{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,28]],"date-time":"2026-01-28T21:01:21Z","timestamp":1769634081189,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"5-6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[1990,12,1]],"date-time":"1990-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":660009600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Speech Communication"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1990,12]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/0167-6393(90)90025-5","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2003,8,8]],"date-time":"2003-08-08T07:27:06Z","timestamp":1060327626000},"page":"497-508","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Speech recognition using hidden Markov models: A CMU perspective"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Kai-Fu","family":"Lee","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Hsiao-Wuen","family":"Hon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Mei-Yuh","family":"Hwang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Xuedong","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/0167-6393(90)90025-5_BIB1","series-title":"Proc. IEEE ICASSP-86","first-page":"53","article-title":"An IBM PC-based large vocabulary isolated-utterance speech recognizer","author":"Averbuch","year":"1986"},{"issue":"No. 2","key":"10.1016\/0167-6393(90)90025-5_BIB2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1109\/TPAMI.1983.4767370","article-title":"A maximum likelihood approach to continuous speech recognition","volume":"Vol. PAMI-5","author":"Bahl","year":"1983","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence"},{"key":"10.1016\/0167-6393(90)90025-5_BIB3","series-title":"Proc. IEEE ICASSP-88","article-title":"A new algorithm for the estimation of Hidden Markov Model parameters","author":"Bahl","year":"1988"},{"key":"10.1016\/0167-6393(90)90025-5_BIB4","series-title":"Proc. IEEE ICASSP-89","first-page":"465","article-title":"Large vocabulary natural language continuous speech recognition","author":"Bahl","year":"1989"},{"key":"10.1016\/0167-6393(90)90025-5_BIB5","first-page":"24","article-title":"The DRAGON System \u2014 An overview","volume":"Vol. ASSP-23","author":"Baker","year":"1975"},{"key":"10.1016\/0167-6393(90)90025-5_BIB6","series-title":"91st Meeting of the Acoustical Society of America","article-title":"Continuous speech recognition via centi-second acoustic states","author":"Bakis","year":"1976"},{"key":"10.1016\/0167-6393(90)90025-5_BIB7","first-page":"1","article-title":"An inequality and associated maximization technique in statistical estimation of probabilistic functions of Markov processes","volume":"Vol. 3","author":"Baum","year":"1972","journal-title":"Inequalities"},{"key":"10.1016\/0167-6393(90)90025-5_BIB8","series-title":"Proc. IEEE ICASSP-89","first-page":"13","article-title":"Tied mixture continuous parameter models for large vocabulary isolated speech recognition","author":"Bellegarda","year":"1989"},{"key":"10.1016\/0167-6393(90)90025-5_BIB9","series-title":"Classification and Regression Trees","author":"Breiman","year":"1984"},{"key":"10.1016\/0167-6393(90)90025-5_BIB10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.21236\/ADA188529","article-title":"The Acoustic-Modeling Problem in Automatic Speech Recognition","author":"Brown","year":"1987"},{"key":"10.1016\/0167-6393(90)90025-5_BIB11","series-title":"Proc. IEEE ICASSP-36","first-page":"593","article-title":"The role of word-dependent coarticulatory effects in phoneme-based speech recognition system","author":"Chow","year":"1986"},{"key":"10.1016\/0167-6393(90)90025-5_BIB12","series-title":"Proc. IEEE ICASSP-89","first-page":"556","article-title":"Phonetically sensitive discriminants for improved speech recognition","author":"Doddington","year":"1989"},{"key":"10.1016\/0167-6393(90)90025-5_BIB13","series-title":"Proc. IEEE ICASSP-89","first-page":"425","article-title":"A connectionistt approach to continuous speech recognition","author":"Franzini","year":"1989"},{"key":"10.1016\/0167-6393(90)90025-5_BIB14","first-page":"52","article-title":"Speaker-independent isolated word recognition using dynamic features of speech spectrum","volume":"Vol. ASSP-34","author":"Furui","year":"1986"},{"key":"10.1016\/0167-6393(90)90025-5_BIB15","series-title":"Proc. IEEE ICASSP-87","first-page":"697","article-title":"Integration of acoustic information in a large vocabulary word recognizer","author":"Gupta","year":"1987"},{"key":"10.1016\/0167-6393(90)90025-5_BIB16","series-title":"Proc. IEEE ICASSP-90","first-page":"725","article-title":"On vocabulary-independent speech modeling","author":"Hon","year":"1990"},{"key":"10.1016\/0167-6393(90)90025-5_BIB17","series-title":"IEEE Workshop on Speech Recognition","article-title":"Semi-continuous Hidden Markov Models with maximum likelihood vector quantization","author":"Huang","year":"1988"},{"issue":"No. 3","key":"10.1016\/0167-6393(90)90025-5_BIB18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1016\/0885-2308(89)90020-X","article-title":"Semi-continuous Hidden Markov Model for speech recognition","volume":"Vol. 3","author":"Huang","year":"1989","journal-title":"Computer Speech and