{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,27]],"date-time":"2026-07-27T21:42:18Z","timestamp":1785188538941,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[1995,11,1]],"date-time":"1995-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":815184000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Social Science &amp; Medicine"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1995,11]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/0277-9536(95)00112-k","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2003,5,12]],"date-time":"2003-05-12T23:33:51Z","timestamp":1052782431000},"page":"1403-1409","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4845,"title":["The World Health Organization quality of life assessment (WHOQOL): Position paper from the World Health Organization"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"41","member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/0277-9536(95)00112-K_BIB1","series-title":"Quality of Life Assessment: An Annotated Bibliography","author":"World Health Organization","year":"1994"},{"key":"10.1016\/0277-9536(95)00112-K_BIB2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1159\/000401351","article-title":"Aims and implementation of multi-centre studies","volume":"16","author":"Sartorius","year":"1981","journal-title":"Modern Problems Pharmacopsychiat"},{"key":"10.1016\/0277-9536(95)00112-K_BIB3","first-page":"49","article-title":"The SF-36 health survey: development and use in mental health research and the IQOLA project","volume":"23","author":"Ware","year":"1994","journal-title":"Int. J. Mental Hlth"},{"key":"10.1016\/0277-9536(95)00112-K_BIB4","first-page":"75","article-title":"The EORTC modular approach to quality of life assessment in oncology","volume":"23","author":"Aaronson","year":"1994","journal-title":"Int. J. Mental Hlth"},{"key":"10.1016\/0277-9536(95)00112-K_BIB5","first-page":"5","article-title":"Quality of life assessment across cultures","volume":"23","author":"Kuyken","year":"1994","journal-title":"Int. J. Mental Hlth"},{"key":"10.1016\/0277-9536(95)00112-K_BIB6","series-title":"Health and Cross-cultural Psychology: Toward Applications","article-title":"The family scenario in a developing country and its implications for mental health: the case of India","author":"Sinha","year":"1988"},{"key":"10.1016\/0277-9536(95)00112-K_BIB7","series-title":"Quality of Life Assessment: International Perspectives","article-title":"Ensuring international equivalence of quality of life measures: problems and approaches to solution","author":"Bullinger","year":"1994"},{"key":"10.1016\/0277-9536(95)00112-K_BIB8","series-title":"Quality of Life Assessment: International Perspectives","article-title":"Translation of health status instruments","author":"Sartorius","year":"1994"},{"key":"10.1016\/0277-9536(95)00112-K_BIB9","series-title":"WHOQOL Study Protocol","author":"World Health Organization","year":"1993"},{"key":"10.1016\/0277-9536(95)00112-K_BIB10","first-page":"24","article-title":"Development of the WHOQOL: rationale and current status","volume":"23","year":"1994","journal-title":"Int. J. Mental Hlth"},{"key":"10.1016\/0277-9536(95)00112-K_BIB11","series-title":"Quality of Life Assessment: International Perspectives","article-title":"The development of the World Health Organization quality of life assessment instrument (the WHOQOL)","year":"1994"},{"key":"10.1016\/0277-9536(95)00112-K_BIB12","series-title":"The Quality of Life of Cancer Patients","article-title":"Definitions and dimensions of quality of life","volume":"Vol. 17","author":"Calman","year":"1987"},{"key":"10.1016\/0277-9536(95)00112-K_BIB13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1472-8206.1992.tb00120.x","article-title":"Quality of Life assessment in therapeutic trials: Rationale for and presentation of a more appropriate instrument","volume":"6","author":"Gerin","year":"1992","journal-title":"Fundamental Clin. Pharmac"},{"key":"10.1016\/0277-9536(95)00112-K_BIB14","series-title":"Health Status and Health Policy: Allocating Resources to Health Care","author":"Patrick","year":"1993"},{"key":"10.1016\/0277-9536(95)00112-K_BIB15","first-page":"3","article-title":"The schedule for the evaluation of individual quality of life (SEIQOL)","volume":"23","author":"O'Boyle","year":"1994","journal-title":"Int. J. Mental Hlth"},{"key":"10.1016\/0277-9536(95)00112-K_BIB16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01299136","article-title":"Quality of life: a model for evaluating Health for All","volume":"37","author":"Lindstr\u00f6m","year":"1992","journal-title":"Soz Pr\u00e4ventivmed"},{"key":"10.1016\/0277-9536(95)00112-K_BIB17","first-page":"51","article-title":"Guidelines and caveats for quality of life measurement in clinical practice and research","volume":"4","author":"Schipper","year":"1990","journal-title":"Oncology"},{"key":"10.1016\/0277-9536(95)00112-K_BIB18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1177\/082585979200800303","article-title":"Quality of Life: the concept","volume":"8","author":"Cella","year":"1992","journal-title":"J. Palliative Care"},{"key":"10.1016\/0277-9536(95)00112-K_BIB19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.1002\/bjs.1800790506","article-title":"Assessment of quality of life in surgery","volume":"79","author":"O'Boyle","year":"1992","journal-title":"Br. J. Surg."},{"key":"10.1016\/0277-9536(95)00112-K_BIB20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00435221","article-title":"Testing the validity of the Euroqol and comparing it with the SF-36 health survey questionnaire","volume":"2","author":"Brazier","year":"1993","journal-title":"Quality Life Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/0277-9536(95)00112-K_BIB21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"787","DOI":"10.1097\/00005650-198108000-00001","article-title":"The Sickness Impact Profile: development and final revision of a health status measure","volume":"19","author":"Bergner","year":"1981","journal-title":"Med. Care"},{"key":"10.1016\/0277-9536(95)00112-K_BIB22","author":"World Health Organization","year":"1993"},{"key":"10.1016\/0277-9536(95)00112-K_BIB23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.pu.11.050190.001121","article-title":"Measurement of health status in the 1990's","volume":"11","author":"Patrick","year":"1990","journal-title":"A. Rev. Pub Hlth"},{"key":"10.1016\/0277-9536(95)00112-K_BIB24","author":"World Health Organization","year":"1992"},{"key":"10.1016\/0277-9536(95)00112-K_BIB25","author":"Ware","year":"1993"},{"key":"10.1016\/0277-9536(95)00112-K_BIB26","first-page":"379","article-title":"Comparative research in social epidemiology: measurement issues","volume":"1","author":"Dressler","year":"1991","journal-title":"Ethnicity Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/0277-9536(95)00112-K_BIB27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"552","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-2909.114.3.552","article-title":"Confirmatory factor analysis and item response theory: two approaches for exploring measurement invariance","volume":"114","author":"Reise","year":"1993","journal-title":"Psychol. Bull."},{"key":"10.1016\/0277-9536(95)00112-K_BIB28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1037\/h0046016","article-title":"Convergent and discriminant validation by the multi-trait-multi-method matrix","volume":"56","author":"Campbell","year":"1959","journal-title":"Psychol. Bull."}],"container-title":["Social Science &amp; Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:027795369500112K?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:027795369500112K?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,4]],"date-time":"2020-02-04T19:12:27Z","timestamp":1580843547000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/027795369500112K"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[1995,11]]},"references-count":28,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-print":{"date-parts":[[1995,11]]}},"alternative-id":["027795369500112K"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/0277-9536(95)00112-k","relation":{},"ISSN":["0277-9536"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0277-9536","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[1995,11]]}}}