{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,13]],"date-time":"2026-05-13T07:06:40Z","timestamp":1778656000041,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":249,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[1995,4,1]],"date-time":"1995-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":796694400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Speech Communication"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1995,4]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/0167-6393(94)00059-j","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2002,7,26]],"date-time":"2002-07-26T00:26:49Z","timestamp":1027643209000},"page":"261-291","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":363,"title":["Speech recognition in noisy environments: A survey"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Yifan","family":"Gong","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/0167-6393(94)00059-J_BIB1","author":"Acero","year":"1993"},{"key":"10.1016\/0167-6393(94)00059-J_BIB2","series-title":"Proc. IEEE Internat. Conf. Acoust. Speech Signal Process.","first-page":"849","article-title":"Environmental robustness in automatic speech recognition","author":"Acero","year":"1990"},{"key":"10.1016\/0167-6393(94)00059-J_BIB3","series-title":"Internat. Conf. Speech and Language Processing 1990","first-page":"1121","article-title":"Acoustic preprocessing for robust spoken language systems","author":"Acero","year":"1990"},{"key":"10.1016\/0167-6393(94)00059-J_BIB4","series-title":"ESCA Workshop Proc. Speech Processing in Adverse Conditions","first-page":"89","article-title":"Cepstral normalization for speech recognition","author":"Acero","year":"1992"},{"issue":"No. 3","key":"10.1016\/0167-6393(94)00059-J_BIB5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.1016\/0167-6393(93)90099-7","article-title":"Root cepstral analysis: A unified view. Application to speech processing in car noise environments","volume":"Vol. 12","author":"Alexandre","year":"1993","journal-title":"Speech Communication"},{"key":"10.1016\/0167-6393(94)00059-J_BIB6","first-page":"1255","article-title":"Evaluation of car noise reduction\/compensation techniques for digit recognition in a speaker-independent context","volume":"Vol. II","author":"Alexandre","year":"1993"},{"key":"10.1016\/0167-6393(94)00059-J_BIB7","first-page":"99","article-title":"Root homomorphic deconvolution schemes for speech processing in car noise environment","volume":"Vol. II","author":"Alexandre","year":"1993"},{"key":"10.1016\/0167-6393(94)00059-J_BIB8","first-page":"433","article-title":"Adaptation to new microphones using tied-mixture normalization","volume":"Vol. I","author":"Anastasakos","year":"1994"},{"key":"10.1016\/0167-6393(94)00059-J_BIB9","author":"Anderson","year":"1984"},{"key":"10.1016\/0167-6393(94)00059-J_BIB10","first-page":"279","article-title":"Speech discrimination in adverse conditions using acoustic knowledge and selectively trained neural networks","volume":"Vol. II","author":"Anglade","year":"1993"},{"key":"10.1016\/0167-6393(94)00059-J_BIB11","series-title":"Proc. IEEE Internat. Conf. Acoust. Speech Signal Process.","first-page":"985","article-title":"Regression features for recognition of speech in quiet and in noise","author":"Applebaum","year":"1991"},{"key":"10.1016\/0167-6393(94)00059-J_BIB12","first-page":"4548","article-title":"Minimum cost based phoneme class detection for improved iterative speech enhancement","volume":"Vol. II","author":"Arslan","year":"1994"},{"key":"10.1016\/0167-6393(94)00059-J_BIB13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1304","DOI":"10.1121\/1.1914702","article-title":"Effectiveness of linear prediction characteristics of the speech wave for automatic speaker identifition and verification","volume":"Vol. 55","author":"Atal","year":"1974","journal-title":"J. Acoust. Soc. Amer."},{"key":"10.1016\/0167-6393(94)00059-J_BIB14","first-page":"648","article-title":"Continuous mixture densities and linear discriminant analysis for improved context-dependent acoustic models","volume":"Vol. II","author":"Aubert","year":"1993"},{"key":"10.1016\/0167-6393(94)00059-J_BIB15","series-title":"Proc. IEEE Internat. Conf. Acoust. Speech Signal Process.","first-page":"145","article-title":"Robust speech parameters extraction for word recognition in noise using neural networks","author":"Barbier","year":"1991"},{"key":"10.1016\/0167-6393(94)00059-J_BIB16","first-page":"1111","article-title":"Trainable noise subtraction filters for speech enhancement in car","volume":"Vol. II","author":"Barbier","year":"1990"},{"key":"10.1016\/0167-6393(94)00059-J_BIB17","first-page":"241","article-title":"Spectral contrast normalization and other techniques for speech recognition in noise","volume":"Vol. I","author":"Bateman","year":"1992"},{"key":"10.1016\/0167-6393(94)00059-J_BIB18","first-page":"917","article-title":"Noisy speech recognition using hidden Markov model state-based filtering","volume":"Vol. II","author":"Beattie","year":"1991"},{"key":"10.1016\/0167-6393(94)00059-J_BIB19","first-page":"519","article-title":"Hidden Markov model state-based cepstral noise compensation","volume":"Vol. I","author":"Beattie","year":"1992"},{"key":"10.1016\/0167-6393(94)00059-J_BIB20","series-title":"Proc. IEEE Internat. Conf. Acoust. Speech Signal Process.","first-page":"208","article-title":"Enhancement of speech corrupted by additive noise","author":"Berouti","year":"1979"},{"key":"10.1016\/0167-6393(94)00059-J_BIB21","series-title":"Proc. IEEE Internat. Conf. Acousts Speech Signal Process.","first-page":"913","article-title":"An hypothesized Wiener filtering approach to noisy speech recognition","author":"Berstein","year":"1991"},{"key":"10.1016\/0167-6393(94)00059-J_BIB22","first-page":"391","article-title":"Environment adaptation for speech recognition in noise","volume":"Vol. VI","author":"Blanchet","year":"1992","journal-title":"EUSIPCO, 1992"},{"issue":"No. 2","key":"10.1016\/0167-6393(94)00059-J_BIB23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1109\/TASSP.1979.1163209","article-title":"Suppression of acoustic noise in speech using spectral subtraction","volume":"Vol. ASSP-27","author":"Boll","year":"1979","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Acoust. Speech Signal Process., April 1979"},{"key":"10.1016\/0167-6393(94)00059-J_BIB24","series-title":"Advances in Speech Signal Processing","article-title":"Speech enhancement in the 1980s: Noise suppression with pattern mathing","author":"Boll","year":"1992"},{"key":"10.1016\/0167-6393(94)00059-J_BIB25","first-page":"413","article-title":"Duration and spectral based stress token generation for HMM speech recognition under stress","volume":"Vol. I","author":"Bou-Ghazale","year":"1994"},{"key":"10.1016\/0167-6393(94)00059-J_BIB26","first-page":"243","article-title":"Inter-word coarticulation modeling and MMIE training for improved connected digit recognition","volume":"Vol. II","author":"Cardin","year":"1993"},{"key":"10.1016\/0167-6393(94)00059-J_BIB27","series-title":"Proc. IEEE Internat. Conf. Acoust. Speech Signal Process.","first-page":"921","article-title":"Application of a weighted projection measurement for robust hidden Markov model based speech recognition","author":"Carlson","year":"1991"},{"key":"10.1016\/0167-6393(94)00059-J_BIB28","series-title":"Proc. IEEE Internat. Conf. Acoust. Speech Signal Process.","first-page":"237","article-title":"Speech recognition in noise using a projection-based likelihood measure for mixture density HMM's","author":"Carlson","year":"1992"},{"key":"10.1016\/0167-6393(94)00059-J_BIB29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"433","DOI":"10.1109\/29.1547","article-title":"Cepstral domain talker stress compensation for robust speech recognition","volume":"Vol. ASSP-36","author":"Chen","year":"1988","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Acoust. Speech Signal Process."