{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,25]],"date-time":"2026-06-25T06:19:20Z","timestamp":1782368360094,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":73,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[1995,12,1]],"date-time":"1995-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":817776000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Automatica"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1995,12]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/0005-1098(95)00107-5","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2002,7,26]],"date-time":"2002-07-26T01:31:06Z","timestamp":1027647066000},"page":"1835-1851","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":483,"title":["Subspace-based methods for the identification of linear time-invariant systems"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"31","author":[{"given":"Mats","family":"Viberg","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/0005-1098(95)00107-5_BIB1","first-page":"289","article-title":"A study of some approaches to vibration data analysis","volume":"Vol.3","author":"Abrahamsson","year":"1994"},{"key":"10.1016\/0005-1098(95)00107-5_BIB2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"716","DOI":"10.1109\/TAC.1974.1100705","article-title":"A new look at the statistical model identification","volume":"AC-19","author":"Akaike","year":"1974","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Autom. Control"},{"key":"10.1016\/0005-1098(95)00107-5_BIB3","author":"Anderson","year":"1984"},{"key":"10.1016\/0005-1098(95)00107-5_BIB4","author":"Aoki","year":"1990"},{"key":"10.1016\/0005-1098(95)00107-5_BIB5","series-title":"Proc. 31st IEEE Conf. on Decision and Control","first-page":"1707","article-title":"An algorithm for state-space frequency domain identification without windowing distortions","author":"Bayard","year":"1992"},{"key":"10.1016\/0005-1098(95)00107-5_BIB6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1016\/0005-1098(94)90228-3","article-title":"Fast recursive identification of state space models via exploitation of displacement structure","volume":"30","author":"Cho","year":"1994","journal-title":"Automatica"},{"key":"10.1016\/0005-1098(95)00107-5_BIB7","article-title":"Geometry of linear systems and identification","author":"Chou","year":"1994"},{"key":"10.1016\/0005-1098(95)00107-5_BIB8","first-page":"158","article-title":"The relative efficiency of different subspace methods","volume":"Vol. 2","author":"Deistler","year":"1994"},{"key":"10.1016\/0005-1098(95)00107-5_BIB9","article-title":"Mathematical concepts and techniques for modeling of static and dynamic systems","author":"DeMoor","year":"1988"},{"key":"10.1016\/0005-1098(95)00107-5_BIB10","series-title":"Proc. IFAC 88","first-page":"700","article-title":"A geometrical strategy for the identification of state space models of linear multivariable systems with singular value decomposition","author":"DeMoor","year":"1988"},{"key":"10.1016\/0005-1098(95)00107-5_BIB11","series-title":"System Identification: Advances and Case Studies","article-title":"Stochastic realization algorithms","author":"Faurre","year":"1976"},{"key":"10.1016\/0005-1098(95)00107-5_BIB12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1115","DOI":"10.1080\/00207178408933239","article-title":"All optimal Hankel-norm approximations of linear multivariable systems and their L\u221e-error bounds","volume":"39","author":"Glover","year":"1984","journal-title":"Int. J. Control"},{"key":"10.1016\/0005-1098(95)00107-5_BIB13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"883","DOI":"10.1137\/0717073","article-title":"An analysis of the total least squares problem","volume":"17","author":"Golub","year":"1980","journal-title":"SIAM J. Numer. Anal."},{"key":"10.1016\/0005-1098(95)00107-5_BIB14","author":"Golub","year":"1989"},{"key":"10.1016\/0005-1098(95)00107-5_BIB15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1101","DOI":"10.1002\/j.1538-7305.1969.tb04262.x","article-title":"On the identification of linear time-invariant systems from input-output data","volume":"48","author":"Gopinath","year":"1969","journal-title":"Bell Syst. Tech. J."},{"key":"10.1016\/0005-1098(95)00107-5_BIB16","first-page":"545","article-title":"Efficient construction of linear state variable models from input\/output functions","volume":"14","author":"Ho","year":"1966","journal-title":"Regelungstechnik"},{"key":"10.1016\/0005-1098(95)00107-5_BIB17_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"417","DOI":"10.1037\/h0071325","article-title":"Analysis of a complex of statistical variables into principal components","volume":"24","author":"Hotelling","year":"1933","journal-title":"J. Edu. Psychol."},{"key":"10.1016\/0005-1098(95)00107-5_BIB17_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"498","DOI":"10.1037\/h0070888","article-title":"Analysis of a complex of statistical variables into principal components","volume":"24","author":"Hotelling","year":"1933","journal-title":"J. Edu. Psychol."