{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,13]],"date-time":"2026-04-13T19:43:24Z","timestamp":1776109404514,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":156,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[1988,7,1]],"date-time":"1988-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":583718400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[1988,7,1]],"date-time":"1988-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":583718400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2004,5,19]],"date-time":"2004-05-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1084924800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":5801,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["International Journal of Approximate Reasoning"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1988,7]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/0888-613x(88)90120-x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2003,6,30]],"date-time":"2003-06-30T17:29:01Z","timestamp":1056994141000},"page":"247-302","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":220,"title":["Decision theory in expert systems and artificial intelligence"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"2","author":[{"given":"Eric J.","family":"Horvitz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"John S.","family":"Breese","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Max","family":"Henrion","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/0888-613X(88)90120-X_BIB1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.2307\/1884852","article-title":"A behavioral model of rational choice","volume":"69","author":"Simon","year":"1955","journal-title":"Quart. J. Econ."},{"key":"10.1016\/0888-613X(88)90120-X_BIB2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0038-1636093","article-title":"Computer-assisted clinical decision making","volume":"12","author":"Gorry","year":"1973","journal-title":"Methods of Information in Medicine"},{"key":"10.1016\/0888-613X(88)90120-X_BIB3","series-title":"Artificial Intelligence In Medicine","first-page":"1","article-title":"Artificial intelligence in medicine","author":"Szolovits","year":"1982"},{"key":"10.1016\/0888-613X(88)90120-X_BIB4","series-title":"A Philosophical Essay on Probabilities","author":"Laplace","year":"1902"},{"key":"10.1016\/0888-613X(88)90120-X_BIB5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.2307\/2268221","article-title":"On confirmation and rational betting","volume":"20","author":"Lehman","year":"1955","journal-title":"J. Symb. Logic"},{"key":"10.1016\/0888-613X(88)90120-X_BIB6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.2307\/2268039","article-title":"Coherence and the axioms of confirmation","volume":"20","author":"Shimony","year":"1955","journal-title":"J. Symb. Logic"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/0888-613X(88)90120-X_BIB7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1119\/1.1990764","article-title":"Probability, frequency and reasonable expectation","volume":"14","author":"Cox","year":"1946","journal-title":"Am. J. Phys."},{"key":"10.1016\/0888-613X(88)90120-X_BIB8","series-title":"Rational Descriptions, Decisions, and Designs","author":"Tribus","year":"1969"},{"key":"10.1016\/0888-613X(88)90120-X_BIB9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.2307\/1402448","article-title":"Scoring rules and the inevitability of probability","volume":"50","author":"Lindley","year":"1982","journal-title":"Int. Stat. Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/0888-613X(88)90120-X_BIB10","series-title":"Proceedings AAAI-86 Fifth National Conference on AI,","first-page":"210","article-title":"A framework for comparing alternative formalisms for plausible reasoning","author":"Horvitz","year":"1986"},{"key":"10.1016\/0888-613X(88)90120-X_BIB11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1016\/S0165-0114(83)80081-5","article-title":"The role of fuzzy logic in the management of uncertainty in expert systems","volume":"11","author":"Zadeh","year":"1983","journal-title":"Fuzzy Sets Syst."