{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,6]],"date-time":"2026-06-06T19:25:27Z","timestamp":1780773927319,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"1-2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[1984,1,1]],"date-time":"1984-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":441763200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Information Processing &amp; Management"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1984,1]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/0306-4573(84)90053-0","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2002,10,8]],"date-time":"2002-10-08T18:05:40Z","timestamp":1034100340000},"page":"229-237","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Experimental and quasi-experimental designs for research in information science"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"20","author":[{"given":"David F.","family":"Haas","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Donald H.","family":"Kraft","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/0306-4573(84)90053-0_BIB1","series-title":"Experimental and Quasi-Experimental Designs for Research","author":"Campbell","year":"1963"},{"key":"10.1016\/0306-4573(84)90053-0_BIB2","series-title":"Quasi-Experimentcition","author":"Cook","year":"1979"},{"key":"10.1016\/0306-4573(84)90053-0_BIB3","series-title":"Investigative Social Research","author":"Douglas","year":"1976"},{"key":"10.1016\/0306-4573(84)90053-0_BIB4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"497","DOI":"10.1145\/359146.359147","article-title":"Rejuvenating experimental computer science","volume":"22","author":"Feldman","year":"1979","journal-title":"Commun. ACM"},{"key":"10.1016\/0306-4573(84)90053-0_BIB5","series-title":"Qualitative Methodology: Firsthand Involvement with the Social World","year":"1970"},{"key":"10.1016\/0306-4573(84)90053-0_BIB6","series-title":"Studies in Ethnomethodology","author":"Garfinkel","year":"1967"},{"key":"10.1016\/0306-4573(84)90053-0_BIB7","first-page":"101","article-title":"Survey sampling and the logic of inference in sociology","volume":"17","author":"Haas","year":"1982","journal-title":"Am. Sociologist"},{"key":"10.1016\/0306-4573(84)90053-0_BIB8","series-title":"Statistics","author":"Hayes","year":"1963"},{"key":"10.1016\/0306-4573(84)90053-0_BIB9","series-title":"Basic Studies in Social Psychology","first-page":"592","article-title":"Group factors in worker productivity","author":"Homans","year":"1965"},{"key":"10.1016\/0306-4573(84)90053-0_BIB10","series-title":"The Nature of Social Science","author":"Homans","year":"1967"},{"key":"10.1016\/0306-4573(84)90053-0_BIB11","article-title":"An Inquiry Concerning Human Understanding","author":"Hume","year":"1955"},{"key":"10.1016\/0306-4573(84)90053-0_BIB12","series-title":"Foundations of Behavioral Research","author":"Kerlinger","year":"1964"},{"key":"10.1016\/0306-4573(84)90053-0_BIB13","series-title":"Unobtrusive Measures: Nonreactive Research in the Social Sciences","author":"Webb","year":"1966"},{"key":"10.1016\/0306-4573(84)90053-0_BIB14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"430","DOI":"10.1002\/asi.4630320606","article-title":"The adequacy of the Science Citation Index as an indicator of international scientific activity","volume":"32","author":"Carpenter","year":"1981","journal-title":"JASIS"},{"key":"10.1016\/0306-4573(84)90053-0_BIB15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1016\/0306-4573(81)90037-6","article-title":"Selection of Scientific Journals Based on the Data Obtained From an Information Service System","volume":"17","author":"Danilowicz","year":"1981","journal-title":"Inform. Proc. Management"},{"key":"10.1016\/0306-4573(84)90053-0_BIB16","first-page":"29","article-title":"Fees for online bibliographic search services in publiclysupported libraries","volume":"3","author":"Van House DeWath","year":"1981","journal-title":"Library Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/0306-4573(84)90053-0_BIB17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1002\/asi.4630320104","article-title":"Online searching: measures that discriminate among users with different types of experiences","volume":"32","author":"Fenichel","year":"1981","journal-title":"JANIS"},{"key":"10.1016\/0306-4573(84)90053-0_BIB18","first-page":"3","article-title":"Lifetime citation rates: a mathematical model to compare scientists work","volume":"32","author":"Geller","year":"1981","journal-title":"JANIS"},{"key":"10.1016\/0306-4573(84)90053-0_BIB19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1002\/asi.4630330204","article-title":"A replication of the Nelson and Mitroff experiment in teaching \u201cbothsides\u201d thinking","volume":"33","author":"de Geus","year":"1982","journal-title":"JANIS"},{"key":"10.1016\/0306-4573(84)90053-0_BIB20","first-page":"261","article-title":"Use of library materials at a small liberal arts college","volume":"3","author":"Hardesty","year":"1981","journal-title":"Library Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/0306-4573(84)90053-0_BIB21","first-page":"355","article-title":"The field dependence\/field independence of information professional students","volume":"3","author":"Johnson","year":"1981","journal-title":"Library Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/0306-4573(84)90053-0_BIB22","first-page":"1","article-title":"Levels of output related to cost of operation of scientific and technical libraries","volume":"3","author":"Kantor","year":"1981","journal-title":"Library Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/0306-4573(84)90053-0_BIB23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1002\/asi.4630330102","article-title":"Retrieval language of social sciences and natural sciences: a statistical investigation","volume":"33","author":"Kim","year":"1982","journal-title":"JASIS"},{"key":"10.1016\/0306-4573(84)90053-0_BIB24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"412","DOI":"10.1002\/asi.4630320603","article-title":"Influence of online bibliographic services on student behavior","volume":"32","author":"Kochen","year":"1981","journal-title":"JASIS"},{"key":"10.1016\/0306-4573(84)90053-0_BIB25","first-page":"67","article-title":"A Delphi study of public library goals, innovations, and performance