{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,4]],"date-time":"2026-05-04T10:42:02Z","timestamp":1777891322933,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":73,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[1995,9,1]],"date-time":"1995-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":809913600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Data & Knowledge Engineering"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1995,9]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/0169-023x(95)00017-m","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2002,7,25]],"date-time":"2002-07-25T19:06:41Z","timestamp":1027624001000},"page":"191-222","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":130,"title":["Different roles and mutual dependencies of data, information, and knowledge \u2014 An AI perspective on their integration"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Agnar","family":"Aamodt","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mads","family":"Nyg\u00e5rd","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/0169-023X(95)00017-M_BIB1","series-title":"Proc. EKAW-91, Fifth European Knowledge Acquisition for Knowledge-based Systems Workshop","article-title":"A knowledge representation framework supporting knowledge modelling","author":"Aakvik","year":"1991"},{"key":"10.1016\/0169-023X(95)00017-M_BIB2","series-title":"Proc. ECAI-90, Ninth European Conference on Artificial Intelligence","first-page":"1","article-title":"Knowledge-intensive case-based reasoning and learning","author":"Aamodt","year":"1990"},{"key":"10.1016\/0169-023X(95)00017-M_BIB3","series-title":"Current trends in knowledge acquisition","first-page":"1","article-title":"A computational model of knowledge-intensive problem solving and learning","author":"Aamodt","year":"1990"},{"key":"10.1016\/0169-023X(95)00017-M_BIB4","article-title":"A knowledge-intensive approach to problem solving and sustained learning","author":"Aamodt","year":"1991"},{"key":"10.1016\/0169-023X(95)00017-M_BIB5","series-title":"Proc. SCAI-93, Fourth Scandinavian Conf. on Artificial Intelligence","first-page":"168","article-title":"A case-based answer to some problems of knowledge-based systems","author":"Aamodt","year":"1993"},{"key":"10.1016\/0169-023X(95)00017-M_BIB6","series-title":"Topics in Case-based Reasoning","first-page":"274","article-title":"Explanation-driven case-based reasoning","author":"Aamodt","year":"1994"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/0169-023X(95)00017-M_BIB7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.3233\/AIC-1994-7104","article-title":"Case-based reasoning: Foundational issues, methodological variations, and system approaches","volume":"7","author":"Aamodt","year":"1994","journal-title":"AI Communications"},{"key":"10.1016\/0169-023X(95)00017-M_BIB8","series-title":"Proc. ML-92 Workshop on Computational Architectures for Machine Learning and Knowledge Acquisition","article-title":"Machine learning and knowledge acquisition in a computational architecture for fault diagnosis in engineering systems","author":"Althoff","year":"1992"},{"key":"10.1016\/0169-023X(95)00017-M_BIB9","series-title":"Pierce's philosophy of science, A. The three kinds of reasoning","first-page":"63","article-title":"The origins of pragmatism","author":"Ayer","year":"1968"},{"key":"10.1016\/0169-023X(95)00017-M_BIB10","series-title":"Exemplar-based Knowledge Acquisition: A Unified Approach to Concept Representation, Classification, and Learning","author":"Bareiss","year":"1989"},{"issue":"1\u20133","key":"10.1016\/0169-023X(95)00017-M_BIB11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1016\/0004-3702(91)90050-T","article-title":"Rigor Mortis: a response to Nillson's \u201cLogic and artificial intelligence\u201d","volume":"47","author":"Birnbaum","year":"1991","journal-title":"Artificial Intelligence"},{"key":"10.1016\/0169-023X(95)00017-M_BIB12","series-title":"Intelligent Assistant Systems","author":"Boy","year":"1991"},{"key":"10.1016\/0169-023X(95)00017-M_BIB13","series-title":"On Knowledge Base Management Systems","author":"Brodie","year":"1986"},{"key":"10.1016\/0169-023X(95)00017-M_BIB14","first-page":"24","article-title":"Connectionism and information processing abstractions","author":"Chandrasekaran","year":"1988","journal-title":"AI Mag."