},{"issue":"No. 9","key":"10.1016\/0167-6393(94)00059-J_BIB30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1943","DOI":"10.1109\/78.134427","article-title":"Speech enhancement based conceptually on auditory evidence","volume":"Vol. 39","author":"Cheng","year":"1991","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Acoust. Speech Signal Process."},{"key":"10.1016\/0167-6393(94)00059-J_BIB31","series-title":"Proc. 6th IEEE Workshop on Statistical Signal and Array Processing 1992","first-page":"436","article-title":"Statistical signal mapping: A general tool for speech signal processing","author":"Cheng","year":"1992"},{"key":"10.1016\/0167-6393(94)00059-J_BIB32","first-page":"515","article-title":"Speech enhancement using a statistically derived filter mapping","volume":"Vol. I","author":"Cheng","year":"1992"},{"issue":"No. 1","key":"10.1016\/0167-6393(94)00059-J_BIB33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S50(A)","DOI":"10.1121\/1.2022857","article-title":"Application of an adaptive auditory model to speech recognition","volume":"Vol. 78","author":"Cohen","year":"1985","journal-title":"J. Acoust. Soc. Amer."},{"key":"10.1016\/0167-6393(94)00059-J_BIB34","series-title":"Proc. DSP workshop 1986","article-title":"Application of an auditory model to speech recognition","author":"Cohen","year":"1986"},{"key":"10.1016\/0167-6393(94)00059-J_BIB35","first-page":"231","article-title":"The use of linear prediction and spectral scaling for improving speech enhancement","volume":"Vol. 1","author":"Crozier","year":"1993"},{"issue":"No. 3","key":"10.1016\/0167-6393(94)00059-J_BIB36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1016\/0167-6393(93)90098-6","article-title":"Noise adaptation algorithms for robust speech recognition","volume":"Vol. 12","author":"Cung","year":"1993","journal-title":"Speech Communication"},{"key":"10.1016\/0167-6393(94)00059-J_BIB37","first-page":"71","article-title":"Influence of background noise and microphone on the performance of the IBM TANGORA speech recognition system","volume":"Vol. II","author":"Das","year":"1993"},{"key":"10.1016\/0167-6393(94)00059-J_BIB38","first-page":"21","article-title":"Adaptation techniques for ambience and microphone compensation in the IBM Tangora speech recognition system","volume":"Vol. I","author":"Das","year":"1994"},{"key":"10.1016\/0167-6393(94)00059-J_BIB39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"793","DOI":"10.1109\/TASSP.1983.1164172","article-title":"On the effect of varying filter bank parameters on isolated word recognition","volume":"Vol. ASSP-31","author":"Dautrich","year":"1983","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Acoust. Speech Signal Process."},{"issue":"No. 4","key":"10.1016\/0167-6393(94)00059-J_BIB40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.1109\/TASSP.1980.1163420","article-title":"Comparison of parametric representation for monosyllabic word recognition in continuously spoken sentences","volume":"Vol. ASSP-28","author":"Davis","year":"1980","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Acoust. Speech Signal Process."},{"issue":"No. 1","key":"10.1016\/0167-6393(94)00059-J_BIB41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2517-6161.1977.tb01600.x","article-title":"Maximum likelihood from incomplete data via the EM algorithm","volume":"Vol. 39","author":"Dempster","year":"1977","journal-title":"J. Roy. Statist. Soc."},{"key":"10.1016\/0167-6393(94)00059-J_BIB42","series-title":"Proc. IEEE Internat. Conf. Acoust. Speech Signal Process.","first-page":"556","article-title":"Phonetically sensitive discriminants for improved speech recognition","author":"Doddington","year":"1989"},{"key":"10.1016\/0167-6393(94)00059-J_BIB43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1109\/TAU.1968.1161979","article-title":"Speech processing in a high ambient noise environment","volume":"Vol. AU-16","author":"Drucker","year":"1968","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Audio Electroacoust"},{"key":"10.1016\/0167-6393(94)00059-J_BIB44","author":"Duda","year":"1973"},{"key":"10.1016\/0167-6393(94)00059-J_BIB45","series-title":"Proc. IEEE Internat. Conf. Acoust. Speech Signal Process.","first-page":"829","article-title":"A minimum mean square error approach for speech enhancement","author":"Ephraim","year":"1990"},{"issue":"No. 4","key":"10.1016\/0167-6393(94)00059-J_BIB46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"725","DOI":"10.1109\/78.127947","article-title":"A Bayesian estimation approach for speech enhancement using hidden Markov models","volume":"Vol. ASSP-40","author":"Ephraim","year":"1992","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Acoust. Speech Signal Process."},{"key":"10.1016\/0167-6393(94)00059-J_BIB47","first-page":"289","article-title":"Speech enhancement using state dependent dynamical system model","volume":"Vol. I","author":"Ephraim","year":"1992"},{"key":"10.1016\/0167-6393(94)00059-J_BIB48","first-page":"1526","article-title":"Statistical-model-based speech enhancement systems","volume":"Vol. 80","author":"Ephraim","year":"1992"},{"key":"10.1016\/0167-6393(94)00059-J_BIB49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1109","DOI":"10.1109\/TASSP.1984.1164453","article-title":"Speech enhencement using a minimum mean-square error short-time spectral amplitude estimator","volume":"Vol. ASSP-32","author":"Ephraim","year":"1984","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Acoust. Speech Signal Process."},{"issue":"No. 2","key":"10.1016\/0167-6393(94)00059-J_BIB50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"443","DOI":"10.1109\/TASSP.1985.1164550","article-title":"Speech enhancement using a minimum mean-square error log-spectral amplitude estimator","volume":"Vol. ASSP-33","author":"Ephraim","year":"1985","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Acoust. Speech Signal Process."},{"key":"10.1016\/0167-6393(94)00059-J_BIB51","series-title":"Proc. IEEE Internat. Conf. Acoust. Speech Signal Process.","first-page":"1324","article-title":"A linear predictive front-end processor for speech recognition in noisy environment","author":"Ephraim","year":"1987"},{"issue":"No. 12","key":"10.1016\/0167-6393(94)00059-J_BIB52","first-page":"1856","article-title":"On the application of hidden Markov models for enhancing noisy speech","volume":"Vol. ASSP-37","author":"Ephraim","year":"1989","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Acoust. Speech Signal Process."},{"key":"10.1016\/0167-6393(94)00059-J_BIB53","first-page":"853","article-title":"Estimation using logspectral-distance criterion for noise-robust speech recognition","volume":"Vol. II","author":"Erell","year":"1990"},{"issue":"No. 1","key":"10.1016\/0167-6393(94)00059-J_BIB54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1109\/89.221370","article-title":"Energy conditioned spectral estimation for recognition of noisy speech","volume":"Vol. SAP-1","author":"Erell","year":"1993","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Speech Audio Process."},{"issue":"No. 1","key":"10.1016\/0167-6393(94)00059-J_BIB55","article-title":"Filterbank-energy estimation using mixture and Markov models recognition of noisy speech","volume":"Vol. SAP-1","author":"Erell","year":"1993","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Speech Audio Process."},{"issue":"No. 2","key":"10.1016\/0167-6393(94)00059-J_BIB56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"204","DOI":"10.1109\/29.21683","article-title":"Maximum likelihood noise cancellation using the EM algorithm","volume":"Vol. ASSP-37","author":"Feder","year":"1989","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Acoust. Speech Signal Process."