201d\u2014A Digital Computer Program to Predict Pilot Rating for the Hover Task"},{"key":"10.1016\/0005-1098(80)90034-5_BIB12","author":"Elkind","year":"1968","journal-title":"An Optimal Control Method for Predicting Control Characteristics and Display Requirements of Manned-Vehicle Systems"},{"key":"10.1016\/0005-1098(80)90034-5_BIB13","series-title":"Fifth Annual NASA-University Conference on Manual Control","first-page":"203","article-title":"An investigation into some aspects of the human describing function while controlling a single degree of freedom","author":"Gordon-Smith","year":"1970"},{"key":"10.1016\/0005-1098(80)90034-5_BIB14","series-title":"M.S. Thesis","author":"Houk","year":"1963"},{"key":"10.1016\/0005-1098(80)90034-5_BIB15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1109\/TMMS.1969.299912","article-title":"Corroborative data on normalization of human operator remnant","volume":"10","author":"Jex","year":"1969","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Man-Machine Syst."},{"key":"10.1016\/0005-1098(80)90034-5_BIB16","first-page":"304","article-title":"Biomechanical models for vibration feedthrough to hands and head for a semi-supine pilot","volume":"49","author":"Jex","year":"1978","journal-title":"Aviat. Space Environ. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/0005-1098(80)90034-5_BIB17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"524","DOI":"10.1109\/TAC.1969.1099242","article-title":"Optimal control of linear systems with time-delay and observation noise","volume":"14","author":"Kleinman","year":"1969","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Autom. Control"},{"key":"10.1016\/0005-1098(80)90034-5_BIB18","author":"Kleinman","year":"1971","journal-title":"Manned Vehicle Systems Analysis by Means of Modern Control Theory"},{"key":"10.1016\/0005-1098(80)90034-5_BIB19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.1016\/0005-1098(73)90058-7","article-title":"A control theoretic model for piloted approach to landing","volume":"9","author":"Kleinman","year":"1973","journal-title":"Automatica"},{"key":"10.1016\/0005-1098(80)90034-5_BIB20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/0005-1098(70)90051-8","article-title":"An optimal control model of human response","volume":"6","author":"Kleinman","year":"1970","journal-title":"Automatica"},{"key":"10.1016\/0005-1098(80)90034-5_BIB21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"824","DOI":"10.1109\/TAC.1971.1099842","article-title":"A control theoretic approach to manned-vehicle systems analysis","volume":"16","author":"Kleinman","year":"1971","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Autom. Control"},{"key":"10.1016\/0005-1098(80)90034-5_BIB22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1109\/TAC.1974.1100601","article-title":"Modeling the human in a time-varying anti-aircraft tracking loop","volume":"19","author":"Kleinman","year":"1974","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Autom. Control"},{"key":"10.1016\/0005-1098(80)90034-5_BIB23","series-title":"Displays and Controls","first-page":"155","article-title":"A model for analyzing the coordination of manual movements","author":"Kraiss","year":"1972"},{"key":"10.1016\/0005-1098(80)90034-5_BIB24","first-page":"57","article-title":"Optimizing linear dynamics for human-operated systems by minimizing the mean square tracking error","volume":"4","author":"Leonard","year":"1960","journal-title":"IRE WESCON Convention Record"},{"key":"10.1016\/0005-1098(80)90034-5_BIB25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1109\/TMMS.1969.299906","article-title":"A model for controller remnant","volume":"10","author":"Levison","year":"1969","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Man-Machine Syst."},{"key":"10.1016\/0005-1098(80)90034-5_BIB26","author":"Levison","year":"1967","journal-title":"Studies of Multivariable Manual Control Systems: Two-Axis Compensatory Systems with Separated Displays and Controls"},{"key":"10.1016\/0005-1098(80)90034-5_BIB27","author":"Levison","year":"1969"},{"key":"10.1016\/0005-1098(80)90034-5_BIB28","author":"Magdaleno","year":"1971","journal-title":"Experimental Validation and Analytical Elaboration for Models of the Pilot's Neuromuscular Sub-system in Tracking Tasks"},{"key":"10.1016\/0005-1098(80)90034-5_BIB29","author":"Magdaleno","year":"1968","journal-title":"Small Perturbation Dynamics of the Neuromuscular System in Tracking Tasks"},{"key":"10.1016\/0005-1098(80)90034-5_BIB30","series-title":"Regulation and Control in Physiological Systems","first-page":"230","article-title":"Human operator system and subsystem dynamic characteristics","author":"McRuer","year":"1973"},{"key":"10.1016\/0005-1098(80)90034-5_BIB31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.1177\/001872087701900406","article-title":"New results in driver steering control models","volume":"19","author":"McRuer","year":"1977","journal-title":"Human Factors"},{"key":"10.1016\/0005-1098(80)90034-5_BIB32","series-title":"Third IFAC Congress","article-title":"System performance and operator stationarity in manual control systems","author":"McRuer","year":"1966"},{"key":"10.1016\/0005-1098(80)90034-5_BIB33","author":"McRuer","year":"1968","journal-title":"New Approaches to Human-Pilot\/Vehicle Dynamic