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There is evidence from many different biological systems that the sequence\u2010specific methylation of promoters in higher eukaryotes is one of the important factors in controlling gene activity at a long\u2010term level. In general, the fifth nucleotide 5\u2010methyldeoxycytidine can be considered as a modulator of protein\u2010DNA interactions. The degree and direction of this modulation has to be assessed experimentally in each individual instance. The establishment of de novo patterns of DNA methylation is characterized by the gradual non\u2010random spreading of DNA methylation by an essentially unknown mechanism. 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