},{"key":"10.1016\/0005-1098(95)00107-5_BIB18","series-title":"Proc. 33rd IEEE Conf. on Decision and Control","first-page":"2528","article-title":"4SID linear regression","author":"Jansson","year":"1994"},{"key":"10.1016\/0005-1098(95)00107-5_BIB19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"620","DOI":"10.2514\/3.20031","article-title":"An Eigensystem realization algorithm for modal parameter identification and model reduction","volume":"8","author":"Juang","year":"1985","journal-title":"J. Guidance, Control and Dyn."},{"key":"10.1016\/0005-1098(95)00107-5_BIB20","author":"Kailath","year":"1980"},{"key":"10.1016\/0005-1098(95)00107-5_BIB21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"507","DOI":"10.1016\/0005-1098(88)90095-7","article-title":"A generalized approach to q-markov covariance equivalent realizations of discrete systems","volume":"24","author":"King","year":"1988","journal-title":"Automatica"},{"key":"10.1016\/0005-1098(95)00107-5_BIB22","series-title":"Proc. 12th Asilomar Conf. on Circuits, Systems and Computers","first-page":"705","article-title":"A new identification and model reduction algorithm via singular value decomposition","author":"Kung","year":"1978"},{"key":"10.1016\/0005-1098(95)00107-5_BIB23","series-title":"Proc. American Control Conf.","first-page":"445","article-title":"System identification, reduced-order filtering and modelling via canonical variate analysis","author":"Larimore","year":"1983"},{"key":"10.1016\/0005-1098(95)00107-5_BIB24","series-title":"Proc. 29th Conf. on Decision and Control","first-page":"596","article-title":"Canonical variate analysis in identification, filtering and adaptive control","author":"Larimore","year":"1990"},{"key":"10.1016\/0005-1098(95)00107-5_BIB25","series-title":"Proc. 31st IEEE Conf. on Decision and Control","first-page":"915","article-title":"Identification of multi-input and multi-output systems by observability range space extraction","author":"Liu","year":"1992"},{"key":"10.1016\/0005-1098(95)00107-5_BIB26","series-title":"Proc. American Control Conf.","first-page":"3000","article-title":"Identification and control of NASA's ACES structure","author":"Liu","year":"1991"},{"key":"10.1016\/0005-1098(95)00107-5_BIB27","series-title":"Proc. American Control Conf.","first-page":"1243","article-title":"Identification of linear systems from their pulse responses","author":"Liu","year":"1992"},{"key":"10.1016\/0005-1098(95)00107-5_BIB28","series-title":"Proc. American Control Conf.","first-page":"1061","article-title":"Modeling Hubble Space Telescope flight data by Q-Markov cover identification","author":"Liu","year":"1992"},{"key":"10.1016\/0005-1098(95)00107-5_BIB29","author":"Ljung","year":"1987"},{"key":"10.1016\/0005-1098(95)00107-5_BIB30","series-title":"Proc. 30th IEEE Conf. on Decision and Control","first-page":"1333","article-title":"A Simple Start-Up Procedure for Canonical Form State Space Identification, Based on Subspace Approximation","author":"Ljung"},{"key":"10.1016\/0005-1098(95)00107-5_BIB31","author":"Ljung","year":"1992"},{"key":"10.1016\/0005-1098(95)00107-5_BIB32","article-title":"Identification of state-space models from time and frequency data","author":"McKelvey","year":"1995"},{"key":"10.1016\/0005-1098(95)00107-5_BIB33","article-title":"Efficient construction of transfer functions from frequency response data","author":"McKelvey","year":"1994"},{"key":"10.1016\/0005-1098(95)00107-5_BIB34","first-page":"55","article-title":"A new unified approach to state space model structure determination and maximum likelihood identification with aerospace applications","volume":"Vol. 3","author":"Mehra","year":"1994"},{"key":"10.1016\/0005-1098(95)00107-5_BIB35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1080\/00207179208934236","article-title":"Comments on \u2018State-space model identification with data correlation\u2019","volume":"55","author":"Moonen","year":"1992","journal-title":"Int. J. Control"},{"key":"10.1016\/0005-1098(95)00107-5_BIB36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1080\/00207178908559631","article-title":"On-and off-line identification of linear state-space models","volume":"49","author":"Moonen","year":"1989","journal-title":"Int. J. Control"},{"key":"10.1016\/0005-1098(95)00107-5_BIB37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1133","DOI":"10.1080\/00207179008934120","article-title":"A QSVD approach to on- and off-line state space identification","volume":"51","author":"Moonen","year":"1990","journal-title":"Int. J. Control"},{"key":"10.1016\/0005-1098(95)00107-5_BIB38","series-title":"Proc. 10th IFAC Symp. on System Identification","article-title":"A subspace-based instrumental variable method for state-space system identification","author":"Ottersten","year":"1994"},{"key":"10.1016\/0005-1098(95)00107-5_BIB39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"590","DOI":"10.1109\/78.120802","article-title":"Analysis of subspace fitting and ML techniques for parameter estimation from sensor array data","volume":"SP-40","author":"Ottersten","year":"1992","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Sig. Process."