},{"key":"10.1016\/0167-6393(94)00059-J_BIB57","series-title":"Proc. Symp. on the Applications of Hidden Markov Models to Text and Speech","first-page":"143","article-title":"Variable duration models for speech","author":"Ferguson","year":"1980"},{"key":"10.1016\/0167-6393(94)00059-J_BIB58","series-title":"Proc. IEEE Internat. Conf. Acoust. Speech Signal Process.","first-page":"251","article-title":"Enhancement of speech by adaptive filtering","author":"Frazer","year":"1976"},{"key":"10.1016\/0167-6393(94)00059-J_BIB59","author":"Fukunaga","year":"1990"},{"issue":"No. 2","key":"10.1016\/0167-6393(94)00059-J_BIB60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"254","DOI":"10.1109\/TASSP.1981.1163530","article-title":"Cepstral analysis technique for automatic speaker verification","volume":"Vol. ASSP-29","author":"Furui","year":"1981","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Acoust. Speech Signal Process."},{"issue":"No. 1","key":"10.1016\/0167-6393(94)00059-J_BIB61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1109\/TASSP.1986.1164788","article-title":"Speaker-independent isolated word recognition using dynamic features of speech spectrum","volume":"Vol. 34","author":"Furui","year":"1986","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Acoust. Speech Signal Process."},{"key":"10.1016\/0167-6393(94)00059-J_BIB62","series-title":"Proc. IEEE Internat. Conf. Acoust. Speech Signal Process.","first-page":"286","article-title":"Unsupervised speaker adaptation based on hierarchical spectral clustering","author":"Furui","year":"1989"},{"issue":"No. 12","key":"10.1016\/0167-6393(94)00059-J_BIB63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1923","DOI":"10.1109\/29.45538","article-title":"Unsupervised speaker adaptation based on hierarchical spectral clustering","volume":"Vol. 37","author":"Furui","year":"1989","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. on Acoust. Speech Signal Process."},{"key":"10.1016\/0167-6393(94)00059-J_BIB64","series-title":"Proc. IEEE Internat. Conf. Acoust. Speech Signal Process.","first-page":"789","article-title":"On the use of hierarchical spectral dynamics in speech recognition","author":"Furui","year":"1990"},{"key":"10.1016\/0167-6393(94)00059-J_BIB65","series-title":"ESCA Workshop Proc. Speech Processing in Adverse Conditions","first-page":"31","article-title":"Toward robust speech recognition under adverse conditions","author":"Furui","year":"1992"},{"key":"10.1016\/0167-6393(94)00059-J_BIB66","article-title":"PMC for speech recognition in additive and convolutional noise","author":"Gales","year":"1993","journal-title":"Technical Report TR-154, CUED\/F-INFENG"},{"key":"10.1016\/0167-6393(94)00059-J_BIB67","first-page":"233","article-title":"An improved approach to the hidden Markov model decomposition of speech and noise","volume":"Vol. I","author":"Gales","year":"1992"},{"issue":"No. 3","key":"10.1016\/0167-6393(94)00059-J_BIB68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1016\/0167-6393(93)90093-Z","article-title":"Cepstral parameter compensation for HMM recognition in noise","volume":"Vol. 12","author":"Gales","year":"1993","journal-title":"Speech Communication"},{"key":"10.1016\/0167-6393(94)00059-J_BIB69","first-page":"837","article-title":"HMM recognition in noise using using parallel model combination","volume":"Vol. II","author":"Gales","year":"1993"},{"key":"10.1016\/0167-6393(94)00059-J_BIB70","article-title":"Parallel model combination for speech recognition in noise","author":"Gales","year":"1993"},{"key":"10.1016\/0167-6393(94)00059-J_BIB71","series-title":"Proc. European Conf. Speech Technology","first-page":"1035","article-title":"Noise reduction and speech recognition in noise condition tested on LPNN-based continuous speech recognition system","author":"Gao","year":"1993"},{"key":"10.1016\/0167-6393(94)00059-J_BIB72","first-page":"89","article-title":"A hierarchical lpnn network for noise reduction and noise degraded speech recognition","volume":"Vol. II","author":"Gao","year":"1994"},{"key":"10.1016\/0167-6393(94)00059-J_BIB73","series-title":"Proc. ESCA Workshop on Speech Processing in Adverse Conditions","article-title":"Noisy speech recognition tested on continuous speech recognition system","author":"Gao","year":"1992"},{"key":"10.1016\/0167-6393(94)00059-J_BIB74","first-page":"73","article-title":"Auditory model based speech processing","volume":"Vol. I","author":"Gao","year":"1992"},{"key":"10.1016\/0167-6393(94)00059-J_BIB75","series-title":"The structure and format of the DARPA TIMIT CD-ROM prototype","author":"Garofolo","year":"1988"},{"issue":"Nos. 2\u20133","key":"10.1016\/0167-6393(94)00059-J_BIB76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1016\/0167-6393(92)90015-Y","article-title":"Bayesian learning for hidden Markov model with Gaussian mixture state observation densities","volume":"Vol. 11","author":"Gauvain","year":"1992","journal-title":"Speech Communication"},{"key":"10.1016\/0167-6393(94)00059-J_BIB77","article-title":"Auditory nerve representation as a frontend for speech recognition in a noisy environment","volume":"Vol. 2","author":"Ghitza","year":"1987","journal-title":"Computer Speech and Language"},{"key":"10.1016\/0167-6393(94)00059-J_BIB78","series-title":"Proc. IEEE Internat. Conf. Acoust. Speech Signal Process.","first-page":"2372","article-title":"Robustness against noise: The role of timing-synchrony measurement","author":"Ghitza","year":"1987"},{"key":"10.1016\/0167-6393(94)00059-J_BIB79","series-title":"Proc. IEEE Internat. Conf. Acoust. Speech Signal Process.","first-page":"91","article-title":"Auditory neural feedback as a basis for speech processing","author":"Ghitza","year":"1988"},{"key":"10.1016\/0167-6393(94)00059-J_BIB80","series-title":"Advances in Speech Signal Processing","first-page":"453","article-title":"Auditory nerve representation as a basis for speech processing","author":"Ghitza","year":"1992"},{"key":"10.1016\/0167-6393(94)00059-J_BIB81","first-page":"117","article-title":"Probabilistic vector mapping of noisy speech parameters for HMM word spotting","volume":"Vol. I","author":"Gish","year":"1990"},{"key":"10.1016\/0167-6393(94)00059-J_BIB82","first-page":"2227","article-title":"Base transformation for environment adaptation in continuous speech recognition","volume":"Vol. 3","author":"Gong","year":"1993"},{"key":"10.1016\/0167-6393(94)00059-J_BIB83","first-page":"57","article-title":"Stochastic trajectory modeling for speech recognition","volume":"Vol. I","author":"Gong","year":"1994"},{"key":"10.1016\/0167-6393(94)00059-J_BIB84","article-title":"Speech recognition in noisy environments: A survey","author":"Gong","year":"1993"},{"key":"10.1016\/0167-6393(94)00059-J_BIB85","first-page":"377","article-title":"Minimization of speech alignment error by iterative transformation for speaker adaptation","volume":"Vol. I","author":"Gong","year":"1992"},{"key":"10.1016\/0167-6393(94)00059-J_BIB86","first-page":"339","article-title":"Dynamic time-warping for the enhancement of speech degraded by white Gaussian noise","volume":"Vol. II","author":"Graf","year":"1993"},{"key":"10.1016\/0167-6393(94)00059-J_BIB87","series-title":"Proc. European Conf. on Speech Communication and Technology","first-page":"258","article-title":"Speaker normalization via a linear transformation on a perceptual feature space and its benefits in ASR adaptation","author":"Gu","year":"1989"},{"key":"10.1016\/0167-6393(94)00059-J_BIB88","first-page":"107","article-title":"Direct modification on LPC coefficients with application to speech enhancement and improving the performance of speech recognition in noise","volume":"Vol. II","author":"Guan","year":"1993"},{"key":"10.1016\/0167-6393(94)00059-J_BIB89","first-page":"13","article-title":"Linear discriminant analysis for improving large vocabulary continuous speech recognition","volume":"Vol. I","author":"Haeb-Umbach","year":"1992"},{"key":"10.1016\/0167-6393(94)00059-J_BIB90","author":"Hand","year":"1981"},{"key":"10.1016\/0167-6393(94)00059-J_BIB91","article-title":"Analysis and compensation of stressed and noisy speech with application to robust automatic recognition","author":"Hansen","year":"1988"},{"key":"10.1016\/0167-6393(94)00059-J_BIB92","series-title":"Internat. Conf. Speech and Language Processing 1990","first-page":"1125","article-title":"Lombard effect compensation for robust automatic speech recognition in