{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,22]],"date-time":"2023-10-22T05:13:17Z","timestamp":1697951597769},"reference-count":91,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[1985,1,1]],"date-time":"1985-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":473385600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Data & Knowledge Engineering"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1985,1]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/0169-023x(85)90017-5","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2003,12,2]],"date-time":"2003-12-02T12:08:25Z","timestamp":1070366905000},"page":"201-231","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["A logic-based knowledge source system for natural language documents"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"1","author":[{"given":"D.","family":"Skuce","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"S.","family":"Matwin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"B.","family":"Tauzovich","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"F.","family":"Oppacher","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"S.","family":"Szpakowicz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/0169-023X(85)90017-5_BIB1","series-title":"KALIPSOS: A text processor for knowledge acquisition","author":"Adam","year":"1984"},{"key":"10.1016\/0169-023X(85)90017-5_BIB2","series-title":"Proc. 20th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics","article-title":"What's in a semantic network?","author":"Allen","year":"1982"},{"key":"10.1016\/0169-023X(85)90017-5_BIB3","series-title":"Proc. 2nd National Conference on Artificial Intelligence","article-title":"ARGOT: The Rochester dialogue system","author":"Allen","year":"1982"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/0169-023X(85)90017-5_BIB4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/0004-3702(80)90042-9","article-title":"Analyzing intention in utterances","volume":"15","author":"Allen","year":"1980","journal-title":"Artificial Intelligence"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/0169-023X(85)90017-5_BIB5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1145\/357423.357427","article-title":"Supporting organizational problem solving with a workstation","volume":"1","author":"Barber","year":"1983","journal-title":"ACM Trans. Office Inform. Systems"},{"key":"10.1016\/0169-023X(85)90017-5_BIB6","unstructured":"L. Birnbaum and M. Selfridge, Conceptual analysis, in: [62]."},{"key":"10.1016\/0169-023X(85)90017-5_BIB7","unstructured":"R.J. Brachman, On the epistemological status of semantic networks, in: [19] 3\u201350."},{"key":"10.1016\/0169-023X(85)90017-5_BIB8","series-title":"Proc. National Conference on Artificial Intelligence","first-page":"31","article-title":"KRYPTON: Integrating terminology and assertion","author":"Brachman","year":"1983"},{"key":"10.1016\/0169-023X(85)90017-5_BIB9","article-title":"Semantic grammar: An engineering technique for constructing natural language understanding systems","author":"Burton","year":"1976"},{"key":"10.1016\/0169-023X(85)90017-5_BIB10","series-title":"Proc. National Conference on Artificial Intelligence","first-page":"59","article-title":"Tracking user goals in an information-seeking environment","author":"Carberry","year":"1983"},{"key":"10.1016\/0169-023X(85)90017-5_BIB11","series-title":"Proc. 21st Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics","first-page":"159","article-title":"Knowledge structures in UC, and UNIX consultant","author":"Chin","year":"1983"},{"key":"10.1016\/0169-023X(85)90017-5_BIB12","series-title":"Proc. National Conference on Artificial Intelligence","first-page":"79","article-title":"QE-III: A formal approach to natural language querying","author":"Clifford","year":"1983"},{"key":"10.1016\/0169-023X(85)90017-5_BIB13","unstructured":"P.R. Cohen, C.R. Perrault and J.F. Allen, Beyond question answering, in: [401]245\u2013274."},{"key":"10.1016\/0169-023X(85)90017-5_BIB14","article-title":"ACE: An academic counseling experiment","author":"Cullingford","year":"1982"},{"key":"10.1016\/0169-023X(85)90017-5_BIB15","article-title":"Word meaning selection in multimodule language-processing systems","author":"Cullingford","year":"1982"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/0169-023X(85)90017-5_BIB16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1145\/319682.319700","article-title":"On database systems development through logic","volume":"7","author":"Dahl","year":"1982","journal-title":"ACM Trans. Database Systems"},{"key":"10.1016\/0169-023X(85)90017-5_BIB17","series-title":"Knowledge-based Systems in Artificial Intelligence","author":"Davis","year":"1980"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/0169-023X(85)90017-5_BIB18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.1016\/0004-3702(81)90004-7","article-title":"Odyssey: A knowledge-based assistant","volume":"16","author":"Fikes","year":"1981","journal-title":"Artificial