Analysis"},{"key":"10.1016\/0005-1098(80)90034-5_BIB34","author":"McRuer","year":"1967"},{"key":"10.1016\/0005-1098(80)90034-5_BIB35","author":"McRuer","year":"1974","journal-title":"Mathematical Models of Human Pilot Behavior"},{"key":"10.1016\/0005-1098(80)90034-5_BIB36","series-title":"The Vestibular System and Human Dynamic Space Orientation","author":"Meiry","year":"1965"},{"key":"10.1016\/0005-1098(80)90034-5_BIB37","series-title":"The Spinal Cord; a Ciba Foundation Symposium","first-page":"247","article-title":"Speculations on the servo-control of movement","author":"Merton","year":"1953"},{"key":"10.1016\/0005-1098(80)90034-5_BIB38","series-title":"Fifth Annual NASA-University Conference on Manual Control","first-page":"483","article-title":"Human performance in time-optimal state regulation tasks","author":"Miller","year":"1970"},{"key":"10.1016\/0005-1098(80)90034-5_BIB39","first-page":"389","article-title":"Transient responses of human motor coordination systems","author":"Okabe","year":"1962","journal-title":"QPR-66"},{"key":"10.1016\/0005-1098(80)90034-5_BIB40","author":"Peters","year":"1969","journal-title":"Dynamics of the Vestibular System and Their Relation to Motion Perception, Spatial Disorientation, and Illusions"},{"key":"10.1016\/0005-1098(80)90034-5_BIB41","author":"Ringland","year":"1972","journal-title":"Experimental Measurements of Motion Cue Effects on STOL Approach Tasks"},{"key":"10.1016\/0005-1098(80)90034-5_BIB42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1109\/THFE2.1962.4503330","article-title":"A comparison between human operator and optimum linear controller rms-error performance","volume":"3","author":"Roig","year":"1962","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Human Factors in Elect."},{"key":"10.1016\/0005-1098(80)90034-5_BIB43","series-title":"Displays and Controls","first-page":"327","article-title":"Some contributions to the theory of linear models describing the control behaviour of the human operator","author":"Schweizer","year":"1972"},{"key":"10.1016\/0005-1098(80)90034-5_BIB44","series-title":"Motion Cues in Man-Vehicle Control","author":"Shirley","year":"1968"},{"key":"10.1016\/0005-1098(80)90034-5_BIB45","first-page":"125","article-title":"Nonlinear computations in the human controller","volume":"9","author":"Smith","year":"1962","journal-title":"IRE Trans. Biomed. Eng."},{"key":"10.1016\/0005-1098(80)90034-5_BIB46","author":"Stapleford","year":"1969","journal-title":"Experiments and a Model for Pilot Dynamics with Visual and Motion Inputs"},{"key":"10.1016\/0005-1098(80)90034-5_BIB47","author":"Stark","year":"1968"},{"key":"10.1016\/0005-1098(80)90034-5_BIB48","first-page":"100","article-title":"Dynamic model for hand motor coordination system","volume":"Vol. 8","author":"Sun","year":"1966"},{"key":"10.1016\/0005-1098(80)90034-5_BIB49","author":"Teper","year":"1972","journal-title":"An Assessment of the \u201cPaper Pilot\u201d\u2014An Analytical Approach to the Specification and Evaluation of Flying Qualities"},{"key":"10.1016\/0005-1098(80)90034-5_BIB50","series-title":"Proceedings of the 13th Annual Conference on Manual Control","first-page":"27","article-title":"Theoretic aspects of the identification of the parameters in the optimal control model","author":"van Wyjk","year":"1977"},{"key":"10.1016\/0005-1098(80)90034-5_BIB51","article-title":"Der kybernetische Aspekt der Willkurbewegung","author":"Vossius","year":"1965"},{"key":"10.1016\/0005-1098(80)90034-5_BIB52","series-title":"Displays and Controls","first-page":"389","article-title":"The functional organization of object-directed human intended-movement and the forming of a mathematical model","author":"Vossius","year":"1972"},{"key":"10.1016\/0005-1098(80)90034-5_BIB53","series-title":"Sixth Annual Conference on Manual Control","first-page":"269","article-title":"Experimental and generalized mathematical analysis of the human motor system","author":"Vossius","year":"1970"},{"key":"10.1016\/0005-1098(80)90034-5_BIB54","author":"Weir","year":"1970","journal-title":"The Measurement and Analysis of Pilot Scanning and Control Behavior During Simulated Instrument Approaches"},{"key":"10.1016\/0005-1098(80)90034-5_BIB55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1016\/0005-1098(70)90077-4","article-title":"Dynamics of a driver\/-vehicle steering control","volume":"6","author":"Weir","year":"1970","journal-title":"Automatica"},{"key":"10.1016\/0005-1098(80)90034-5_BIB56","author":"Young","year":"1965","journal-title":"Biological Control Systems\u2014A Critical Review and Evaluation"}],"container-title":["Automatica"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:0005109880900345?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:0005109880900345?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,26]],"date-time":"2019-03-26T18:51:31Z","timestamp":1553626291000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/0005109880900345"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[1980,5]]},"references-count":57,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[1980,5]]}},"alternative-id":["0005109880900345"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/0005-1098(80)90034-5","relation":{},"ISSN":["0005-1098"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0005-1098","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[1980,5]]}}}