{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,1]],"date-time":"2026-08-01T19:30:41Z","timestamp":1785612641874,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2010,2,11]],"date-time":"2010-02-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1265846400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":7986,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Cognitive Science"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1988,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Considerable evidence indicates that domain specific knowledge in the form of schemas is the primary factor distinguishing experts from novices in problem\u2010solving skill. Evidence that conventional problem\u2010solving activity is not effective in schema acquisition is also accumulating. It is suggested that a major reason for the ineffectiveness of problem solving as a learning device, is that the cognitive processes required by the two activities overlap insufficiently, and that conventional problem solving in the form of means\u2010ends analysis requires a relatively large amount of cognitive processing capacity which is consequently unavailable for schema acquisition. A computational model and experimental evidence provide support for this contention. Theoretical and practical implications are discussed.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1207\/s15516709cog1202_4","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2005,7,18]],"date-time":"2005-07-18T01:47:52Z","timestamp":1121651272000},"page":"257-285","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7008,"title":["Cognitive Load During Problem Solving: Effects on Learning"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"John","family":"Sweller","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2010,2,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_1_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-295X.89.4.369"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-9450.1980.tb00358.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-0663.74.1.51"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0278-7393.5.3.262"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-5371(82)90709-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_7_1","first-page":"21","article-title":"The act of discovery","volume":"31","author":"Bruner J.","year":"1961","journal-title":"Harvard Educational Review"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0010-0285(73)90004-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-170150-5.50011-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_10_1","volume-title":"Advances in the psychology of human intelligence","author":"Chi M.","year":"1982"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-0663.79.4.347"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_12_1","volume-title":"Problem solving","author":"Groot A.","year":"1966"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dewey J.(1910).How we think. Boston : Heath.","DOI":"10.1037\/10903-000"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_14_1","first-page":"3","article-title":"Method in science teaching","volume":"1","author":"Dewey J.","year":"1916","journal-title":"Science Education"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3758\/BF03197595"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0278-7393.10.2.181"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_17_1","volume-title":"Handbook of learning and cognitive processes","author":"Greeno J.","year":"1978"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_18_1","volume-title":"Cognitive processes in comprehension","author":"Hinsley D.","year":"1977"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_19_1","volume-title":"Cognitive skills and their acquisition","author":"Jeffries R.","year":"1981"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0004-3702(87)90050-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_21_1","unstructured":"Langley P. &Neches R.(1981).PRISM user's manual. Technical report Department of Psychology Carnegie\u2010Mellon University and Learning Research and Development Center University of Pittsburgh."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3758\/BF03197621"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1207\/s15516709cog0404_1"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0010-0285(85)90003-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-9450.1982.tb00434.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0278-7393.8.3.252"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-0663.77.3.272"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_28_1","volume-title":"Children's thinking: What develops?","author":"Simon D.","year":"1978"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3758\/BF03197659"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1207\/s1532690xci0201_3"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0278-7393.8.5.463"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/1422136"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0096-3445.112.4.639"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-5371(80)90343-6"}],"container-title":["Cognitive Science"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1207%2Fs15516709cog1202_4","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1207\/s15516709cog1202_4","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,21]],"date-time":"2023-10-21T08:53:28Z","timestamp":1697878408000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1207\/s15516709cog1202_4"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[1988,4]]},"references-count":33,"aliases":["10.1016\/0364-0213(88)90023-7"],"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[1988,4]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1207\/s15516709cog1202_4"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1207\/s15516709cog1202_4","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0364-0213","1551-6709"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0364-0213","type":"print"},{"value":"1551-6709","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[1988,4]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2010-02-11","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}