Intelligence"},{"key":"10.1016\/0169-023X(85)90017-5_BIB19","series-title":"Associative Networks: Representation and Use of Knowledge by Computers","year":"1979"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/0169-023X(85)90017-5_BIB20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1145\/356924.356929","article-title":"Logic and databases: A deductive approach","volume":"16","author":"Gallaire","year":"1984","journal-title":"ACM Comput. Surveys"},{"key":"10.1016\/0169-023X(85)90017-5_BIB21","article-title":"The MRS dictionary","author":"Genesereth","year":"1984"},{"key":"10.1016\/0169-023X(85)90017-5_BIB22","series-title":"Proc. Conference on Applied Natural Language Processing","article-title":"A robust portable natural language data base interface","author":"Ginsparg","year":"1983"},{"key":"10.1016\/0169-023X(85)90017-5_BIB23","article-title":"Object-oriented predicate logic and its role in representing legal knowledge","author":"Gordon","year":"1984"},{"key":"10.1016\/0169-023X(85)90017-5_BIB24","article-title":"Report on a knowledge-based software assistant","author":"Green","year":"1983","journal-title":"Kestrel Institute, RADC-TR-83-195"},{"key":"10.1016\/0169-023X(85)90017-5_BIB25","series-title":"Proc. COLING 82","first-page":"89","article-title":"Natural language interfaces using limited semantic information","author":"Grishman","year":"1982"},{"key":"10.1016\/0169-023X(85)90017-5_BIB26","series-title":"Proc. Conference on Applied Natural Language Processing","article-title":"TEAM, a transportable natural language interface system","author":"Grosz","year":"1983"},{"key":"10.1016\/0169-023X(85)90017-5_BIB27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"N. Haas and G. Hendrix, Learning by being told: Acquiring knowledge for information management, in: [47] 405\u2013427.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-662-12405-5_13"},{"key":"10.1016\/0169-023X(85)90017-5_BIB28","series-title":"An Information Retrieval System Based on a Computer Model of Legal Knowledge","author":"Hafner","year":"1981"},{"key":"10.1016\/0169-023X(85)90017-5_BIB29","article-title":"KLAUS: A system for managing information and computational resources","author":"Hendrix","year":"1980"},{"key":"10.1016\/0169-023X(85)90017-5_BIB30","series-title":"Proc. 1st National Annual Conference on Artificial Intelligence","first-page":"157","article-title":"Knowledge embedding with the description system OMEGA","author":"Hewitt","year":"1980"},{"key":"10.1016\/0169-023X(85)90017-5_BIB31","series-title":"Questions","year":"1978"},{"key":"10.1016\/0169-023X(85)90017-5_BIB32","unstructured":"J.R. Hobbs, Towards an understanding of coherence in discourse, in: [40]223\u2013243."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/0169-023X(85)90017-5_BIB33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1145\/69610.357985","article-title":"Online help systems: A conspectus","volume":"27","author":"Houghton","year":"1984","journal-title":"Comm. ACM"},{"key":"10.1016\/0169-023X(85)90017-5_BIB34","series-title":"Formal Semantics of Natural Languages","article-title":"Two theories about adjectives","author":"Kamp","year":"1975"},{"key":"10.1016\/0169-023X(85)90017-5_BIB35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1016\/0004-3702(82)90035-2","article-title":"Cooperative responses from a portable natural language query system","volume":"19","author":"Kaplan","year":"1982","journal-title":"Artificial Intelligence"},{"key":"10.1016\/0169-023X(85)90017-5_BIB36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"H. Karlgren and D.E. Walker, The POLYTEXT system\u2014A new design for a text retrieval system, in: [37].","DOI":"10.1007\/978-94-009-7016-8_12"},{"key":"10.1016\/0169-023X(85)90017-5_BIB37","series-title":"Questions and Answers","year":"1983"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/0169-023X(85)90017-5_BIB38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1207\/s15516709cog0704_1","article-title":"Maintaining organization in a dynamic long-term memory","volume":"7","author":"Kolodner","year":"1983","journal-title":"Cognitive Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/0169-023X(85)90017-5_BIB39","series-title":"The Process of Question Answering","author":"Lehnert","year":"1978"},{"key":"10.1016\/0169-023X(85)90017-5_BIB40","series-title":"Strategies for Natural Language Processing","year":"1982"},{"key":"10.1016\/0169-023X(85)90017-5_BIB41","series-title":"LEXIS: A Primer","year":"1975"},{"key":"10.1016\/0169-023X(85)90017-5_BIB42","series-title":"Proc. National Conference on Artificial Intelligence","first-page":"223","article-title":"Processing entailments and accessing facts in a uniform frame system","author":"Maida","year":"1984"},{"key":"10.1016\/0169-023X(85)90017-5_BIB43","series-title":"The Theory of Relational Databases","author":"Maier","year":"1983"},{"key":"10.1016\/0169-023X(85)90017-5_BIB44","article-title":"Transportability and generality in a natural-language interface system","author":"Martin","year":"1983"},{"key":"10.1016\/0169-023X(85)90017-5_BIB45","article-title":"RUBIC: A system for rule-based information retrieval","author":"McCune","year":"1983"},{"key":"10.1016\/0169-023X(85)90017-5_BIB46","unstructured":"R.S. Michalski, A theory and methodology of inductive learning, in: [47]."