{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,9]],"date-time":"2025-05-09T09:27:52Z","timestamp":1746782872777},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[1988,4,1]],"date-time":"1988-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":575856000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Computers & Security"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1988,4]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/0167-4048(88)90334-3","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2002,10,8]],"date-time":"2002-10-08T11:17:01Z","timestamp":1034075821000},"page":"167-184","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":21,"title":["On the implications of computer viruses and methods of defense"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"7","author":[{"given":"Fred","family":"Cohen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/0167-4048(88)90334-3_BIB1","series-title":"DOD\/NBS 7th Conf. on Computer Security","first-page":"22","article-title":"Computer viruses\u2014theory and experiments","volume":"6","author":"Cohen","year":"1987"},{"key":"10.1016\/0167-4048(88)90334-3_BIB2","article-title":"Computer Security Technology Planning Study","author":"Anderson","year":"1972","journal-title":"USAF Electronic Systems Division, ESD-TR-73-51"},{"key":"10.1016\/0167-4048(88)90334-3_BIB3","series-title":"AIFIPS National Computer Conf.","first-page":"361","article-title":"Operating system penetration","author":"Linde","year":"1975"},{"key":"10.1016\/0167-4048(88)90334-3_BIB4","series-title":"Secure Computer Systems: Mathematical Foundations and Model","author":"Bell","year":"1973"},{"key":"10.1016\/0167-4048(88)90334-3_BIB5","series-title":"Cryptography and Data Security","author":"Denning","year":"1982"},{"key":"10.1016\/0167-4048(88)90334-3_BIB6","series-title":"AIFIPS National Computer Conf.","first-page":"345","article-title":"KSOS-The design of a secure operating system","author":"McCauley","year":"1979"},{"key":"10.1016\/0167-4048(88)90334-3_BIB7","series-title":"AIFIPS National Computer Conf.","first-page":"355","article-title":"UCLA secure Unix","author":"Popek","year":"1979"},{"key":"10.1016\/0167-4048(88)90334-3_BIB8","series-title":"AIFIPS National Computer Conf.","first-page":"335","article-title":"A security retrofit of VM\/370","author":"Gold","year":"1979"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/0167-4048(88)90334-3_BIB9","article-title":"The best available technologies for computer security","volume":"16","author":"Landwehr","year":"1983","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Comput."},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/0167-4048(88)90334-3_BIB10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"613","DOI":"10.1145\/362375.362389","article-title":"A note on the confinement problem","volume":"16","author":"Lampson","year":"1973","journal-title":"Commun. ACM"},{"key":"10.1016\/0167-4048(88)90334-3_BIB11","series-title":"Integrity Considerations for Secure Computer Systems","author":"Biba","year":"1977"},{"key":"10.1016\/0167-4048(88)90334-3_BIB12","article-title":"Reflections on Trusting Trust","author":"Thompson","year":"1986"},{"key":"10.1016\/0167-4048(88)90334-3_BIB13","article-title":"Computer viruses","author":"Cohen","year":"1986"},{"key":"10.1016\/0167-4048(88)90334-3_BIB14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1038\/scientificamerican0986-14","article-title":"Computer recreations","author":"Dewdney","year":"1986","journal-title":"Sci. Am."},{"key":"10.1016\/0167-4048(88)90334-3_BIB15","series-title":"1984 Conf. on Information Systems and Science","article-title":"Computer security methods and systems","author":"Cohen","year":"1984"},{"key":"10.1016\/0167-4048(88)90334-3_BIB16","series-title":"Proc. 9th National Computer Security Conf.","article-title":"Managing exposure to potentially malicious programs","author":"Pozzo","year":"1986"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/0167-4048(88)90334-3_BIB17_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1016\/0167-4048(85)90028-8","article-title":"A secure computer network design","volume":"4","author":"Cohen","year":"1985","journal-title":"Comput. Secur."},{"key":"10.1016\/0167-4048(88)90334-3_BIB17_2","series-title":"AFCEA Symp. and Expo. on Physical and Electronic Security","author":"Cohen","year":"1985"},{"key":"10.1016\/0167-4048(88)90334-3_BIB18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.1016\/0167-4048(87)90082-4","article-title":"Protection and administration of information networks under partial orderings","volume":"6","author":"Cohen","year":"1987","journal-title":"Comput. Secur."},{"key":"10.1016\/0167-4048(88)90334-3_BIB19","first-page":"15","article-title":"Design and administration of distributed and hierarchical information networks under partial orderings","volume":"6","author":"Cohen","year":"1987","journal-title":"Comput. Secur."},{"key":"10.1016\/0167-4048(88)90334-3_BIB20","series-title":"IFIP\/SEC 4th Int. Conf. on Computers and Security","article-title":"Computer virus containment in untrusted computing environments","author":"Pozzo","year":"1986"},{"key":"10.1016\/0167-4048(88)90334-3_BIB21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"332","DOI":"10.1016\/0167-4048(87)90068-X","article-title":"Design and administration of an information network under a partial ordering\u2014a case study","volume":"6","author":"Cohen","year":"1987","journal-title":"Comput. Secur."},{"key":"10.1016\/0167-4048(88)90334-3_BIB22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/0167-4048(88)90034-X","article-title":"Designing provably correct information networks with digital diodes","author":"Cohen","year":"1988","journal-title":"Comput. Secur."