},{"key":"10.1016\/0005-1098(95)00107-5_BIB40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-246X.1973.tb03424.x","article-title":"The retrieval of harmonics from a covariance function","volume":"33","author":"Pisarenko","year":"1973","journal-title":"Geophys. J. R. Astron. Soc."},{"key":"10.1016\/0005-1098(95)00107-5_BIB41","first-page":"283","article-title":"Model based processing of signals: a state space approach","volume":"80","author":"Rao","year":"1992"},{"key":"10.1016\/0005-1098(95)00107-5_BIB42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1990","DOI":"10.1109\/29.45548","article-title":"Performance analysis of ESPRIT and TAM in determining the direction of arrival of plane waves in noise","volume":"ASSP-37","author":"Rao","year":"1989","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Acoust. Speech Sig. Process."},{"key":"10.1016\/0005-1098(95)00107-5_BIB43","series-title":"Proc. RADC Spectrum Estimation Workshop","first-page":"243","article-title":"Multiple emitter location and signal parameter estimation","author":"Schmidt","year":"1979"},{"key":"10.1016\/0005-1098(95)00107-5_BIB44","series-title":"Proc. 9th IFAC\/IFORS Symp. on Identification and System Parameter Estimation","first-page":"1602","article-title":"An open-loop solution to the approximate closed-loop identification problem","author":"Schrama","year":"1991"},{"key":"10.1016\/0005-1098(95)00107-5_BIB45","author":"S\u00f6derstr\u00f6m","year":"1989"},{"key":"10.1016\/0005-1098(95)00107-5_BIB46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"720","DOI":"10.1109\/29.17564","article-title":"MUSIC, maximum likelihood and Cram\u00e9r-Rao bound","volume":"ASSP-37","author":"Stoica","year":"1989","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Acoust. Speech Sig. Process."},{"key":"10.1016\/0005-1098(95)00107-5_BIB47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1132","DOI":"10.1109\/29.57542","article-title":"Maximum likelihood methods for direction-of-arrival estimation","volume":"ASSP-38","author":"Stoica","year":"1990","journal-title":"J. IEEE Trans. Acoust. Speech Sig. Process."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/0005-1098(95)00107-5_BIB48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/0165-1684(95)00055-I","article-title":"Weighted LS and TLS approaches yield asymptotically equivalent results","volume":"45","author":"Stoica","year":"1995","journal-title":"Sign. Process."},{"key":"10.1016\/0005-1098(95)00107-5_BIB49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1523","DOI":"10.1016\/0005-1098(93)90015-L","article-title":"An indirect method for transfer function estimation from closed loop data","volume":"29","author":"VanDenHof","year":"1993","journal-title":"Automatica"},{"key":"10.1016\/0005-1098(95)00107-5_BIB50","first-page":"1277","article-title":"Subspace-based signal analysis using singular value decomposition","volume":"81","author":"VanDerVeen","year":"1993"},{"key":"10.1016\/0005-1098(95)00107-5_BIB51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"529","DOI":"10.1016\/0005-1098(82)90003-6","article-title":"On-line structure selection for multivariable state space models","volume":"18","author":"VanOverbeek","year":"1982","journal-title":"Automatica"},{"key":"10.1016\/0005-1098(95)00107-5_BIB52","article-title":"Subspace identification: theory-implementation-application","author":"VanOverschee","year":"1995"},{"key":"10.1016\/0005-1098(95)00107-5_BIB53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"649","DOI":"10.1016\/0005-1098(93)90061-W","article-title":"Subspace algorithms for the stochastic identification problem","volume":"29","author":"VanOverschee","year":"1993","journal-title":"Automatica"},{"key":"10.1016\/0005-1098(95)00107-5_BIB54","series-title":"Proc. Wth IFAC Symp. on System Identification","article-title":"A unifying theorem for three subspace system identification algorithms","author":"VanOverschee","year":"1994"},{"key":"10.1016\/0005-1098(95)00107-5_BIB55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1016\/0005-1098(94)90230-5","article-title":"N4SID: subspace algorithms for the identification of combined deterministic-stochastic systems","volume":"30","author":"VanOvershcee","year":"1994","journal-title":"Automatica"},{"key":"10.1016\/0005-1098(95)00107-5_BIB56","series-title":"Proc. MTNS","first-page":"589","article-title":"Subspace algorithms for system identification and stochastic realization","author":"VanOverschee","year":"1991"},{"key":"10.1016\/0005-1098(95)00107-5_BIB57","series-title":"Proc. 9th IFAC\/IFORS Symp. on Identification and System Parameter Estimation","first-page":"1453","article-title":"A novel non-iterative MIMO state space model identification