Language"},{"key":"10.1016\/0167-6393(90)90025-5_BIB19","series-title":"Hidden Markov Models for Speech Recognition","author":"Huang","year":"1990"},{"key":"10.1016\/0167-6393(90)90025-5_BIB20","series-title":"Proc. IEEE ICASSP-90","first-page":"689","article-title":"On semi-continuous Hidden Markov Modeling","author":"Huang","year":"1990"},{"key":"10.1016\/0167-6393(90)90025-5_BIB21","series-title":"DARPA Speech and Language Workshop","article-title":"Improved Hidden Markov Modeling for speaker-independent continuous speech recognition","author":"Huang","year":"1990"},{"key":"10.1016\/0167-6393(90)90025-5_BIB22","series-title":"Proc. Eurospeech 89","first-page":"5","article-title":"Modeling between-word coarticulation in continuous speech recognition","author":"Hwang","year":"1989"},{"key":"10.1016\/0167-6393(90)90025-5_BIB23","first-page":"532","article-title":"Continuous speech recognition by statistical methods","volume":"Vol. 64","author":"Jelinek","year":"1976"},{"key":"10.1016\/0167-6393(90)90025-5_BIB24","series-title":"Pattern Recognition in Practice","first-page":"381","article-title":"Interpolated estimation of Markov source parameters from sparse data","author":"Jelinek","year":"1980"},{"key":"10.1016\/0167-6393(90)90025-5_BIB25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/0167-6393(88)90053-2","article-title":"Large-Vocabulary Speaker-Independent Continuous Speech Recognition: The SPHINX System","author":"Lee","year":"1988"},{"key":"10.1016\/0167-6393(90)90025-5_BIB26","series-title":"Automatic Speech Recognition: The Development of the SPHINX System","author":"Lee","year":"1989"},{"key":"10.1016\/0167-6393(90)90025-5_BIB27","first-page":"599","article-title":"Context-dependent phonetic Hidden Markov Models for continuous speech recognition","volume":"Vol. ASSP-38","author":"Lee","year":"1990"},{"key":"10.1016\/0167-6393(90)90025-5_BIB28","series-title":"Proc. Eurospeech 89","first-page":"490","article-title":"Corrective and reinforcement learning for speaker-independent continuous speech recognition","author":"Lee","year":"1989"},{"key":"10.1016\/0167-6393(90)90025-5_BIB29","series-title":"Proc. IEEE ICASSP-90","first-page":"749","article-title":"Allophone clustering for continuous speech recognition","author":"Lee","year":"1990"},{"key":"10.1016\/0167-6393(90)90025-5_BIB30","article-title":"The HARPY Speech Recognition System","author":"Lowerre","year":"1976"},{"key":"10.1016\/0167-6393(90)90025-5_BIB31","series-title":"Proc. IEEE ICASSP-89","first-page":"449","article-title":"The Lincoln robust continuous speech recognizer","author":"Paul","year":"1989"},{"key":"10.1016\/0167-6393(90)90025-5_BIB32","series-title":"Proc. Speech Technology Conference","article-title":"Robust HMM-based techniques for recognition of speech produced under stress and in noise","author":"Paul","year":"1986"},{"key":"10.1016\/0167-6393(90)90025-5_BIB33","series-title":"Proc. IEEE ICASSP-86","first-page":"705","article-title":"On Hidden Markov Models in isolated word recognition","author":"Poritz","year":"1986"},{"key":"10.1016\/0167-6393(90)90025-5_BIB34","series-title":"Proc. IEEE ICASSP-88","article-title":"High performance connected digit recognition using Hidden Markov Models","author":"Rabiner","year":"1988"},{"issue":"No. 6","key":"10.1016\/0167-6393(90)90025-5_BIB35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1211","DOI":"10.1002\/j.1538-7305.1985.tb00272.x","article-title":"Recognition of isolated digits using Hidden Markov Models with continuous mixture densities","volume":"Vol. 64","author":"Rabiner","year":"1985","journal-title":"AT & T Technical Journal"},{"key":"10.1016\/0167-6393(90)90025-5_BIB36","series-title":"Proc. IEEE ICASSP-89","first-page":"377","article-title":"Phoneme environment clustering for speech recognition","author":"Sagayama","year":"1989"},{"key":"10.1016\/0167-6393(90)90025-5_BIB37","series-title":"Proc. IEEE ICASSP-85","first-page":"1205","article-title":"Context-dependent modeling for acoustic phonetic recognition of continuous speech","author":"Schwartz","year":"1985"},{"issue":"No. 2","key":"10.1016\/0167-6393(90)90025-5_BIB38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"260","DOI":"10.1109\/TIT.1967.1054010","article-title":"Error bounds for convolutional codes and an asymptotically optimum decoding algorithm","volume":"Vol. IT-13","author":"Viterbi","year":"1967","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. on Information Theory"}],"container-title":["Speech Communication"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:0167639390900255?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:0167639390900255?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,14]],"date-time":"2019-03-14T23:52:49Z","timestamp":1552607569000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/0167639390900255"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[1990,12]]},"references-count":38,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5-6","published-print":{"date-parts":[[1990,12]]}},"alternative-id":["0167639390900255"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/0167-6393(90)90025-5","relation":{},"ISSN":["0167-6393"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0167-6393","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[1990,12]]}}}