},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/0169-023X(95)00017-M_BIB15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"124","DOI":"10.1145\/130994.131002","article-title":"Task-structure analysis for knowledge modeling","volume":"35","author":"Chandrasekaran","year":"1992","journal-title":"Commun. ACM"},{"key":"10.1016\/0169-023X(95)00017-M_BIB16","series-title":"Architectures for Intelligence","first-page":"357","article-title":"The frame of reference problem in the design of intelligent machines","author":"Clancey","year":"1991"},{"key":"10.1016\/0169-023X(95)00017-M_BIB17","series-title":"Object-oriented Analysis","author":"Coad","year":"1990"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/0169-023X(95)00017-M_BIB18","volume":"35","year":"1992","journal-title":"Special issue on Information Filtering"},{"key":"10.1016\/0169-023X(95)00017-M_BIB19","series-title":"EKAW 89, Third European Workshop on Knowledge Acquisition for Knowledge-Based systems","first-page":"75","article-title":"A philosophical basis for knowledge acquisition","author":"Compton","year":"1989"},{"key":"10.1016\/0169-023X(95)00017-M_BIB20","series-title":"Second Generation Expert Systems","year":"1993"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/0169-023X(95)00017-M_BIB21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1145\/356924.356929","article-title":"Logic and databases: A deductive approach","volume":"16","author":"Gallaire","year":"1984","journal-title":"ACM Computing Surveys"},{"key":"10.1016\/0169-023X(95)00017-M_BIB22","series-title":"Structured Systems Analysis: Tools and Techniques","author":"Gane","year":"1979"},{"key":"10.1016\/0169-023X(95)00017-M_BIB23","series-title":"Aspects of Scientific Explanation","author":"Hempel","year":"1965"},{"key":"10.1016\/0169-023X(95)00017-M_BIB24","series-title":"Abductive Inference, Computation, Philosophy, Technology","author":"Josephson","year":"1994"},{"key":"10.1016\/0169-023X(95)00017-M_BIB25","series-title":"Acknowledge Project Final Report, ACK-CSI-WM-DL-007, Cap Gemini Innovation","year":"1992"},{"key":"10.1016\/0169-023X(95)00017-M_BIB26","series-title":"Expert Database Systems, Proc. Second Int. Conf.","year":"1989"},{"key":"10.1016\/0169-023X(95)00017-M_BIB27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1016\/1042-8143(91)90001-4","article-title":"Usable and reusable programming constructs","volume":"3","author":"Klinker","year":"1991","journal-title":"Knowledge Acquisition"},{"key":"10.1016\/0169-023X(95)00017-M_BIB28","first-page":"52","article-title":"Improving human decision making through case-based decision aiding","author":"Kolodner","year":"1991","journal-title":"AI Mag."},{"key":"10.1016\/0169-023X(95)00017-M_BIB29","series-title":"Case-based Reasoning","author":"Kolodner","year":"1993"},{"key":"10.1016\/0169-023X(95)00017-M_BIB30","series-title":"Building Large Knowledge-Based Systems: Representation and Inference in the CYC Project","author":"Lenat","year":"1989"},{"key":"10.1016\/0169-023X(95)00017-M_BIB31","series-title":"Methodologies for Intelligent Systems: 7th Int. Symp. ISMIS '93","first-page":"96","article-title":"Case-based planning for medical diagnosis","author":"Lopez","year":"1993"},{"key":"10.1016\/0169-023X(95)00017-M_BIB32","series-title":"Proc. 10th IFIP Congress","article-title":"Making expert systems explicit","author":"McDermott","year":"1986"},{"key":"10.1016\/0169-023X(95)00017-M_BIB33","author":"McIntyre","year":"1993"},{"key":"10.1016\/0169-023X(95)00017-M_BIB34","series-title":"Proc 1st European Workshop on Case-Based Reasoning (EWCBR-93)","first-page":"313","article-title":"Induction and reasoning from cases","author":"Manago","year":"1993"},{"key":"10.1016\/0169-023X(95)00017-M_BIB35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1016\/0743-1066(88)90006-4","article-title":"Perspectives in deductive databases","volume":"5","author":"Minker","year":"1988","journal-title":"J. Logic Programming"},{"key":"10.1016\/0169-023X(95)00017-M_BIB36","series-title":"The Psychology of Computer Vision","first-page":"211","article-title":"A framework for representing knowledge","author":"Minsky","year":"1975"},{"key":"10.1016\/0169-023X(95)00017-M_BIB37","series-title":"Architectures