},{"key":"10.1016\/0169-023X(85)90017-5_BIB47","series-title":"Machine Learning","year":"1983"},{"key":"10.1016\/0169-023X(85)90017-5_BIB48","series-title":"1st Conference on AI Applications","article-title":"RuleMaster\u2014A second-generation knowledge engineering facility","author":"Michie","year":"1984"},{"key":"10.1016\/0169-023X(85)90017-5_BIB49","series-title":"Formal Philosophy: Selected Papers","author":"Montague","year":"1974"},{"key":"10.1016\/0169-023X(85)90017-5_BIB50","series-title":"International Symposium on Logic Programming","article-title":"Knowledge representation in PROLOG\/KR","author":"Nakashima","year":"1984"},{"key":"10.1016\/0169-023X(85)90017-5_BIB51","series-title":"Proc. ACM SIGMOD Database Week Conference","article-title":"Database management, knowledge base management and expert system development in PROLOG","author":"Parsaye","year":"1983"},{"key":"10.1016\/0169-023X(85)90017-5_BIB52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00484803","article-title":"Some problems concerning the logic of predicate modifiers","volume":"21","author":"Parsons","year":"1970","journal-title":"Synthese"},{"key":"10.1016\/0169-023X(85)90017-5_BIB53","series-title":"Proc. National Conference on Artificial Intelligence","first-page":"320","article-title":"Interactive script instantiation","author":"Pazzani","year":"1983"},{"key":"10.1016\/0169-023X(85)90017-5_BIB54","series-title":"Proc. Conference on Applied Natural Language Processing","article-title":"Knowledge based question answering","author":"Pazzani","year":"1983"},{"key":"10.1016\/0169-023X(85)90017-5_BIB55","series-title":"Proc. 21st Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics","article-title":"Parsing as deduction","author":"Pereira","year":"1983"},{"key":"10.1016\/0169-023X(85)90017-5_BIB56","article-title":"A plan-based analysis of indirect speech acts","author":"Perrault","year":"1980","journal-title":"Amer. J. Comput. Linguistics"},{"key":"10.1016\/0169-023X(85)90017-5_BIB57","series-title":"Proc. 20th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics","first-page":"51","article-title":"Theoretical\/technical issues in natural language access to databases","author":"Petrick","year":"1982"},{"key":"10.1016\/0169-023X(85)90017-5_BIB58","series-title":"Natural Language Information Processing","author":"Sager","year":"1981"},{"key":"10.1016\/0169-023X(85)90017-5_BIB59","series-title":"The SMART Retrieval System: Experiments in Automatic Document Processing","year":"1971"},{"key":"10.1016\/0169-023X(85)90017-5_BIB60","series-title":"Introduction to Modern Information Retrieval","author":"Salton","year":"1983"},{"key":"10.1016\/0169-023X(85)90017-5_BIB61","series-title":"Scripts, Plans, Goals and Understanding","author":"Schank","year":"1977"},{"key":"10.1016\/0169-023X(85)90017-5_BIB62","series-title":"Inside Computer Understanding","year":"1981"},{"key":"10.1016\/0169-023X(85)90017-5_BIB63","series-title":"New York University Symposium on Artificial Intelligence Applications for Business","article-title":"Natural language processing in the commercial world","author":"Shwartz","year":"1983"},{"key":"10.1016\/0169-023X(85)90017-5_BIB64","series-title":"Proc. 6th International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence","article-title":"Recognizing intended meaning and speakers' plans","author":"Sidner","year":"1980"},{"key":"10.1016\/0169-023X(85)90017-5_BIB65","series-title":"Proc. 4th International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence","first-page":"593","article-title":"An English-like language for qualitative scientific knowledge","author":"Skuce","year":"1976"},{"key":"10.1016\/0169-023X(85)90017-5_BIB66","article-title":"Toward communicating qualitative knowledge between scientists and machines","author":"Skuce","year":"1977"},{"key":"10.1016\/0169-023X(85)90017-5_BIB67","series-title":"Proc. 12th International Systems Science Conference","first-page":"200","article-title":"A conceptual data and query language for non-expert users","author":"Skuce","year":"1979"},{"key":"10.1016\/0169-023X(85)90017-5_BIB68","series-title":"Proc. 3rd National Conference of the Canadian Society for Computational Studies of Intelligence","first-page":"151","article-title":"Knowledge acquisition and representation using logic, set theory and natural language structures (with S. Bainbridge)","author":"Skuce","year":"1980"},{"key":"10.1016\/0169-023X(85)90017-5_BIB69","first-page":"2277","article-title":"Bridging the gap between natural and computer language","volume":"Vol. S","author":"Skuce","year":"1981"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/0169-023X(85)90017-5_BIB70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1016\/0010-4825(82)90012-9","article-title":"Expressing qualitative biomedical