{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,7]],"date-time":"2025-10-07T14:36:28Z","timestamp":1759847788115},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[1993,6,1]],"date-time":"1993-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":738892800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Decision Support Systems"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1993,6]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/0167-9236(93)90050-d","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2003,6,30]],"date-time":"2003-06-30T16:15:45Z","timestamp":1056989745000},"page":"413-423","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["Studies in managerial problem formulation systems"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"James F","family":"Courtney","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"David B","family":"Paradice","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/0167-9236(93)90050-D_BIB1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1016\/0749-5978(90)90009-X","article-title":"Problem Structuring Heuristics in Strategic Decision Making","volume":"45","author":"Abualsamh","year":"1990","journal-title":"Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes"},{"issue":"No. 4","key":"10.1016\/0167-9236(93)90050-D_BIB2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"661","DOI":"10.1287\/mnsc.17.11.661","article-title":"Toward a System of Systems Concepts","volume":"17","author":"Ackoff","year":"1971","journal-title":"Management Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/0167-9236(93)90050-D_BIB3","series-title":"A Knowledge-Based Decision Support System for Managerial Problem Recognition and Diagnosis","author":"Ata Mohammed","year":"1985"},{"issue":"No. 6","key":"10.1016\/0167-9236(93)90050-D_BIB4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"899","DOI":"10.1109\/21.23089","article-title":"A Prototype DSS for Structuring and Diagnosing Managerial Problems","volume":"18","author":"Ata Mohammed","year":"1988","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics"},{"key":"10.1016\/0167-9236(93)90050-D_BIB5","series-title":"The Structure of Decision","author":"Axelrod","year":"1976"},{"key":"10.1016\/0167-9236(93)90050-D_BIB6","series-title":"Automated Discovery of Causal Relationships in Managerial Problem Domains","author":"Billman","year":"1988"},{"key":"10.1016\/0167-9236(93)90050-D_BIB7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"164","DOI":"10.1016\/0010-4809(82)90035-0","article-title":"Discovery, Confirmation and Incorporation of Causal Relationships from a Large, Time-Oriented, Clinical Data Base: The RX Project","volume":"15","author":"Blum","year":"1982","journal-title":"Computer and Biomedical Research"},{"key":"10.1016\/0167-9236(93)90050-D_BIB8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"653","DOI":"10.1287\/mnsc.29.6.653","article-title":"Human Diagnostic Reasoning by Computer: An Illustration from Financial Analysis","volume":"29","author":"Bouwman","year":"1983","journal-title":"Management Science"},{"issue":"No. 3","key":"10.1016\/0167-9236(93)90050-D_BIB9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"350","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1540-5915.1987.tb01530.x","article-title":"Decision Support Systems for Ill-Structured Problems: An Empirical Study","volume":"18","author":"Cats-Baril","year":"1987","journal-title":"Decision Sciences"},{"issue":"No. 3","key":"10.1016\/0167-9236(93)90050-D_BIB10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"419","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1540-5915.1983.tb00196.x","article-title":"Continuity in MIS\/DSS Research: the Case for a Common Gaming Simulator","volume":"14","author":"Courtney","year":"1983","journal-title":"Decision Sciences"},{"issue":"No. 3","key":"10.1016\/0167-9236(93)90050-D_BIB11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1540-5915.1987.tb01531.x","article-title":"A Knowledge-Based DSS for Managerial Problem Diagnosis","volume":"18","author":"Courtney","year":"1987","journal-title":"Decision Sciences"},{"key":"10.1016\/0167-9236(93)90050-D_BIB12","series-title":"An Examination of an Expectancy Theory Model of DSS Use","author":"DeSanctis","year":"1982"},{"issue":"No. 1","key":"10.1016\/0167-9236(93)90050-D_BIB13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1002\/for.3980010104","article-title":"Prediction, Diagnosis and Causal Thinking in Forecasting","volume":"1","author":"Einhorn","year":"1982","journal-title":"Journal of Forecasting"},{"key":"10.1016\/0167-9236(93)90050-D_BIB14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1016\/0001-6918(85)90012-5","article-title":"Divergent Thinking in Act Generation","volume":"60","author":"Englemann","year":"1985","journal-title":"Acta Psychologica"},{"key":"10.1016\/0167-9236(93)90050-D_BIB15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1016\/0749-5978(87)90044-6","article-title":"An Evaluation of Human Act Generation Performance","volume":"39","author":"Gettys","year":"1987","journal-title":"Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes"},{"key":"10.1016\/0167-9236(93)90050-D_BIB16","series-title":"Contemporary Issues in Cognitive Psychology: The Loyola Symposium","article-title":"The Structure of Memory and the Process of Solving Problems","author":"Greeno","year":"1973"},{"key":"10.1016\/0167-9236(93)90050-D_BIB17","series-title":"Structural Models: An Introduction to the Theory of Directed Graphs","author":"Harary","year":"1965"},{"key":"10.1016\/0167-9236(93)90050-D_BIB18","unstructured":"W.S. Hodges, DIALECTRON: A Dialectic Engine for Strategic Planning, Ph.D. Dissertation (Texas A&M University, Department of Business Analysis & Research, College Station, TX, forthcoming)."