technique","author":"Verhaegen","year":"1991"},{"key":"10.1016\/0005-1098(95)00107-5_BIB58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1027","DOI":"10.1016\/0005-1098(93)90104-2","article-title":"Application of a subspace model identification technique to identify LTI systems operating in closed-loop","volume":"29","author":"Verhaegen","year":"1993","journal-title":"Automatica"},{"key":"10.1016\/0005-1098(95)00107-5_BIB59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"555","DOI":"10.1080\/00207179308923017","article-title":"Subspace model identification. PartIII: analysis of the ordinary output-error state space model identification algorithm","volume":"58","author":"Verhaegen","year":"1993","journal-title":"Int. J. Control"},{"key":"10.1016\/0005-1098(95)00107-5_BIB60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1016\/0005-1098(94)90229-1","article-title":"Identification of the deterministic part of MIMO state space models given in innovations for from input-output data","volume":"30","author":"Verhaegen","year":"1994","journal-title":"Automatica"},{"key":"10.1016\/0005-1098(95)00107-5_BIB61","series-title":"Proc. 30th IEEE Conf. on Decision and Control","first-page":"1349","article-title":"A fast, recursive MIMO state space model identification algorithm","author":"Verhaegen","year":"1991"},{"key":"10.1016\/0005-1098(95)00107-5_BIB62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1187","DOI":"10.1080\/00207179208934363","article-title":"Subspace model identification. Part I: the output-error state space model identification class of algorithms","volume":"56","author":"Verhaegen","year":"1992","journal-title":"Int. J. Control"},{"key":"10.1016\/0005-1098(95)00107-5_BIB63","first-page":"1","article-title":"Subspace methods in system identification","volume":"Vol. 1","author":"Viberg","year":"1994"},{"key":"10.1016\/0005-1098(95)00107-5_BIB64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1110","DOI":"10.1109\/78.80966","article-title":"Sensor array processing based on subspace fitting","volume":"SP-39","author":"Viberg","year":"1991","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Sig. Process."},{"key":"10.1016\/0005-1098(95)00107-5_BIB65","series-title":"Proc. 30th IEEE Conf. on Decision and Control","first-page":"1337","article-title":"A statistical perspective on state-space modeling using subspace methods","author":"Viberg","year":"1991"},{"key":"10.1016\/0005-1098(95)00107-5_BIB66","first-page":"369","article-title":"Performance of subspace-based system identification methods","volume":"Vol. 7","author":"Viberg","year":"1993"},{"key":"10.1016\/0005-1098(95)00107-5_BIB67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.1109\/TAC.1986.1104221","article-title":"Design variables for bias distribution in transfer function estimation","volume":"AC-31","author":"Wahlberg","year":"1986","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Autom. Control"},{"key":"10.1016\/0005-1098(95)00107-5_BIB68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"387","DOI":"10.1109\/TASSP.1985.1164557","article-title":"Detection of signals by information theoretic criteria","volume":"ASSP-33","author":"Wax","year":"1985","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Acoust. Speech Sig. Process."},{"key":"10.1016\/0005-1098(95)00107-5_BIB69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"561","DOI":"10.1016\/0005-1098(86)90066-X","article-title":"From time series to linear system\u2014part I. Finite dimensional linear time invariant systems","volume":"22","author":"Willems","year":"1986","journal-title":"Automatica"},{"key":"10.1016\/0005-1098(95)00107-5_BIB70","first-page":"539","article-title":"Fast subspace decomposition","volume":"SP-42","author":"Xu","year":"1994","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Sig. Process."},{"key":"10.1016\/0005-1098(95)00107-5_BIB71","article-title":"Approximate linear realizations of given dimension via Ho's algorithm","volume":"AC-19","author":"Zieger","year":"1974","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Autom. Control"},{"key":"10.1016\/0005-1098(95)00107-5_BIB72","first-page":"175","article-title":"Comparison of three classes of identification methods","volume":"Vol. 1","author":"Zhu","year":"1994"}],"container-title":["Automatica"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:0005109895001075?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:0005109895001075?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2019,4,15]],"date-time":"2019-04-15T17:52:38Z","timestamp":1555350758000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/0005109895001075"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[1995,12]]},"references-count":73,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12","published-print":{"date-parts":[[1995,12]]}},"alternative-id":["0005109895001075"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/0005-1098(95)00107-5","relation":{},"ISSN":["0005-1098"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0005-1098","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[1995,12]]}}}