},{"key":"10.1016\/0167-4048(88)90334-3_BIB23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"505","DOI":"10.1016\/0167-4048(87)90031-9","article-title":"A cryptographic checksum for integrity protection in untrusted computer systems","volume":"6","author":"Cohen","year":"1987","journal-title":"Comput. Secur."},{"key":"10.1016\/0167-4048(88)90334-3_BIB24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/0167-4048(88)90581-0","article-title":"Two secure network file servers","author":"Cohen","year":"1988","journal-title":"Comput. Secur."},{"key":"10.1016\/0167-4048(88)90334-3_BIB25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"M. Pozzo and T. Gray, An approach to containing computer viruses, Comput. Secur., in the press.","DOI":"10.1016\/0167-4048(87)90067-8"},{"key":"10.1016\/0167-4048(88)90334-3_BIB26","author":"Cohen","year":"1987","journal-title":"Integrity protection in a radon measurement system"},{"key":"10.1016\/0167-4048(88)90334-3_BIB27","series-title":"Conf. on Information Sciences and Systems","article-title":"A complexity based integrity maintenance mechanism","author":"Cohen","year":"1986"},{"key":"10.1016\/0167-4048(88)90334-3_BIB28","series-title":"Conf. on Information Sciences and Systems","article-title":"Recent results in computer viruses","author":"Cohen","year":"1985"},{"key":"10.1016\/0167-4048(88)90334-3_BIB29","unstructured":"F. Cohen, Maintaining a poor person's integrity, submitted to Comput. Secur."},{"key":"10.1016\/0167-4048(88)90334-3_BIB30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1016\/0167-4048(88)90327-6","article-title":"The application of epedemiology to computer viruses","volume":"7","author":"Murray","year":"1988","journal-title":"Comput. Secur."},{"key":"10.1016\/0167-4048(88)90334-3_BIB31","series-title":"Special Issue of Computers and Security","year":"1988"},{"key":"10.1016\/0167-4048(88)90334-3_BIB32","article-title":"Computer systems under seige","author":"McLellan","year":"1988","journal-title":"The New York Times"},{"key":"10.1016\/0167-4048(88)90334-3_BIB33","first-page":"172","article-title":"The \u201cWorm\u201d Programs\u2014Early Experience with a Distributed Computation","author":"Shoch","year":"1982"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/0167-4048(88)90334-3_BIB34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1038\/scientificamerican0584-14","article-title":"Computer recreations","volume":"250","author":"Dewdney","year":"1984","journal-title":"Sci. Am."},{"key":"10.1016\/0167-4048(88)90334-3_BIB35","first-page":"163","article-title":"Use of Virus Functions to Provide a Virtual APL Interpreter Under User Control","author":"Gunn","year":"1974"},{"key":"10.1016\/0167-4048(88)90334-3_BIB36","series-title":"AIFIPS National Computer Conf.","first-page":"461","article-title":"Impacts of information system vulnerabilities on society","author":"Hoffman","year":"1982"},{"key":"10.1016\/0167-4048(88)90334-3_BIB37","article-title":"Computer Crime\u2014Computer Security Techniques","author":"Kaplan U.S. Department of Justice","year":"1982"},{"key":"10.1016\/0167-4048(88)90334-3_BIB38","series-title":"DOD-CSC-84-001","article-title":"Department of Defense Trusted Computer System Evaluation Criteria","author":"Klein","year":"1983"},{"key":"10.1016\/0167-4048(88)90334-3_BIB39","article-title":"On computable numbers, with an application to the Entscheidungsproblem","author":"Turing","year":"1936","journal-title":"London Math. Soc. Ser. 2"},{"key":"10.1016\/0167-4048(88)90334-3_BIB40","series-title":"Conf. on Reliable Software","first-page":"450","article-title":"Design of self checking software","author":"Yau","year":"1975"},{"key":"10.1016\/0167-4048(88)90334-3_BIB41","series-title":"IEEE Symp. on Fault Tolerant Computing","first-page":"120","article-title":"A specification oriented multi-version software experiment","author":"Kelly","year":"1983"},{"key":"10.1016\/0167-4048(88)90334-3_BIB42","series-title":"IEEE Symp. on Fault Tolerant Computing","first-page":"102","article-title":"Experimental validation of six fault tolerant software reliability models","author":"Scott","year":"1984"},{"key":"10.1016\/0167-4048(88)90334-3_BIB43","first-page":"3","article-title":"N-version programming: a fault tolerance approach to reliability of software operation","author":"Chen","year":"1978","journal-title":"FTCS-8"},{"key":"10.1016\/0167-4048(88)90334-3_BIB44","series-title":"UCLA-ENG-7843","article-title":"Improving Software Reliability by N-version Programming","author":"Chen","year":"1978"},{"key":"10.1016\/0167-4048(88)90334-3_BIB45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"220","DOI":"10.1109\/TSE.1975.6312842","article-title":"System structure for software fault tolerance","author":"Randell","year":"1975","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Software Eng., SE-1"},{"key":"10.1016\/0167-4048(88)90334-3_BIB46","first-page":"461","article-title":"Protection in Operating Systems","author":"Harrison","year":"1976"},{"key":"10.1016\/0167-4048(88)90334-3_BIB47","unstructured":"AT + T, The Unix System Programmer's Reference Manual."}],"container-title":["Computers & Security"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:0167404888903343?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:0167404888903343?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2019,4,10]],"date-time":"2019-04-10T08:25:11Z","timestamp":1554884711000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/0167404888903343"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[1988,4]]},"references-count":48,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[1988,4]]}},"alternative-id":["0167404888903343"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/0167-4048(88)90334-3","relation":{},"ISSN":["0167-4048"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0167-4048","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[1988,4]]}}}