},{"key":"10.1016\/0167-9236(93)90050-D_BIB19","author":"Jensen","year":"1977"},{"issue":"No. 2","key":"10.1016\/0167-9236(93)90050-D_BIB20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1080\/07421222.1985.11517728","article-title":"The Effect of User-Developed DSS Applications on Forecasting Decision-Making Performance","volume":"2","author":"Kasper","year":"1985","journal-title":"Journal of Management Information Systems"},{"issue":"No. 2","key":"10.1016\/0167-9236(93)90050-D_BIB21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1016\/0378-7206(85)90030-8","article-title":"A Laboratory Study of User Characteristics and Decision-making Performance in End-User Computing","volume":"9","author":"Kasper","year":"1985","journal-title":"Information and Management"},{"key":"10.1016\/0167-9236(93)90050-D_BIB22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"807","DOI":"10.1109\/TSMC.1980.4308410","article-title":"Structural Modeling \u2014 A Tutorial Guide","author":"Lendaris","year":"1980","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man and Cybernetics"},{"key":"10.1016\/0167-9236(93)90050-D_BIB23","series-title":"An Experimental Investigation of a Graphical Problem-Structuring Aid and the Nominal Group Technique for Group Decision Support Systems","author":"Loy","year":"1986"},{"key":"10.1016\/0167-9236(93)90050-D_BIB24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"246","DOI":"10.2307\/2392045","article-title":"The Structure of \u2018Unstructured\u2019 Decisions","volume":"21","author":"Mintzberg","year":"1976","journal-title":"Administrative Science Quarterly"},{"issue":"No. 6","key":"10.1016\/0167-9236(93)90050-D_BIB25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"383","DOI":"10.1002\/bs.3830190605","article-title":"On Systemic Problem Solving and the Error of the Third Kind","volume":"19","author":"Mitroff","year":"1974","journal-title":"Behavioral Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/0167-9236(93)90050-D_BIB26","series-title":"Human Problem Solving","author":"Newell","year":"1972"},{"issue":"No. 3","key":"10.1016\/0167-9236(93)90050-D_BIB27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1109\/TSMC.1986.4308965","article-title":"A Knowledge-Based Human-Computer Cooperative System for Ill-Structured Management Domains","volume":"16","author":"Niwa","year":"1986","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man and Cybernetics"},{"key":"10.1016\/0167-9236(93)90050-D_BIB28","series-title":"Questions and Information Systems","article-title":"A Question Theoretic Analysis of Problem Formulation: Implications for Computer-Based Support","author":"Paradice","year":"1990"},{"issue":"No. 1","key":"10.1016\/0167-9236(93)90050-D_BIB29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1080\/07421222.1986.11517754","article-title":"Controlling Bias in User Assertions in Expert Decision Support Systems for Problem Formulation","volume":"3","author":"Paradice","year":"1986","journal-title":"Journal of Management Information Systems"},{"issue":"No. 4","key":"10.1016\/0167-9236(93)90050-D_BIB30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1080\/07421222.1987.11517777","article-title":"Causal and Non-causal Relationships and Dynamic Model Construction in a Managerial Advisory System","volume":"3","author":"Paradice","year":"1987","journal-title":"Journal of Management Information Systems"},{"key":"10.1016\/0167-9236(93)90050-D_BIB31","series-title":"Mental Representations: A Dual Coding Approach","author":"Paivio","year":"1986"},{"key":"10.1016\/0167-9236(93)90050-D_BIB32","series-title":"An Experimental Investigation of a Graphical, Interactive Problem Structuring Aid for Decision Support Systems","author":"Pracht","year":"1984"},{"key":"10.1016\/0167-9236(93)90050-D_BIB33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1109\/TSMC.1986.4308947","article-title":"GISMO: A Visual Problem Structuring and Knowledge Organization Tool","volume":"16","author":"Pracht","year":"1986","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics"},{"issue":"No. 3","key":"10.1016\/0167-9236(93)90050-D_BIB34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"598","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1540-5915.1988.tb00289.x","article-title":"The Effects of an Interactive, Graphics-Based DSS to Support Problem Structuring","volume":"19","author":"Pracht","year":"1988","journal-title":"Decision Sciences"},{"key":"10.1016\/0167-9236(93)90050-D_BIB35","series-title":"Decision Analysis","author":"Raiffa","year":"1968"},{"key":"10.1016\/0167-9236(93)90050-D_BIB36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"640","DOI":"10.1109\/TSMC.1981.4308761","article-title":"Behavioral and Organizational Considerations in the Design of Information Systems and Processes for Planning and Decision Support","volume":"11","author":"Sage","year":"1981","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man and Cybernetics"},{"key":"10.1016\/0167-9236(93)90050-D_BIB37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1086\/208799","article-title":"The Cost of Thinking","volume":"7","author":"Shugan","year":"1980","journal-title":"Journal of Consumer Research"},{"issue":"No. 8","key":"10.1016\/0167-9236(93)90050-D_BIB38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"963","DOI":"10.1287\/mnsc.35.8.963","article-title":"Defining Managerial Problems: A Framework for Prescriptive Theorizing","volume":"35","author":"Smith","year":"1989","journal-title":"Management Science"},{"issue":"No. 2","key":"10.1016\/0167-9236(93)90050-D_BIB39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"286","DOI":"10.2307\/256326","article-title":"Interpreting Strategic Issues: Effects of Strategy and the Information-Processing Structure of Top Management Teams","volume":"33","author":"Thomas","year":"1990","journal-title":"Academy of Management Journal"}],"container-title":["Decision Support Systems"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:016792369390050D?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:016792369390050D?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,18]],"date-time":"2019-03-18T15:54:52Z","timestamp":1552924492000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/016792369390050D"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[1993,6]]},"references-count":39,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[1993,6]]}},"alternative-id":["016792369390050D"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/0167-9236(93)90050-d","relation":{},"ISSN":["0167-9236"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0167-9236","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[1993,6]]}}}