for Intelligence","first-page":"323","article-title":"Theo: A framework for self-improving systems","author":"Mitchell","year":"1991"},{"key":"10.1016\/0169-023X(95)00017-M_BIB38","series-title":"Knowledge representation and organization in machine learning","first-page":"107","article-title":"Sloppy modelling","volume":"347","author":"Morik","year":"1989"},{"key":"10.1016\/0169-023X(95)00017-M_BIB39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1207\/s15516709cog0402_2","article-title":"Physical symbol systems","volume":"4","author":"Newell","year":"1980","journal-title":"Cognitive Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/0169-023X(95)00017-M_BIB40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1016\/0004-3702(82)90012-1","article-title":"The knowledge level","volume":"18","author":"Newell","year":"1982","journal-title":"Artificial Intelligence"},{"key":"10.1016\/0169-023X(95)00017-M_BIB41","series-title":"Proc. IEEE VNIS '93, 4th IEEE Int. Conf. on Vehicle Navigation and Information Systems","first-page":"281","article-title":"Road transport informatics; Conceptual framework and technological components","author":"Nyg\u00e5rd","year":"1993"},{"key":"10.1016\/0169-023X(95)00017-M_BIB42","series-title":"Proc. IEEE VNIS '94, 5th Int. Conf. on Vehicle Navigation & Information Systems","article-title":"Reflections on state-of-the-art within RTI\/IVHS","author":"Nyg\u00e5rd","year":"1994"},{"key":"10.1016\/0169-023X(95)00017-M_BIB43","series-title":"Proc. ECML-93, European Conf. on Machine Learning","first-page":"429","article-title":"Integrated learning architectures","author":"Plaza","year":"1993"},{"key":"10.1016\/0169-023X(95)00017-M_BIB44","series-title":"CSIC\/CEAB, Report de Recerca IIIA 93\/2","article-title":"Reflection, memory, and learning","author":"Plaza","year":"1993"},{"issue":"1\u20132","key":"10.1016\/0169-023X(95)00017-M_BIB45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1016\/0004-3702(90)90041-W","article-title":"Concept learning and heuristic classification in weak theory domains","volume":"45","author":"Porter","year":"1990","journal-title":"Artificial Intelligence"},{"key":"10.1016\/0169-023X(95)00017-M_BIB46","article-title":"Cognitive science","author":"Rapaport","year":"1993"},{"key":"10.1016\/0169-023X(95)00017-M_BIB47","series-title":"Inside Case-based reasoning","author":"Riesbeck","year":"1989"},{"key":"10.1016\/0169-023X(95)00017-M_BIB48","series-title":"Proc. IJCAI-91","first-page":"341","article-title":"How situated is cognition?","author":"Sandberg","year":"1991"},{"key":"10.1016\/0169-023X(95)00017-M_BIB49","series-title":"Systems Analysis and Design","author":"Silver","year":"1989"},{"key":"10.1016\/0169-023X(95)00017-M_BIB50","series-title":"Categories and Concepts","author":"Smith","year":"1981"},{"key":"10.1016\/0169-023X(95)00017-M_BIB51","article-title":"Reflections and semantics in a procedural language","author":"Smith","year":"1972","journal-title":"MIT Technical Report, LCR-TR-272"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/0169-023X(95)00017-M_BIB52","first-page":"29","article-title":"Components of expertise","volume":"11","author":"Steels","year":"1990","journal-title":"AI Magazine"},{"key":"10.1016\/0169-023X(95)00017-M_BIB53","series-title":"Enhancing the knowledge engineering process: Contributions from ESPRIT","author":"Steels","year":"1992"},{"key":"10.1016\/0169-023X(95)00017-M_BIB54","series-title":"Second Generation Expert Systems","first-page":"273","article-title":"The componential framework and its role in reusability","author":"Steels","year":"1993"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/0169-023X(95)00017-M_BIB55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1080\/09528138908953705","article-title":"Problem solving architecture at the knowledge level","volume":"1","author":"Sticklen","year":"1989","journal-title":"J. Experimental and Theoretical Artificial Intelligence"},{"key":"10.1016\/0169-023X(95)00017-M_BIB56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1016\/0169-023X(93)90045-Q","article-title":"A selective survey of the use of artificial intelligence for database design systems","volume":"11","author":"Storey","year":"1993","journal-title":"Data & Knowledge Engineering"},{"key":"10.1016\/0169-023X(95)00017-M_BIB57","series-title":"Contemporary Knowledge Engineering and Cognition: First Joint Workshop, Proceedings","first-page":"161","article-title":"The role of cognitive science in knowledge engineering","author":"Strube","year":"1991"},{"key":"10.1016\/0169-023X(95)00017-M_BIB58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.1016\/0167-739X(92)90053-E","article-title":"Knowledge-based information retrieval","volume":"7","author":"S\u00f8lvberg","year":"1991","journal-title":"Future Generation Computer Systems"},{"key":"10.1016\/0169-023X(95)00017-M_BIB59","series-title":"Information Systems Engineering","author":"S\u00f8lvberg","year":"1993"},{"key":"10.1016\/0169-023X(95)00017-M_BIB60","series-title":"Machine Learning \u2014 EWSL-91, European Working Session on Learning, Proceedings","first-page":"14","article-title":"A multistrategy learning approach to domain modeling and knowledge acquisition","author":"Tecuci","year":"1991"},{"key":"10.1016\/0169-023X(95)00017-M_BIB61","series-title":"Computational Philosophy of Science","author":"Thagard","year":"1988"},{"key":"10.1016\/0169-023X(95)00017-M_BIB62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"435","DOI":"10.1017\/S0140525X00057046","article-title":"Explanatory coherence","volume":"12","author":"Thagard","year":"1989","journal-title":"Behavioural and Brain Sciences"},{"key":"10.1016\/0169-023X(95)00017-M_BIB63","author":"Ullman","year":"1989"},{"key":"10.1016\/0169-023X(95)00017-M_BIB64","article-title":"Learning from experience","author":"Van de Velde","year":"1988"},{"key":"10.1016\/0169-023X(95)00017-M_BIB65","series-title":"Second Generation Expert Systems","first-page":"211","article-title":"Issues in knowledge level modelling","author":"Van de Velde","year":"1993"},{"key":"10.1016\/0169-023X(95)00017-M_BIB66","series-title":"Architectures for Intelligence","year":"1991"},{"key":"10.1016\/0169-023X(95)00017-M_BIB67","article-title":"KRS: An object oriented language","author":"Van Marcke","year":"1988"},{"key":"10.1016\/0169-023X(95)00017-M_BIB68","series-title":"Proc. ECAI-90, Ninth European Conf. on Artificial Intelligence","first-page":"661","article-title":"Mapping a knowledge level analysis onto a computational framework","author":"Vanwelkenhuysen","year":"1990"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/0169-023X(95)00017-M_BIB69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1207\/s15516709cog1701_2","article-title":"Situated action: A symbolic interpretation","volume":"17","author":"Vera","year":"1993","journal-title":"Cognitive Science"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/0169-023X(95)00017-M_BIB70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/1042-8143(92)90013-Q","article-title":"KADS: A modelling approach to knowledge engineering","volume":"4","author":"Wielinga","year":"1992","journal-title":"Knowledge Acquisition"},{"key":"10.1016\/0169-023X(95)00017-M_BIB71","series-title":"Second Generation Expert Systems","first-page":"299","article-title":"Towards a unification of knowledge modelling approaches","author":"Wielinga","year":"1993"},{"key":"10.1016\/0169-023X(95)00017-M_BIB72","series-title":"Understanding Computers and Cognition","author":"Winograd","year":"1986"},{"key":"10.1016\/0169-023X(95)00017-M_BIB73","first-page":"31","article-title":"Philosophical Investigations","author":"Wittgenstein","year":"1953"}],"container-title":["Data & Knowledge Engineering"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:0169023X9500017M?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:0169023X9500017M?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,15]],"date-time":"2020-01-15T01:30:45Z","timestamp":1579051845000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/0169023X9500017M"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[1995,9]]},"references-count":73,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[1995,9]]}},"alternative-id":["0169023X9500017M"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/0169-023x(95)00017-m","relation":{},"ISSN":["0169-023X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0169-023X","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[1995,9]]}}}