{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,8]],"date-time":"2026-05-08T22:56:41Z","timestamp":1778281001966,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[1994,1,1]],"date-time":"1994-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":757382400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Information Processing &amp; Management"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1994,1]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/0306-4573(94)90020-5","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2002,10,8]],"date-time":"2002-10-08T18:03:55Z","timestamp":1034100235000},"page":"9-19","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":147,"title":["The notion of data and its quality dimensions"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"30","author":[{"given":"Christopher","family":"Fox","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Anany","family":"Levitin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Thomas","family":"Redman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/0306-4573(94)90020-5_BIB1","series-title":"Standard A3-1978: Quality systems terminology","author":"ANST\/ASQC","year":"1978"},{"key":"10.1016\/0306-4573(94)90020-5_BIB2","series-title":"Reliability databanks","first-page":"8","article-title":"Principles of reliability databases","author":"Bendel","year":"1991"},{"key":"10.1016\/0306-4573(94)90020-5_BIB3","series-title":"Management information systems","author":"Blumenthal","year":"1969"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/0306-4573(94)90020-5_BIB4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1145\/984505.984508","article-title":"The role of time in information processing: A survey","volume":"12","author":"Bolour","year":"1982","journal-title":"ACM SIGMOD Record"},{"key":"10.1016\/0306-4573(94)90020-5_BIB5","series-title":"Doctoral dissertation","article-title":"Specification and verification of data base semantic integrity","author":"Brodie","year":"1978"},{"key":"10.1016\/0306-4573(94)90020-5_BIB6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1016\/0378-7206(80)90035-X","article-title":"Data quality in information systems","volume":"3","author":"Brodie","year":"1980","journal-title":"Information and Management"},{"key":"10.1016\/0306-4573(94)90020-5_BIB7","series-title":"Information systems: Theory and practice","author":"Burch","year":"1983"},{"key":"10.1016\/0306-4573(94)90020-5_BIB8","series-title":"Business systems techniques","author":"Chapple","year":"1976"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/0306-4573(94)90020-5_BIB9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1145\/960124.806891","article-title":"Data models in database management","volume":"16","author":"Codd","year":"1981","journal-title":"ACM SIGPLAN Notices"},{"key":"10.1016\/0306-4573(94)90020-5_BIB10","volume":"Vol. 1","author":"Date","year":"1986"},{"key":"10.1016\/0306-4573(94)90020-5_BIB11","volume":"Vol. 2","author":"Date","year":"1983"},{"key":"10.1016\/0306-4573(94)90020-5_BIB12","series-title":"Management information systems: Conceptual foundations, structure and development","author":"Davis","year":"1985"},{"key":"10.1016\/0306-4573(94)90020-5_BIB13","series-title":"Guide to information science","author":"Davis","year":"1979"},{"key":"10.1016\/0306-4573(94)90020-5_BIB14","series-title":"Business information systems","first-page":"245","article-title":"Business information in the eighties","volume":"9","author":"Dorn","year":"1981"},{"key":"10.1016\/0306-4573(94)90020-5_BIB15","series-title":"Fundamentals of database systems","author":"Elmasri","year":"1989"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/0306-4573(94)90020-5_BIB16","first-page":"90","article-title":"Foundational issues in knowledge-based information systems","volume":"13","author":"Fox","year":"1988","journal-title":"Canadian Journal of Information Science"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/0306-4573(94)90020-5_BIB17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1145\/356662.356664","article-title":"Evolution of data-base management systems","volume":"8","author":"Fry","year":"1976","journal-title":"ACM Computing Surveys"},{"key":"10.1016\/0306-4573(94)90020-5_BIB18","series-title":"Database design for information retrieval","author":"Fidel","year":"1987"},{"key":"10.1016\/0306-4573(94)90020-5_BIB19","series-title":"Fundamental concepts for information modeling","author":"Flavin","year":"1981"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/0306-4573(94)90020-5_BIB20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"528","DOI":"10.1145\/390016.808476","article-title":"Data reliability","volume":"10","author":"Hoare","year":"1975","journal-title":"ACM SIGPLAN Notices"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/0306-4573(94)90020-5_BIB21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"761","DOI":"10.1145\/1634.1886","article-title":"Incomplete information in relational databases","volume":"31","author":"Imielinski","year":"1984","journal-title":"Journal