knowledge exactly using the language LESK","volume":"12","author":"Skuce","year":"1982","journal-title":"Comput. Biology and Medicine"},{"key":"10.1016\/0169-023X(85)90017-5_BIB71","series-title":"Proc. 9th International Conference on Computational Linguistics","first-page":"262","article-title":"LESK: A language synthesizing natural language, computer language and logic","author":"Skuce","year":"1982"},{"key":"10.1016\/0169-023X(85)90017-5_BIB72","article-title":"The LESK tutorial","author":"Skuce","year":"1983","journal-title":"Department of Computer Science, University of Ottawa, TR-83-03"},{"key":"10.1016\/0169-023X(85)90017-5_BIB73","article-title":"A rule-oriented methodology for constructing a knowledge base from natural language documents","author":"Skuce","year":"1985"},{"key":"10.1016\/0169-023X(85)90017-5_BIB74","series-title":"Conceptual Structures: Information Processing in Mind and Machine","author":"Sowa","year":"1984"},{"key":"10.1016\/0169-023X(85)90017-5_BIB75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1016\/S0020-7373(83)80004-2","article-title":"Modelling man-machine interface in a data base environment","volume":"18","author":"Spiegler","year":"1983","journal-title":"Internat. J. Man-Machine Studies"},{"key":"10.1016\/0169-023X(85)90017-5_BIB76","series-title":"Proc. Conference on Applied Natural Language Processing","article-title":"Introducing ASK, a simple knowledgeable system","author":"Thompson","year":"1983"},{"key":"10.1016\/0169-023X(85)90017-5_BIB77","series-title":"Proc. AAAI","article-title":"RABBIT: An intelligent database assistant","author":"Tou","year":"1982"},{"key":"10.1016\/0169-023X(85)90017-5_BIB78","unstructured":"Treasury Board Travel Regulations, Government of Canada, Treasury Board Policy 370."},{"key":"10.1016\/0169-023X(85)90017-5_BIB79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.1002\/asi.4630320516","article-title":"The organization and use of information: Contributions of information science","volume":"32","author":"Walker","year":"1981","journal-title":"J. Amer. Soc. Inform. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/0169-023X(85)90017-5_BIB80","unstructured":"D.E. Walker, Computational strategies for analyzing the organization and use of information, in: [83]."},{"key":"10.1016\/0169-023X(85)90017-5_BIB81","article-title":"Natural language access to medical text","author":"Walker","year":"1981"},{"key":"10.1016\/0169-023X(85)90017-5_BIB82","series-title":"Proc. Logic Programming Workshop 83","first-page":"252","article-title":"KB01: A knowledge based garden store assistant","author":"Walker","year":"1983"},{"key":"10.1016\/0169-023X(85)90017-5_BIB83","series-title":"Knowledge Structure and Use: Perspectives on Synthesis and Interpretation","year":"1983"},{"key":"10.1016\/0169-023X(85)90017-5_BIB84","article-title":"Models of legal decision making","author":"Waterman","year":"1981"},{"key":"10.1016\/0169-023X(85)90017-5_BIB85","unstructured":"WESTLAW: The Computerized Legal Research System (West Publ. Comp., St. Paul, MN)."},{"key":"10.1016\/0169-023X(85)90017-5_BIB86","series-title":"Proc. National Conference on Artificial Intelligence","article-title":"Talking to UNIX in English: An overview of UC","author":"Wilensky","year":"1982"},{"key":"10.1016\/0169-023X(85)90017-5_BIB87","article-title":"Talking to UNIX in English: An overview of an on-line consultant","author":"Wilensky","year":"1982"},{"key":"10.1016\/0169-023X(85)90017-5_BIB88","series-title":"Planning and Understanding","author":"Wilensky","year":"1983"},{"key":"10.1016\/0169-023X(85)90017-5_BIB89","series-title":"Proc. 6th Annual Conference of the Cognitive Science Society","article-title":"KODIAK: A knowledge representation language","author":"Wilensky","year":"1984"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/0169-023X(85)90017-5_BIB90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"574","DOI":"10.1145\/358080.358101","article-title":"Talking to UNIX in English: An overview of UC","volume":"27","author":"Wilensky","year":"1984","journal-title":"Comm. ACM"},{"key":"10.1016\/0169-023X(85)90017-5_BIB91","article-title":"Learning new principles from precedents and exercises: the details","author":"Winston","year":"1981"}],"container-title":["Data & Knowledge Engineering"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:0169023X85900175?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:0169023X85900175?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,27]],"date-time":"2020-03-27T14:17:36Z","timestamp":1585318656000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/0169023X85900175"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[1985,1]]},"references-count":91,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[1985,1]]}},"alternative-id":["0169023X85900175"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/0169-023x(85)90017-5","relation":{},"ISSN":["0169-023X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0169-023X","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[1985,1]]}}}