measurements","volume":"3","author":"Lundberg","year":"1981","journal-title":"Library Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/0306-4573(84)90053-0_BIB26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.1016\/0306-4573(81)90047-9","article-title":"An approach toward functional text structure analysis of scientific and technical documents","volume":"17","author":"Maeda","year":"1981","journal-title":"Inform. Proc. Management"},{"key":"10.1016\/0306-4573(84)90053-0_BIB27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"304","DOI":"10.1002\/asi.4630320410","article-title":"A translating computer interface for end-user operation of heterogeneous retrieval systems. II. Evaluation","volume":"32","author":"Marcus","year":"1981","journal-title":"JANIS"},{"key":"10.1016\/0306-4573(84)90053-0_BIB28","first-page":"283","article-title":"Weeding the Forest Hill branch of Torono public library by the Slote method: a test case","volume":"3","author":"McKee","year":"1981","journal-title":"Library Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/0306-4573(84)90053-0_BIB29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1016\/0306-4573(82)90025-5","article-title":"Untangling citation networks","volume":"18","author":"Noma","year":"1982","journal-title":"Inform. Proc. Management"},{"key":"10.1016\/0306-4573(84)90053-0_BIB30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1002\/asi.4630330107","article-title":"Collaboration in computational musicology","volume":"33","author":"Pao","year":"1982","journal-title":"JANIS"},{"key":"10.1016\/0306-4573(84)90053-0_BIB31","first-page":"327","article-title":"Co-authorship as communication measure","volume":"2","author":"Pao","year":"1980","journal-title":"Library Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/0306-4573(84)90053-0_BIB32","first-page":"47","article-title":"Citation characteristics in library science: results from a bibliometric survey","volume":"3","author":"Peritz","year":"1981","journal-title":"Library Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/0306-4573(84)90053-0_BIB33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1016\/0306-4573(81)90015-7","article-title":"Selected roles of information goods and services in the U.S. National economy","volume":"17","author":"Rogers","year":"1981","journal-title":"Inform. Proc. Management"},{"key":"10.1016\/0306-4573(84)90053-0_BIB34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1016\/0306-4573(81)90014-5","article-title":"The U.S. information sector and GNP","volume":"17","author":"Rogers","year":"1981","journal-title":"Inform. Proc. Management"},{"key":"10.1016\/0306-4573(84)90053-0_BIB35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1016\/0306-4573(82)90038-3","article-title":"Human information seeking: online searching of bibliographic networks","volume":"18","author":"Rouse","year":"1982","journal-title":"Inform. Proc. Management"},{"key":"10.1016\/0306-4573(84)90053-0_BIB36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1002\/asi.4630330306","article-title":"The effect of subject matter on the automatic indexing of full text","volume":"33","author":"Rowbottom","year":"1982","journal-title":"JASIS"},{"key":"10.1016\/0306-4573(84)90053-0_BIB37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1016\/0306-4573(81)90040-6","article-title":"The relationship of information science to the social sciences: a cogitation analysis","volume":"17","author":"Small","year":"1981","journal-title":"Inform. Proc. Management"},{"key":"10.1016\/0306-4573(84)90053-0_BIB38","first-page":"29","article-title":"Obsolescence in biomedical journals: not an artifact of literature growth","volume":"2","author":"Sullivan","year":"1981","journal-title":"Library Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/0306-4573(84)90053-0_BIB39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1002\/asi.4630320103","article-title":"Cocited author retrieval online: an experiment with the indicators literature","volume":"32","author":"White","year":"1981","journal-title":"JASIS"},{"key":"10.1016\/0306-4573(84)90053-0_BIB40","first-page":"309","article-title":"A comparative analysis of the socioeconomic and professional characteristics of American Library Association Executive Board and Council Members, 1876\u20131917","volume":"2","author":"Wiegand","year":"1980","journal-title":"Library Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/0306-4573(84)90053-0_BIB41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1016\/0306-4573(81)90020-0","article-title":"Relative impact of print and database products on database producer expenses and income\u2014trends for database financial analysis","volume":"17","author":"Williams","year":"1981","journal-title":"Inform. Proc. Management"},{"key":"10.1016\/0306-4573(84)90053-0_BIB42","first-page":"157","article-title":"Sources of the variability in level of public library development in the United States: a comparative analysis","volume":"2","author":"Williams","year":"1980","journal-title":"Library Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/0306-4573(84)90053-0_BIB43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1016\/0306-4573(82)90047-4","article-title":"The generation and use of text fragments for data comprehension","volume":"18","author":"Yannakoudakis","year":"1982","journal-title":"Inform. Proc. Management"},{"key":"10.1016\/0306-4573(84)90053-0_BIB44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1016\/0306-4573(81)90044-3","article-title":"The use of trigram analysis for spelling error detection","volume":"17","author":"Zamora","year":"1981","journal-title":"Inform. Proc. Management"}],"container-title":["Information Processing &amp; Management"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:0306457384900530?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:0306457384900530?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2019,4,10]],"date-time":"2019-04-10T09:20:27Z","timestamp":1554888027000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/0306457384900530"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[1984,1]]},"references-count":44,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1-2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[1984,1]]}},"alternative-id":["0306457384900530"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/0306-4573(84)90053-0","relation":{},"ISSN":["0306-4573"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0306-4573","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[1984,1]]}}}