noise","author":"Hansen","year":"1990"},{"key":"10.1016\/0167-6393(94)00059-J_BIB93","series-title":"Internat. Conf. Speech and Language Process.","first-page":"1125","article-title":"Lombard effect compensation for robust automatic speech recognition in noise","author":"Hansen","year":"1990"},{"key":"10.1016\/0167-6393(94)00059-J_BIB94","series-title":"Signal Processing VI: Theories and Applications","first-page":"403","article-title":"Improved automatic recognition of speech in noise and Lombard effect","author":"Hansen","year":"1992"},{"key":"10.1016\/0167-6393(94)00059-J_BIB95","series-title":"Proc. IEEE Internat. Conf. Acoust. Speech Signal Process.","first-page":"189","article-title":"Iterative speech enhancement with spectral constraints","author":"Hansen","year":"1987"},{"key":"10.1016\/0167-6393(94)00059-J_BIB96","series-title":"Proc. IEEE Internat. Conf. Acoust. Speech Signal Processing 1988","first-page":"561","article-title":"Iterative speech enhancement with application to automatic speech recognition","author":"Hansen","year":"1988"},{"key":"10.1016\/0167-6393(94)00059-J_BIB97","series-title":"Proc. IEEE Internat. Conf. Acoust. Speech Signal Process.","first-page":"266","article-title":"Stress compensation and noise reduction algorithms for robust speech recognition","author":"Hansen","year":"1989"},{"issue":"No. 4","key":"10.1016\/0167-6393(94)00059-J_BIB98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"795","DOI":"10.1109\/78.80901","article-title":"Constrained iterative speech enhancement with application to speech recognition","volume":"Vol. 39","author":"Hansen","year":"1991","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Signal Process."},{"key":"10.1016\/0167-6393(94)00059-J_BIB99","series-title":"Internat. Conf. on Speech and Language Processing","first-page":"1117","article-title":"Features for noise-robust speaker-independent word recognition","author":"Hanson","year":"1990"},{"key":"10.1016\/0167-6393(94)00059-J_BIB100","series-title":"Proc. IEEE Internat. Conf. Acoust. Speech Signal Process.","first-page":"857","article-title":"Robust speaker-independent word recognition using static, dynamic and acceleration features: experiments with Lombard and noisy speech","author":"Hanson","year":"1990"},{"key":"10.1016\/0167-6393(94)00059-J_BIB101","first-page":"79","article-title":"Subband or cepstral domain filtering for recognition of Lombard and channel-distorted speech","volume":"Vol. II","author":"Hanson","year":"1993"},{"key":"10.1016\/0167-6393(94)00059-J_BIB102","series-title":"Proc. IEEE Internat. Conf. Acoust. Speech Signal Process.","first-page":"757","article-title":"Spectral slope based distorsion measures for all-pole models of speech","author":"Hanson","year":"1986"},{"issue":"No. 7","key":"10.1016\/0167-6393(94)00059-J_BIB103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"968","DOI":"10.1109\/TASSP.1987.1165241","article-title":"Spectral slope distance measures with linear prediction analysis for word recognition in noise","volume":"Vol. 35","author":"Hanson","year":"1987","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Acoust. Speech Signal Process."},{"key":"10.1016\/0167-6393(94)00059-J_BIB104","series-title":"Proc. NATO ASI on New Advances and Trends in Speech Recognition and Coding 1993","article-title":"Automatic recognition of noisy speech","author":"Haton","year":"1993"},{"key":"10.1016\/0167-6393(94)00059-J_BIB105","first-page":"85","article-title":"Towards handling the acoustic environment in spoken language processing","volume":"Vol. I","author":"Hermansky","year":"1992"},{"key":"10.1016\/0167-6393(94)00059-J_BIB106","first-page":"509","article-title":"Perceptually based linear predictive analysis of speech","volume":"Vol. I","author":"Hermansky","year":"1985"},{"key":"10.1016\/0167-6393(94)00059-J_BIB107","series-title":"Proc. European Conf. on Speech Technology","first-page":"1367","article-title":"Compensation for the effect of communication channel in auditory-like analysis of speech (RASTA-PLP)","author":"Hermansky","year":"1991"},{"key":"10.1016\/0167-6393(94)00059-J_BIB108","first-page":"83","article-title":"Recognition of speech in additive and convolutional noise based on RASTA spectral processing","volume":"Vol. II","author":"Hermansky","year":"1993"},{"key":"10.1016\/0167-6393(94)00059-J_BIB109","first-page":"69","article-title":"Speech recognition in noisy car environment based on OSALPC representation and robust similarity measuring techniques","volume":"Vol. II","author":"Hernando","year":"1994"},{"key":"10.1016\/0167-6393(94)00059-J_BIB110","series-title":"Proc. European Conf. Speech Technology","first-page":"413","article-title":"Improved speech recognition using high-pass filtering of subband envelopes","author":"Hirsch","year":"1991"},{"key":"10.1016\/0167-6393(94)00059-J_BIB111","series-title":"Proc. IEEE Internat. Conf. Acoust. Speech Signal Process.","first-page":"741","article-title":"Noise compensation for speech recognition using probabilistic models","author":"Holmes","year":"1986"},{"key":"10.1016\/0167-6393(94)00059-J_BIB112","series-title":"Proc. DARPA Workshop on Speech and Natural Language","article-title":"A study on speaker-adaptive speech recognition","author":"Huang","year":"1991"},{"key":"10.1016\/0167-6393(94)00059-J_BIB113","series-title":"Proc. IEEE Internat. Conf. Acoust. Speech Signal Process.","article-title":"A comparison of several acoustic representations for speech recognition with degraded and undegraded speech","author":"Hunt","year":"1989"},{"key":"10.1016\/0167-6393(94)00059-J_BIB114","series-title":"Proc. IEEE Internat. Conf. Acoust. Speech Signal Process.","first-page":"881","article-title":"An investigation of PLP and IMELDA acoustic representation and of their potential for combination","author":"Hunt","year":"1991"},{"key":"10.1016\/0167-6393(94)00059-J_BIB115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1109\/79.180705","article-title":"Progress in supervised neural networks","author":"Hush","year":"1993","journal-title":"IEEE Signal Processing Mag."},{"key":"10.1016\/0167-6393(94)00059-J_BIB116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1109\/TASSP.1975.1162641","article-title":"Minimum prediction residual principle applied to speech recognition","volume":"Vol. ASSP-23","author":"Itakura","year":"1975","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Acoust. Speech Signal Process."},{"key":"10.1016\/0167-6393(94)00059-J_BIB117","series-title":"Proc. IEEE Internat. Conf. Acoust. Speech Signal Process.","first-page":"1257","article-title":"Distance measure for speech recognition based on the smoothed group delay spectrum","author":"Itakura","year":"1987"},{"key":"10.1016\/0167-6393(94)00059-J_BIB118","series-title":"Proc. IEEE Internat. Conf. Acoust. Speech Signal Process.","article-title":"NTIMIT: A phonetically balanced, continuous speech, telephone bandwidth speech database","author":"Jankowski","year":"1990"},{"key":"10.1016\/0167-6393(94)00059-J_BIB119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1016\/0885-2308(91)90011-E","article-title":"Speech recognition in adverse environments","volume":"Vol. 5","author":"Juang","year":"1991","journal-title":"Computer Speech and Language"},{"key":"10.1016\/0167-6393(94)00059-J_BIB120","first-page":"301","article-title":"Vector equalization in hidden Markov models for noisy speech recognition","volume":"Vol. I","author":"Juang","year":"1992"},{"key":"10.1016\/0167-6393(94)00059-J_BIB121","series-title":"Proc. IEEE Internat. Conf. Acoust. Speech Signal Process.","first-page":"2368","article-title":"Signal restoration by spectral mapping","author":"Juang","year":"1987"},{"key":"10.1016\/0167-6393(94)00059-J_BIB122","series-title":"Proc. IEEE Internat. Conf. Acoust. Speech Signal Process.","first-page":"765","article-title":"On the use of bandpass lifting in speech recognition","author":"Juang","year":"1986"},{"issue":"No. 7","key":"10.1016\/0167-6393(94)00059-J_BIB123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"947","DOI":"10.1109\/TASSP.1987.1165237","article-title":"On the use of bandpass lifting in speech recognition","volume":"Vol. 35","author":"Juang","year":"1987","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Acoust. Speech Signal Processing"},{"key":"10.1016\/0167-6393(94)00059-J_BIB124","series-title":"ESCA Workshop Proc. Speech Processing in Adverse Conditions","first-page":"43","article-title":"The variability of speech produced in noise","author":"Junqua","year":"1992"},{"issue":"No. 1","key":"10.1016\/0167-6393(94)00059-J_BIB125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"510","DOI":"10.1121\/1.405631","article-title":"The Lombard reflex and its role on human listeners and automatic speech recognizers","volume":"Vol. 93","author":"Junqua","year":"1993","journal-title":"J. Acoust. Soc. Amer."