of the ACM"},{"key":"10.1016\/0306-4573(94)90020-5_BIB22","series-title":"Data and knowledge","first-page":"173","article-title":"Ontology and properties of time in information systems","author":"Jardine","year":"1988"},{"key":"10.1016\/0306-4573(94)90020-5_BIB23","series-title":"Management breakthrough","author":"Juran","year":"1964"},{"key":"10.1016\/0306-4573(94)90020-5_BIB24","series-title":"Data and reality","author":"Kent","year":"1978"},{"key":"10.1016\/0306-4573(94)90020-5_BIB25","series-title":"Database semantics","first-page":"175","article-title":"The realities of data: Basic properties of data reconsidered","author":"Kent","year":"1986"},{"key":"10.1016\/0306-4573(94)90020-5_BIB26","series-title":"Computers and profits: Quantifying financial benefits of information","author":"Kleijnen","year":"1980"},{"key":"10.1016\/0306-4573(94)90020-5_BIB27","series-title":"Information and data in systems","author":"Langefors","year":"1976"},{"key":"10.1016\/0306-4573(94)90020-5_BIB28","series-title":"Information systems architecture","author":"Langefors","year":"1975"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/0306-4573(94)90020-5_BIB29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1145\/5465.5466","article-title":"Data quality and due process in large interorganizational record systems","volume":"29","author":"Laudon","year":"1986","journal-title":"Communications of the ACM"},{"key":"10.1016\/0306-4573(94)90020-5_BIB30","series-title":"Data and knowledge","first-page":"221","article-title":"Logic, semantics and data modeling: An ontology","author":"Lee","year":"1988"},{"key":"10.1016\/0306-4573(94)90020-5_BIB31","series-title":"Data quality control: Theory and pragmatics","year":"1990"},{"key":"10.1016\/0306-4573(94)90020-5_BIB32","series-title":"Data quality control: Theory and pragmatics","first-page":"105","article-title":"Accuracy and relevance and the quality of data","author":"Loebi","year":"1990"},{"key":"10.1016\/0306-4573(94)90020-5_BIB33","series-title":"Proceedings AFIPS 1967 Fall Joint Computer Conference","first-page":"525","article-title":"Another look at data","author":"Mealy","year":"1967"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/0306-4573(94)90020-5_BIB34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1145\/358506.358520","article-title":"Estimating and improving the quality of information in a MIS","volume":"25","author":"Morey","year":"1982","journal-title":"Communications of the ACM"},{"key":"10.1016\/0306-4573(94)90020-5_BIB35","series-title":"Data quality control and editing","author":"Naus","year":"1975"},{"key":"10.1016\/0306-4573(94)90020-5_BIB36","first-page":"125","article-title":"Quality control in online databases","volume":"23","author":"O'Neill","year":"1988"},{"key":"10.1016\/0306-4573(94)90020-5_BIB37","first-page":"111","article-title":"The influence of software structure on reliability","volume":"Vol. I","author":"Parnas","year":"1977"},{"key":"10.1016\/0306-4573(94)90020-5_BIB38","series-title":"Data quality: Management and technology","author":"Redman","year":"1992"},{"key":"10.1016\/0306-4573(94)90020-5_BIB39","first-page":"3","article-title":"Federal statistical policies and programs: how good are the numbers?","volume":"25","author":"Sy","year":"1990"},{"key":"10.1016\/0306-4573(94)90020-5_BIB40","series-title":"Fourth generation data","author":"Tasker","year":"1989"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/0306-4573(94)90020-5_BIB41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1016\/0306-4573(89)90087-3","article-title":"User models and world models for data, information and knowledge","volume":"25","author":"Teskey","year":"1989","journal-title":"Information Processing & Management"},{"key":"10.1016\/0306-4573(94)90020-5_BIB42","series-title":"Data models","author":"Tsichritzis","year":"1982"},{"key":"10.1016\/0306-4573(94)90020-5_BIB43","first-page":"48","article-title":"Devil in the data","author":"Wilson","year":"1992","journal-title":"Information week"},{"key":"10.1016\/0306-4573(94)90020-5_BIB44","series-title":"Encyclopedia of computer science and engineering","first-page":"714","article-title":"Information and data","author":"Yovits","year":"1981"}],"container-title":["Information Processing &amp; Management"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:0306457394900205?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:0306457394900205?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2019,4,10]],"date-time":"2019-04-10T09:25:02Z","timestamp":1554888302000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/0306457394900205"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[1994,1]]},"references-count":44,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[1994,1]]}},"alternative-id":["0306457394900205"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/0306-4573(94)90020-5","relation":{},"ISSN":["0306-4573"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0306-4573","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[1994,1]]}}}