{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,7]],"date-time":"2026-02-07T14:36:45Z","timestamp":1770475005342,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":23,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[1991,5,1]],"date-time":"1991-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":673056000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["International Journal of Man-Machine Studies"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1991,5]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/0020-7373(91)90019-4","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2004,9,2]],"date-time":"2004-09-02T21:57:35Z","timestamp":1094162255000},"page":"687-701","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":67,"title":["Animated demonstrations vs written instructions for learning procedural tasks: a preliminary investigation"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"34","author":[{"given":"Susan","family":"Palmiter","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jay","family":"Elkerton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Patricia","family":"Baggett","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/0020-7373(91)90019-4_BIB1","author":"Affinity Microsystems, LTD","year":"1986","journal-title":"Tempo Manual"},{"key":"10.1016\/0020-7373(91)90019-4_BIB2","article-title":"Cognitive Principles in the Design of Computer Tutors","author":"Anderson","year":"1984"},{"key":"10.1016\/0020-7373(91)90019-4_BIB3","author":"Apple Computer, INC","year":"1988","journal-title":"HyperCard\u00ae User's Guide"},{"key":"10.1016\/0020-7373(91)90019-4_BIB4","author":"Apple Computer, INC","year":"1988","journal-title":"Macintosh\u00ae II Owner's Guide"},{"key":"10.1016\/0020-7373(91)90019-4_BIB5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-5371(79)90191-9","article-title":"Structurally equivalent stories in movie and text and the effect of the medium on recall","volume":"18","author":"Baggett","year":"1979","journal-title":"Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior"},{"key":"10.1016\/0020-7373(91)90019-4_BIB6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1002\/acp.2350010304","article-title":"Learning a procedure from multimedia instructions: The effects of film and practice","volume":"1","author":"Baggett","year":"1987","journal-title":"Applied Cognitive Psychology"},{"key":"10.1016\/0020-7373(91)90019-4_BIB7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"266","DOI":"10.1177\/001872087501700306","article-title":"Relative comprehensibility of pictorial information and printed words in proceduralized instructions","volume":"17","author":"Booher","year":"1975","journal-title":"Human Factors"},{"key":"10.1016\/0020-7373(91)90019-4_BIB8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"284","DOI":"10.1207\/s15327051hci0103_3","article-title":"Exploring exploring a word processor","volume":"1","author":"Carroll","year":"1985","journal-title":"Human-Computer Interaction"},{"key":"10.1016\/0020-7373(91)90019-4_BIB9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1109\/MC.1986.1663098","article-title":"Lisa learning","volume":"19","author":"Carroll","year":"1986","journal-title":"Computer"},{"key":"10.1016\/0020-7373(91)90019-4_BIB10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"168","DOI":"10.1109\/TSMC.1982.4308801","article-title":"Automated explanations as a component of a computer-aided design system","volume":"12","author":"Cullingford","year":"1982","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man and Cybernetics"},{"key":"10.1016\/0020-7373(91)90019-4_BIB11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1207\/s15327051hci0303_3","article-title":"Animation using temporal constraints: An overview of the Animus system","volume":"3","author":"Duisberg","year":"1988","journal-title":"Human-Computer Interaction"},{"key":"10.1016\/0020-7373(91)90019-4_BIB12","first-page":"775","article-title":"An \u201cintelligent\u201d on-line assistant and tutor\u2014NLS-SCHOLAR","volume":"44","author":"Grignetti","year":"1975"},{"key":"10.1016\/0020-7373(91)90019-4_BIB13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1207\/s1532690xci0301_1","article-title":"Do written instructions need examples?","volume":"3","author":"Lefevre","year":"1986","journal-title":"Cognition and Instruction"},{"key":"10.1016\/0020-7373(91)90019-4_BIB14","series-title":"Proceedings of CHI 1989","first-page":"1","article-title":"Generalization, Consistency and Control","author":"Lewis","year":"1989"},{"key":"10.1016\/0020-7373(91)90019-4_BIB15","article-title":"Learning from a demonstration","author":"Lewis","year":"1989"},{"key":"10.1016\/0020-7373(91)90019-4_BIB16","series-title":"Proceedings of INTERACT '87","first-page":"275","article-title":"Analysis-based learning in human-computer interaction","author":"Lewis","year":"1987"},{"key":"10.1016\/0020-7373(91)90019-4_BIB17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1016\/0010-0285(85)90003-9","article-title":"Discrimination of operator schemata in problem solving: learning from examples","volume":"17","author":"Lewis","year":"1985","journal-title":"Cognitive Psychology"},{"key":"10.1016\/0020-7373(91)90019-4_BIB18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"254","DOI":"10.1145\/357436.357440","article-title":"Learning to use a word-processor: problems and prospects","volume":"1","author":"Mack","year":"1983","journal-title":"ACM Transactions on Office Information Systems"},{"key":"10.1016\/0020-7373(91)90019-4_BIB19","author":"Macromind, INC","year":"1987","journal-title":"VideoWorks II. Animated Presentations for the Office, School or Home"},{"key":"10.1016\/0020-7373(91)90019-4_BIB20","series-title":"Proceedings of CHI + GI 1987","first-page":"271","article-title":"Creating dynamic interaction techniques by demonstration","author":"Myers","year":"1987"},{"key":"10.1016\/0020-7373(91)90019-4_BIB21","series-title":"Proceedings of National Conference on AI","first-page":"373","article-title":"Graphical animation from knowledge","author":"Neiman","year":"1982"},{"key":"10.1016\/0020-7373(91)90019-4_BIB22","author":"Paivio","year":"1971"},{"key":"10.1016\/0020-7373(91)90019-4_BIB23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1207\/s1532690xci0201_3","article-title":"The use of worked examples as a substitute for problem solving in learning algebra","volume":"2","author":"Sweller","year":"1985","journal-title":"Cognition and Instruction"}],"container-title":["International Journal of Man-Machine Studies"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:0020737391900194?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:0020737391900194?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2019,2,4]],"date-time":"2019-02-04T05:57:21Z","timestamp":1549259841000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/0020737391900194"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[1991,5]]},"references-count":23,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-print":{"date-parts":[[1991,5]]}},"alternative-id":["0020737391900194"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/0020-7373(91)90019-4","relation":{},"ISSN":["0020-7373"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0020-7373","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[1991,5]]}}}