},{"key":"10.1016\/0167-6393(94)00059-J_BIB126","series-title":"Proc. IEEE Internat. Conf. Acoust. Speech Signal Process.","first-page":"841","article-title":"Acoustic and perceptual studies of Lombard speech: Application to isolatedwords automatic speech recognition","author":"Junqua","year":"1990"},{"key":"10.1016\/0167-6393(94)00059-J_BIB127","series-title":"Proc. IEEE Internat. Conf. Acoust. Speech Signal Process.","first-page":"476","article-title":"A comparative study of cepstral lifters and distance measures for all-pole models of speech in noise","author":"Junqua","year":"1989"},{"key":"10.1016\/0167-6393(94)00059-J_BIB128","series-title":"ESCA Workshop Proc. of Speech Processing in Adverse Conditions","first-page":"187","article-title":"Hidden Markov model decomposition recognition of speech in noise: A comprehensive experimental study","author":"Kadirkamanathan","year":"1992"},{"key":"10.1016\/0167-6393(94)00059-J_BIB129","first-page":"699","article-title":"Speaker-independent spoken digit recognition in noisy environments using dynamic spectral features and neural networks","volume":"Vol. I","author":"Kitamura","year":"1992"},{"key":"10.1016\/0167-6393(94)00059-J_BIB130","series-title":"Proc. IEEE Internat. Conf. Acoust. Speech Signal Process.","first-page":"573","article-title":"A digital filter-bank for spectral matching","author":"Klatt","year":"1976"},{"key":"10.1016\/0167-6393(94)00059-J_BIB131","first-page":"425","article-title":"Degraded word recognition based on segmental signal-to-noise ratio weighting","volume":"Vol. I","author":"Kobatake","year":"1994"},{"key":"10.1016\/0167-6393(94)00059-J_BIB132","series-title":"Proc. IEEE Internat. Conf. Acoust. Speech Signal Process.","first-page":"973","article-title":"Enhancement of noisy speech by maximum likelihood estimation","author":"Kobatake","year":"1991"},{"key":"10.1016\/0167-6393(94)00059-J_BIB133","first-page":"57","article-title":"Markov model based noise modeling and its application to noisy speech recognition using dynamical features of speech","volume":"Vol. II","author":"Kobayashi","year":"1994"},{"key":"10.1016\/0167-6393(94)00059-J_BIB134","first-page":"421","article-title":"Integrating RASTA-PLP into speech recognition","volume":"Vol. I","author":"Koehler","year":"1994"},{"key":"10.1016\/0167-6393(94)00059-J_BIB135","series-title":"Proc. IEEE Internat. Conf. Acoust. Speech Signal Process.","first-page":"349","article-title":"Filtering of colored noise for speech enhancement and coding","author":"Koo","year":"1989"},{"key":"10.1016\/0167-6393(94)00059-J_BIB136","series-title":"Proc. IEEE Internat. Conf. Acoust. Speech Signal Process.","first-page":"512","article-title":"Car noise processing for speech input","author":"Lecomte","year":"1989"},{"key":"10.1016\/0167-6393(94)00059-J_BIB137","series-title":"Proc. IEEE Internat. Conf. Acoust. Speech Signal Process.","first-page":"123","article-title":"Large-vocabulary speaker-independent continuous speech recognition using HMM","author":"Lee","year":"1988"},{"issue":"No. 4","key":"10.1016\/0167-6393(94)00059-J_BIB138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"806","DOI":"10.1109\/78.80902","article-title":"A study on speaker adaptation of the parameters of continuous density hidden Markov models","volume":"Vol. 39","author":"Lee","year":"1991","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Signal Process."},{"key":"10.1016\/0167-6393(94)00059-J_BIB139","first-page":"691","article-title":"Further optimization of a robust IMELDA speech recogniser for applications with severely degraded speech","volume":"Vol. I","author":"Lefebvre","year":"1992"},{"key":"10.1016\/0167-6393(94)00059-J_BIB140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1016\/S0885-2308(86)80009-2","article-title":"Continuously variable duration hidden Markov models for automatic speech recognition","volume":"Vol. 1","author":"Levinson","year":"1986","journal-title":"Computer Speech and Language"},{"key":"10.1016\/0167-6393(94)00059-J_BIB141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1109\/ICASSP.1979.1170743","article-title":"Spectral root homomorphic deconvolution system","author":"Lim","year":"1979","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Acoust. Speech Signal Process."},{"key":"10.1016\/0167-6393(94)00059-J_BIB142","author":"Lim","year":"1983"},{"key":"10.1016\/0167-6393(94)00059-J_BIB143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1109\/TASSP.1978.1163086","article-title":"All pole modeling of degraded speech","volume":"Vol. 26","author":"Lim","year":"1978","journal-title":"IEEE Trans, Acoust. Speech Signal Process."},{"issue":"No. 4","key":"10.1016\/0167-6393(94)00059-J_BIB144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"354","DOI":"10.1109\/TASSP.1978.1163117","article-title":"Evaluation of an adaptive comb filtering method for enhancing speech degraded by white noise addition","volume":"Vol. 26","author":"Lim","year":"1978","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Acoust. Speech Signal Process."},{"key":"10.1016\/0167-6393(94)00059-J_BIB145","first-page":"1586","article-title":"Enhancement and bandwidth compression of noisy speech","volume":"Vol. 67","author":"Lim","year":"1979"},{"key":"10.1016\/0167-6393(94)00059-J_BIB146","series-title":"Speech Enhancement","first-page":"101","article-title":"All pole modeling of degraded speech","author":"Lim","year":"1983"},{"issue":"No. 1","key":"10.1016\/0167-6393(94)00059-J_BIB147","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1109\/TCOM.1980.1094577","article-title":"An algorithm for the vector quantizer design","volume":"Vol. COM-28","author":"Linde","year":"1980","journal-title":"IEEE. Trans. Commun."},{"key":"10.1016\/0167-6393(94)00059-J_BIB148","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1109\/MASSP.1987.1165576","article-title":"An introduction to computing with neural nets","volume":"Vol. 3","author":"Lippmann","year":"1987","journal-title":"IEEE ASSP Mag."},{"key":"10.1016\/0167-6393(94)00059-J_BIB149","series-title":"Proc. IEEE Internat. Conf. Acoust. Speech Signal Process.","first-page":"705","article-title":"Multistyle training for robust isolated-word speech recognition","author":"Lippmann","year":"1987"},{"key":"10.1016\/0167-6393(94)00059-J_BIB150","first-page":"61","article-title":"Environment normalization for robust speech recognition using direct cepstral comparison","volume":"Vol. II","author":"Liu","year":"1994"},{"key":"10.1016\/0167-6393(94)00059-J_BIB151","first-page":"441","article-title":"Root adaptive homomorphic deconvolution schemes for speech recognition in noise","volume":"Vol. I","author":"Lockwood","year":"1994"},{"issue":"Nos. 2\u20133","key":"10.1016\/0167-6393(94)00059-J_BIB152","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1016\/0167-6393(92)90016-Z","article-title":"Experiments with a Nonlinear Spectral Subtracter (NSS), Hidden Markov Models and the projection, for robust speech recognition in cars","volume":"Vol. 11","author":"Lockwood","year":"1992","journal-title":"Speech Communication"},{"key":"10.1016\/0167-6393(94)00059-J_BIB153","series-title":"Proc. Eurospeech","article-title":"Noise reduction for speech enhancement in cars: Non-linear spectral subtraction \u2014 Kalman filtering","author":"Lockwood","year":"1991"},{"key":"10.1016\/0167-6393(94)00059-J_BIB154","author":"MaLachlan","year":"1988"},{"key":"10.1016\/0167-6393(94)00059-J_BIB155","series-title":"Proc. IEEE Internat. Conf. Acoust. Speech Signal Process.","first-page":"36","article-title":"A family of distortion measures based upon projection operation for robust speech recognition","author":"Mansour","year":"1988"},{"key":"10.1016\/0167-6393(94)00059-J_BIB156","series-title":"Proc. IEEE Internat. Conf. Acoust. Speech Signal Process.","first-page":"525","article-title":"The short-time modified coherence representation and its application for noisy speech recognition","author":"Mansour","year":"1988"},{"issue":"No. 11","key":"10.1016\/0167-6393(94)00059-J_BIB157","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1659","DOI":"10.1109\/29.46548","article-title":"A family of distorsion measures based upon projection operation for robust speech recognition","volume":"Vol. ASSP-37","author":"Mansour","year":"1989","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Acoust. Speech Signal Process."