{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,8]],"date-time":"2026-02-08T03:14:32Z","timestamp":1770520472312,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":19,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[1995,1,1]],"date-time":"1995-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":788918400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Information Processing &amp; Management"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1995,1]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/0306-4573(95)80006-f","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,12,29]],"date-time":"2011-12-29T21:25:28Z","timestamp":1325193928000},"page":"59-67","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Justifying database normalization: a cost\/benefit model"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"31","author":[{"given":"Heeseok","family":"Lee","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/0306-4573(95)80006-F_BIB1","article-title":"Synthesizing third normal form relations from functional dependencies","volume":"1","author":"Berstein","year":"1976","journal-title":"ACM Transactions on Database Systems"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/0306-4573(95)80006-F_BIB2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1109\/2.76261","article-title":"Object-oriented database management systems: Concepts and issues","volume":"24","author":"Bertino","year":"1991","journal-title":"IEEE Computer"},{"key":"10.1016\/0306-4573(95)80006-F_BIB3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1145\/320434.320440","article-title":"The Entity-Relationship model: Toward a unified view of data","volume":"1","author":"Chen","year":"1976","journal-title":"ACM Transactions on Database Systems"},{"key":"10.1016\/0306-4573(95)80006-F_BIB4","series-title":"Normalized data base structure: A brief tutorial","author":"Codd","year":"1971"},{"key":"10.1016\/0306-4573(95)80006-F_BIB5","series-title":"Data base systems","article-title":"Further normalization of the data base relational model","volume":"Vol. 6","author":"Codd","year":"1972"},{"key":"10.1016\/0306-4573(95)80006-F_BIB6","author":"Date","year":"1990"},{"key":"10.1016\/0306-4573(95)80006-F_BIB7","author":"Dutka","year":"1989"},{"key":"10.1016\/0306-4573(95)80006-F_BIB8","author":"Elmasri","year":"1994"},{"key":"10.1016\/0306-4573(95)80006-F_BIB9","author":"Flaatten","year":"1992"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/0306-4573(95)80006-F_BIB10","first-page":"5","article-title":"An overview of logical data modeling","volume":"1","author":"Fleming","year":"1990","journal-title":"Data Resource Management"},{"key":"10.1016\/0306-4573(95)80006-F_BIB11","author":"Hillier","year":"1986"},{"key":"10.1016\/0306-4573(95)80006-F_BIB12","author":"Horowitz","year":"1994"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/0306-4573(95)80006-F_BIB13","first-page":"19","article-title":"Denormalize for efficiency","volume":"21","author":"Inmon","year":"1987","journal-title":"Computerworld"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/0306-4573(95)80006-F_BIB14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.1145\/358024.358054","article-title":"A simple guideline to five normal forms in relational database theory","volume":"26","author":"Kent","year":"1983","journal-title":"Communications of ACM"},{"key":"10.1016\/0306-4573(95)80006-F_BIB15","author":"Korth","year":"1986"},{"key":"10.1016\/0306-4573(95)80006-F_BIB16","author":"Kroenke","year":"1992"},{"key":"10.1016\/0306-4573(95)80006-F_BIB17","author":"McFadden","year":"1994"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/0306-4573(95)80006-F_BIB18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1145\/128762.128764","article-title":"Join processing in relational databases","volume":"24","author":"Mishra","year":"1992","journal-title":"ACM Computing Surveys"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/0306-4573(95)80006-F_BIB19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"647","DOI":"10.1016\/0306-4573(92)90034-W","article-title":"Economic incentives for database normalization","volume":"28","author":"Westland","year":"1992","journal-title":"Information Processing & Management"}],"container-title":["Information Processing &amp; Management"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:030645739580006F?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:030645739580006F?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2018,11,27]],"date-time":"2018-11-27T12:24:20Z","timestamp":1543321460000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/030645739580006F"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[1995,1]]},"references-count":19,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[1995,1]]}},"alternative-id":["030645739580006F"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/0306-4573(95)80006-f","relation":{},"ISSN":["0306-4573"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0306-4573","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[1995,1]]}}}