},{"key":"10.1016\/0167-6393(94)00059-J_BIB158","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"795","DOI":"10.1109\/ASSP.1989.28053","article-title":"The short-time modified coherence representation and its application for noisy speech recognition","volume":"Vol. 37","author":"Mansour","year":"1989","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Acoust. Speech Signal Process."},{"key":"10.1016\/0167-6393(94)00059-J_BIB159","author":"Markel","year":"1976"},{"key":"10.1016\/0167-6393(94)00059-J_BIB160","first-page":"1031","article-title":"Recognition of noisy speech by composition of hidden Markov models","volume":"Vol. II","author":"Martin","year":"1993"},{"key":"10.1016\/0167-6393(94)00059-J_BIB161","series-title":"Proc. IEEE Internat. Conf. Acoust. Speech Signal Process.","article-title":"Comparative study of various spectrum matching measures on noise robustness","author":"Matsumoto","year":"1986"},{"key":"10.1016\/0167-6393(94)00059-J_BIB162","first-page":"373","article-title":"Speaker adaptation by modifying mixture coefficients of speaker-independent mixture Gaussian HMMs","volume":"Vol. I","author":"Matsuoka","year":"1992"},{"key":"10.1016\/0167-6393(94)00059-J_BIB163","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1109\/TASSP.1980.1163394","article-title":"Speech enhancement using a soft-decision noise suppression filter","volume":"Vol. ASSP-28","author":"McAulay","year":"1980","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Acoust. Speech Signal Process."},{"key":"10.1016\/0167-6393(94)00059-J_BIB164","first-page":"87","article-title":"Noise masking in a transform domain","volume":"Vol. II","author":"Mellor","year":"1993"},{"key":"10.1016\/0167-6393(94)00059-J_BIB165","series-title":"Signal Processing V: Theories and Applications","first-page":"1191","article-title":"A comparative study of feature extraction methods for noisy speech recognition","author":"Mena","year":"1990"},{"key":"10.1016\/0167-6393(94)00059-J_BIB166","series-title":"Internat. Conf. on Speech and Language Processing, Vol. II","first-page":"1519","article-title":"Optimal discriminative training for HMMs to recognize noisy speech","author":"Mizuta","year":"1992"},{"key":"10.1016\/0167-6393(94)00059-J_BIB167","series-title":"Proc. IEEE Internat. Conf. Acoust. Speech Signal Process.","first-page":"925","article-title":"Speech recognition in adverse environments: speech enhancement and spectral transformations","author":"Mokbel","year":"1991"},{"key":"10.1016\/0167-6393(94)00059-J_BIB168","series-title":"Proc. IEEE Internat. Conf. Acoust. Speech Signal Process.","article-title":"Word recognition in a car: Speech enhancement\/spectral transformations","author":"Mokbel","year":"1991"},{"key":"10.1016\/0167-6393(94)00059-J_BIB169","series-title":"ESCA Workshop Proceedings of Speech Processing in Adverse Conditions","first-page":"211","article-title":"Adapting a HMM speech recognizer to noisy environment","author":"Mokbel","year":"1992"},{"key":"10.1016\/0167-6393(94)00059-J_BIB170","first-page":"707","article-title":"Word recognition in the car: Adapting recognisers to new environments","volume":"Vol. I","author":"Mokbel","year":"1992"},{"key":"10.1016\/0167-6393(94)00059-J_BIB171","first-page":"1247","article-title":"On-line adaptation of a speech recognizer to variations in telephone line conditions","volume":"Vol. II","author":"Mokbel","year":"1993"},{"key":"10.1016\/0167-6393(94)00059-J_BIB172","first-page":"109","article-title":"Source of degradation of speech recognition in telephone network","volume":"Vol. I","author":"Moreno","year":"1994"},{"key":"10.1016\/0167-6393(94)00059-J_BIB173","series-title":"ESCA Workshop Proc. Speech Processing in Adverse Conditions","first-page":"115","article-title":"RASTA extensions: Robustness to additive and convolutional noise","author":"Morgan","year":"1992"},{"key":"10.1016\/0167-6393(94)00059-J_BIB174","series-title":"Internat Conf. Speech Language Process.","first-page":"1145","article-title":"Noise robustness in speaker independent speech recognition","author":"Morii","year":"1990"},{"key":"10.1016\/0167-6393(94)00059-J_BIB175","series-title":"Proc. DARPA Workshop Speech and Natural Language","article-title":"Reduced channel dependence for speech recognition","author":"Murveit","year":"1992"},{"issue":"No. 10","key":"10.1016\/0167-6393(94)00059-J_BIB176","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1495","DOI":"10.1109\/29.35387","article-title":"Speech recognition using noise-adaptive prototypes","volume":"Vol. 37","author":"Nadas","year":"1989","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Acoust. Speech Signal Process."},{"key":"10.1016\/0167-6393(94)00059-J_BIB177","series-title":"Proc. IEEE Internat. Conf. Acoust. Speech Signal Process.","first-page":"89","article-title":"Speaker adaptation applied to HMM and neural networks","author":"Nakamura","year":"1989"},{"key":"10.1016\/0167-6393(94)00059-J_BIB178","series-title":"Proc. IEEE Internat. Conf. Acoust. Speech Signal Process.","first-page":"157","article-title":"A comparative study of spectral mapping for speaker adaptation","author":"Nakamura","year":"1990"},{"key":"10.1016\/0167-6393(94)00059-J_BIB179","first-page":"1045","article-title":"Robust word spotting in adverse car environments","volume":"Vol. 2","author":"Nakamura","year":"1993"},{"key":"10.1016\/0167-6393(94)00059-J_BIB180","series-title":"Proc. IEEE Internat. Conf. Acoust. Speech Signal Process.","first-page":"297","article-title":"Dual-channel speech enhencement with auditory spectrum based constraints","author":"Nandkumar","year":"1992"},{"key":"10.1016\/0167-6393(94)00059-J_BIB181","first-page":"1","article-title":"Speech enhencement based on a new set of auditory constrained parameters","volume":"Vol. I","author":"Nandkumar","year":"1994"},{"key":"10.1016\/0167-6393(94)00059-J_BIB182","first-page":"109","article-title":"Robust mapping of noisy speech parameters for HMM word spotting","volume":"Vol. II","author":"Ng","year":"1992"},{"key":"10.1016\/0167-6393(94)00059-J_BIB183","series-title":"ESCA Workshop Proc. Speech Processing in Adverse Conditions","first-page":"183","article-title":"Improving the robustness of automatic speech recognizers using state duration information","author":"Nicol","year":"1992"},{"key":"10.1016\/0167-6393(94)00059-J_BIB184","series-title":"Proc. IEEE Internat. Conf. Acoust. Speech Signal Process.","first-page":"25","article-title":"Comparative study of several distorsion measures for speech recognition","author":"Nocerino","year":"1985"},{"key":"10.1016\/0167-6393(94)00059-J_BIB185","first-page":"829","article-title":"Adapting a HMM-based recognizer for noise speech enhanced by spectral subtraction","volume":"Vol. II","author":"Nolazco-Flores","year":"1993"},{"key":"10.1016\/0167-6393(94)00059-J_BIB186","first-page":"409","article-title":"Continuous speech recognition in noise using spectral subtraction and HMM adaptation","volume":"Vol. I","author":"Nolazco-Flores","year":"1994"},{"key":"10.1016\/0167-6393(94)00059-J_BIB187","series-title":"Proc. IEEE Internat. Conf. Acoust. Speech Signal Process.","first-page":"929","article-title":"Speech recognition in a noisy environment using a noise reduction newral network and a codebook mapping technique","author":"Ohkura","year":"1991"},{"key":"10.1016\/0167-6393(94)00059-J_BIB188","first-page":"369","article-title":"Speaker adaptation based on transfer vector field smoothing with continuous mixture density HMMs","volume":"Vol. I","author":"Ohkura","year":"1992"},{"key":"10.1016\/0167-6393(94)00059-J_BIB189","first-page":"75","article-title":"Noise-robust HMMs based on minimum error classification","volume":"Vol. II","author":"Ohkura","year":"1993"},{"key":"10.1016\/0167-6393(94)00059-J_BIB190","first-page":"49","article-title":"On the limitations of cepsral features in noise","volume":"Vol. II","author":"Openshaw","year":"1994"},{"key":"10.1016\/0167-6393(94)00059-J_BIB191","series-title":"Proc. IEEE Internat. Conf. Acoust. Speech Signal Process.","first-page":"549","article-title":"Speech enhancement using vector quantization and a formant distance measure","author":"O'Shaughnessy","year":"1988"},{"key":"10.1016\/0167-6393(94)00059-J_BIB192","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1109\/35.17653","article-title":"Enhancing speech degraded by additive noise or interfering speakers","author":"O'Shaughnessy","year":"1989","journal-title":"IEEE Commun. Mag."},{"issue":"No. 2","key":"10.1016\/0167-6393(94)00059-J_BIB193","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1016\/0167-6393(82)90034-6","article-title":"On the performance of the quefrency-weighted cepstral coefficients in vowel recognition","volume":"Vol. 1","author":"Paliwal","year":"1982","journal-title":"Speech Communication"},{"key":"10.1016\/0167-6393(94)00059-J_BIB194","series-title":"Proc. IEEE Internat. Conf. Acoust. Speech Signal Process.","first-page":"429","article-title":"Neural net classifier for robust speech recognition under noisy environments","author":"Paliwal","year":"1990"},{"key":"10.1016\/0167-6393(94)00059-J_BIB195","author":"Papoulis","year":"1991"},{"key":"10.1016\/0167-6393(94)00059-J_BIB196","series-title":"Proc. IEEE Internat. Conf. Acoust. Speech Signal Process.","first-page":"212","article-title":"Evaluation of speech enhancement system","author":"Perlmutter","year":"1977"},{"key":"10.1016\/0167-6393(94)00059-J_BIB197","series-title":"Proc. IEEE Internat. Conf. Acoust. Speech Signal Process.","first-page":"1581","article-title":"Some acoustic-phonetic correlates of speech produced in noise","author":"Pisoni","year":"1985"},{"key":"10.1016\/0167-6393(94)00059-J_BIB198","first-page":"18A2.1","article-title":"Optimal estimators for spectral restoration of noisy speech","volume":"Vol. 2","author":"Porter","year":"1984"},{"key":"10.1016\/0167-6393(94)00059-J_BIB199","series-title":"Proc. IEEE Internat. Conf. Acoust. Speech Signal Process.","first-page":"821","article-title":"Noise reduction using a soft-decision sine-wave vector quantization","author":"Quatieri","year":"1990"},{"key":"10.1016\/0167-6393(94)00059-J_BIB200","first-page":"257","article-title":"A tutorial on hidden Markov models and selected applications in speech recognition","volume":"Vol. 77","author":"Rabiner","year":"1989"},{"key":"10.1016\/0167-6393(94)00059-J_BIB201","first-page":"445","article-title":"Signal bias removal for robust telephone speech recognition in adverse environments","volume":"Vol. I","author":"Rahim","year":"1994"},{"key":"10.1016\/0167-6393(94)00059-J_BIB202","first-page":"29","article-title":"A new speech enhancement technique with application to speaker identification","volume":"Vol. I","author":"Ramalho","year":"1994"},{"issue":"No. 195\u2013239","key":"10.1016\/0167-6393(94)00059-J_BIB203","article-title":"Mixture densities, maximum likelihood and the EM algorithm","volume":"Vol. 26","author":"Redner","year":"1984","journal-title":"SIAM Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/0167-6393(94)00059-J_BIB204","series-title":"Proc. IEEE Internat. Conf. Acoust. Speech Signal Process.","first-page":"1139","article-title":"Speech recognition with a noise-adapting codebook","author":"Roe","year":"1987"},{"issue":"No. 2","key":"10.1016\/0167-6393(94)00059-J_BIB205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1109\/89.279273","article-title":"Integrated models of signal and background with application to speaker identification in noise","volume":"Vol. 2","author":"Rose","year":"1994","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Speech Audio Process."},{"key":"10.1016\/0167-6393(94)00059-J_BIB206","first-page":"640","article-title":"Large vocabulary continuous speech recognition of wall street journal data","volume":"Vol. II","author":"Roth","year":"1993"},{"key":"10.1016\/0167-6393(94)00059-J_BIB207","series-title":"Proc. IEEE Internat. Conf. Acoust. Speech Signal Process.","first-page":"69","article-title":"The ARM continuous speech recognition system","author":"Russell","year":"1990"},{"key":"10.1016\/0167-6393(94)00059-J_BIB208","series-title":"Proc. IEEE Internat. Conf. Acoust. Speech Signal Process.","first-page":"2376","article-title":"Experimental evaluation of duration modeling techniques for automatic speech recognition","author":"Russell","year":"1987"},{"key":"10.1016\/0167-6393(94)00059-J_BIB209","first-page":"223","article-title":"A speech enhancement system using higher order AR estimation in real environments","volume":"Vol. 1","author":"Salavedra","year":"1993"},{"key":"10.1016\/0167-6393(94)00059-J_BIB210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1055","DOI":"10.1121\/1.1914647","article-title":"Model for mechanical to neural transduction in the auditory receptor","volume":"Vol. 55","author":"Schroeder","year":"1974","journal-title":"J. Acoust. Soc. Amer."},{"key":"10.1016\/0167-6393(94)00059-J_BIB211","first-page":"85","article-title":"non-linear regression based feature extraction for connected-word recognition in noise","volume":"Vol. II","author":"Seide","year":"1994"},{"issue":"No. 1","key":"10.1016\/0167-6393(94)00059-J_BIB212","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1016\/S0095-4470(19)30466-8","article-title":"A joint synchrony\/mean-rate model of auditory speech processing","volume":"Vol. 16","author":"Seneff","year":"1988","journal-title":"J. Phonetics"},{"key":"10.1016\/0167-6393(94)00059-J_BIB213","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1622","DOI":"10.1121\/1.392800","article-title":"Speech processing in the auditory system II: Lateral inhibition and the central processing of speech evoked activity in the auditory nerve","author":"Shamma","year":"1985","journal-title":"J. Acoust. Soc. Amer."},{"key":"10.1016\/0167-6393(94)00059-J_BIB214","first-page":"13","article-title":"Comparative performance of spectral subtraction and HMM-based speech enhancement strategies with application to hearing aid design","volume":"Vol. I","author":"Sheikhzaden","year":"1994"},{"key":"10.1016\/0167-6393(94)00059-J_BIB215","series-title":"Proc. IEEE Internat. Conf. Acoust. Speech Signal Process.","first-page":"2643","article-title":"Speaker adaptation via vector quantization","author":"Shikano","year":"1986"},{"key":"10.1016\/0167-6393(94)00059-J_BIB216","first-page":"1639","article-title":"A Bayesian approach to phone duration adaptation for Lombard speech recognition","volume":"Vol. 3","author":"Siohan","year":"1993"},{"key":"10.1016\/0167-6393(94)00059-J_BIB217","series-title":"Proc. Internat. Conf. Spoken Language Process.","article-title":"A comparison of three noisy speech recognition approaches","author":"Siohan","year":"1994"},{"key":"10.1016\/0167-6393(94)00059-J_BIB218","first-page":"429","article-title":"On the importance of the microphone position for speech recognition in the car","volume":"Vol. I","author":"Smolders","year":"1994"},{"key":"10.1016\/0167-6393(94)00059-J_BIB219","series-title":"Proc. IEEE Internat. Conf. Acoust. Speech Signal Process.","first-page":"625","article-title":"A frequency-weighted Itakura spectral distortion measure and its application to speech recognition in noise","author":"Soong","year":"1987"},{"key":"10.1016\/0167-6393(94)00059-J_BIB220","author":"Sorenson","year":"1980"},{"key":"10.1016\/0167-6393(94)00059-J_BIB221","first-page":"235","article-title":"Robust speaker-independent speech recognition using non-linear spectral subtraction based IMELDA","volume":"Vol. I","author":"Sorensen","year":"1993"},{"key":"10.1016\/0167-6393(94)00059-J_BIB222","first-page":"657","article-title":"Hybrid model decomposition of speech and noise in a radial basis function neural model framework","volume":"Vol. II","author":"Sorensen","year":"1994"},{"key":"10.1016\/0167-6393(94)00059-J_BIB223","series-title":"Proc. DARPA Workshop Speech and Natural Language 1990","first-page":"311","article-title":"Acoustical pre-processor for robust speech recognition","author":"Stern","year":"1990"},{"issue":"No. 6","key":"10.1016\/0167-6393(94)00059-J_BIB224","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1109\/TASSP.1987.1165203","article-title":"Dynamic speaker adaptation for feature-based isolated word recognition","volume":"Vol. 35","author":"Stern","year":"1987","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Acoust. Speech Signal Process."},{"key":"10.1016\/0167-6393(94)00059-J_BIB225","first-page":"695","article-title":"Multiple approaches to robust speech recognition","volume":"Vol. I","author":"Stern","year":"1992"},{"key":"10.1016\/0167-6393(94)00059-J_BIB226","series-title":"Proc. IEEE Internat. Conf. Acoust. Speech Signal Process.","first-page":"2001","article-title":"An analysis of a noise reduction neural network","author":"Tamura","year":"1989"},{"key":"10.1016\/0167-6393(94)00059-J_BIB227","series-title":"Proc.IEEE Internat. Conf. Acoust. Speech Signal Process.","first-page":"553","article-title":"Noise reduction using connectionist models","author":"Tamura","year":"1988"},{"key":"10.1016\/0167-6393(94)00059-J_BIB228","author":"Titterington","year":"1985"},{"issue":"No. 10","key":"10.1016\/0167-6393(94)00059-J_BIB229","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1414","DOI":"10.1109\/TASSP.1987.1165058","article-title":"A weighted cepstral distance measure for speech recognition","volume":"Vol. ASSP-35","author":"Tohkura","year":"1987","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Acoust. Speech Signal Process."},{"key":"10.1016\/0167-6393(94)00059-J_BIB230","first-page":"437","article-title":"Noise independent speech recognition for a variety of noise types","volume":"Vol. I","author":"Treurniet","year":"1994"},{"key":"10.1016\/0167-6393(94)00059-J_BIB231","first-page":"1039","article-title":"Combination of distortion-robust feature extraction and neural noise reduction for ARS","volume":"Vol. II","author":"Trompf","year":"1993"},{"key":"10.1016\/0167-6393(94)00059-J_BIB232","series-title":"Proc. IEEE Internat. Conf. Acoust. Speech Signal Process.","first-page":"641","article-title":"Fuzzy vector quantization applied to hidden Markov modeling","author":"Tseng","year":"1987"},{"key":"10.1016\/0167-6393(94)00059-J_BIB233","first-page":"81","article-title":"Speech parameter extraction in noisy environment using a masking model","volume":"Vol. II","author":"Usagawa","year":"1994"},{"key":"10.1016\/0167-6393(94)00059-J_BIB234","series-title":"Proc. IEEE Internat. Conf. Acoust. Speech Signal Process.","first-page":"1143","article-title":"Improved noise immunity in large vocabulary speech recognition with the aid of spectral subtraction","author":"Van Compernolle","year":"1987"},{"key":"10.1016\/0167-6393(94)00059-J_BIB235","series-title":"Proc. IEEE Internat. Conf. Acoust. Speech Signal Process.","first-page":"258","article-title":"Spectral estimation using a log-distance error criterion applied to speech recognition","author":"Van Compernolle","year":"1989"},{"issue":"No. 2","key":"10.1016\/0167-6393(94)00059-J_BIB236","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1016\/0885-2308(89)90027-2","article-title":"Noise adaptation in a hidden Markov model speech recognition system","volume":"Vol. 3","author":"Van Compernolle","year":"1989","journal-title":"Computer Speech Language"},{"key":"10.1016\/0167-6393(94)00059-J_BIB237","series-title":"ESCA Workshop Proc. Speech Processing in Adverse Conditions","first-page":"21","article-title":"DSP techniques for speech enhancement","author":"Van Compernolle","year":"1992"},{"key":"10.1016\/0167-6393(94)00059-J_BIB238","series-title":"Proc. IEEE Internat. Conf. Acoust. Speech Signal Process.","first-page":"845","article-title":"Hidden Markov model decomposition of speech and noise","author":"Varga","year":"1990"},{"key":"10.1016\/0167-6393(94)00059-J_BIB239","series-title":"Proc. European Conf. Speech Technology","article-title":"Control experiments on noise compensation in hidden Markov model based continuous word recognizers","author":"Varga","year":"1989"},{"key":"10.1016\/0167-6393(94)00059-J_BIB240","article-title":"The NOISEX-92 study on the effect of additive noise on automatic speech recognition","author":"Varga","year":"1992"},{"key":"10.1016\/0167-6393(94)00059-J_BIB241","first-page":"1023","article-title":"Noise-adaptive hidden Markov models based on Wiener filters","volume":"Vol. II","author":"Vaseghi","year":"1993"},{"key":"10.1016\/0167-6393(94)00059-J_BIB242","first-page":"65","article-title":"Noisy speech recognition using cepstral-time features and spectral-time filters","volume":"Vol. II","author":"Vaseghi","year":"1994"},{"key":"10.1016\/0167-6393(94)00059-J_BIB243","first-page":"335","article-title":"Noise robustness in the auditory representation of speech signals","volume":"Vol. II","author":"Wang","year":"1993"},{"key":"10.1016\/0167-6393(94)00059-J_BIB244","first-page":"5","article-title":"Low residual noise speech enhancement utilizing time-frequency filtering","volume":"Vol. I","author":"Whipple","year":"1994"},{"key":"10.1016\/0167-6393(94)00059-J_BIB245","series-title":"Proc. IEEE Internat. Conf. Acoust. Speech Signal Process.","first-page":"181","article-title":"Improved vocabulary-independent sub-word HMM modeling","author":"Wood","year":"1991"},{"key":"10.1016\/0167-6393(94)00059-J_BIB246","series-title":"Proc. European Conf. Speech Technology","first-page":"617","article-title":"Speech enhancement by non-linear spectral estimation \u2014 A unifying approach","author":"Xie","year":"1993"},{"key":"10.1016\/0167-6393(94)00059-J_BIB247","first-page":"53","article-title":"A family of MLP based nonlinear spectral estimators for noise reduction","volume":"Vol. II","author":"Xie","year":"1994"},{"key":"10.1016\/0167-6393(94)00059-J_BIB248","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"824","DOI":"10.1109\/18.119739","article-title":"Auditory representations of acoustic signals","volume":"Vol. 38","author":"Yang","year":"1992","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Information Theory"},{"key":"10.1016\/0167-6393(94)00059-J_BIB249","series-title":"ESCA Workshop Proc. Speech Processing in Adverse Conditions","first-page":"123","article-title":"Cepstral mean compensation for HMM recognition in noise","author":"Young","year":"1992"}],"container-title":["Speech Communication"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:016763939400059J?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:016763939400059J?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,6]],"date-time":"2024-12-06T04:16:11Z","timestamp":1733458571000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/016763939400059J"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[1995,4]]},"references-count":249,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[1995,4]]}},"alternative-id":["016763939400059J"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/0167-6393(94)00059-j","relation":{},"ISSN":["0167-6393"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0167-6393","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[1995,4]]}}}