},{"key":"10.1016\/0888-613X(88)90120-X_BIB12","series-title":"Heuristic Reasoning About Uncertainty: An AI Approach","author":"Cohen","year":"1985"},{"key":"10.1016\/0888-613X(88)90120-X_BIB13","series-title":"Uncertainty in Artificial Intelligence","article-title":"Probability judgment in artificial intelligence","author":"Shafer","year":"1986"},{"key":"10.1016\/0888-613X(88)90120-X_BIB14","series-title":"Expert Systems in the Microelectronic Age","first-page":"153","article-title":"Model design in the PROSPECTOR consultant system for mineral exploration","author":"Duda","year":"1979"},{"key":"10.1016\/0888-613X(88)90120-X_BIB15","first-page":"55","article-title":"Thinking backward for knowledge acquisition","volume":"8","author":"Shachter","year":"1987","journal-title":"AI Mag."},{"key":"10.1016\/0888-613X(88)90120-X_BIB16","first-page":"293","article-title":"An essay towards solving a problem in the doctrine of changes","volume":"46","author":"Bayes","year":"1958","journal-title":"Biometrika"},{"key":"10.1016\/0888-613X(88)90120-X_BIB17","series-title":"Theory of Games and Economic Behavior","author":"Von Neumann","year":"1947"},{"key":"10.1016\/0888-613X(88)90120-X_BIB18","series-title":"The Foundations of Statistics","author":"Savage","year":"1972"},{"key":"10.1016\/0888-613X(88)90120-X_BIB19","series-title":"Theory of Probability","author":"De Finetti","year":"1970"},{"key":"10.1016\/0888-613X(88)90120-X_BIB20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00134215","article-title":"Subjective expected utility: a review of normative theories","volume":"13","author":"Fishburn","year":"1981","journal-title":"Theory Decision"},{"key":"10.1016\/0888-613X(88)90120-X_BIB21","first-page":"632","article-title":"Decision analysis: perspectives on inference, decision, and experimentation","volume":"58","author":"Howard","year":"1970"},{"key":"10.1016\/0888-613X(88)90120-X_BIB22","series-title":"Judgement under Uncertainty: Heuristics and Biases","year":"1982"},{"key":"10.1016\/0888-613X(88)90120-X_BIB23","series-title":"Applied Statistical Decision Theory","author":"Raiffa","year":"1961"},{"key":"10.1016\/0888-613X(88)90120-X_BIB24","series-title":"Proceedings of the 4th International Conference on Operational Research","first-page":"55","article-title":"Decision analysis: applied decision theory","author":"Howard","year":"1966"},{"key":"10.1016\/0888-613X(88)90120-X_BIB25","series-title":"Decision Analysis: Introductory Lectures on Choice Under Uncertainty","author":"Raiffa","year":"1968"},{"key":"10.1016\/0888-613X(88)90120-X_BIB26","series-title":"Readings on the Principles and Applications of Decision Analysis","year":"1984"},{"key":"10.1016\/0888-613X(88)90120-X_BIB27","series-title":"Decision Analysis and Behavioral Research","author":"Von Winterfeldt","year":"1986"},{"key":"10.1016\/0888-613X(88)90120-X_BIB28","series-title":"Decisions with Multiple Objectives: Preferences and Value Tradeoffs","author":"Keeney","year":"1976"},{"key":"10.1016\/0888-613X(88)90120-X_BIB29","first-page":"39","article-title":"R1: a rule-based configurer of computer systems","volume":"19","author":"McDermott","year":"1982","journal-title":"AI"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/0888-613X(88)90120-X_BIB30","first-page":"97","article-title":"Diagnosing multiple faults","volume":"32","author":"De Kleer","year":"1987","journal-title":"AI"},{"key":"10.1016\/0888-613X(88)90120-X_BIB31","first-page":"311","article-title":"The use of design descriptions in automated diagnosis","volume":"24","author":"Genesereth","year":"1984","journal-title":"AI"},{"key":"10.1016\/0888-613X(88)90120-X_BIB32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"437","DOI":"10.1016\/S0020-7373(83)80065-0","article-title":"Diagnostic expert systems based on a set covering model","volume":"19","author":"Reggia","year":"1983","journal-title":"Int. J. Man-Mach. Stud."},{"key":"10.1016\/0888-613X(88)90120-X_BIB33","first-page":"115","article-title":"Categorical and probabilistic reasoning in medical diagnosis","volume":"11","author":"Szolovits","year":"1978","journal-title":"AI"},{"key":"10.1016\/0888-613X(88)90120-X_BIB34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1961.03040290005002","article-title":"A mathematical approach to medical diagnosis: application to congenital heart disease","volume":"177","author":"Warner","year":"1961","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"10.1016\/0888-613X(88)90120-X_BIB35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.2.5804.9","article-title":"Computer-aided diagnosis of acute abdominal pain","volume":"2","author":"De Dombal","year":"1972","journal-title":"Br. Med. J."},{"key":"10.1016\/0888-613X(88)90120-X_BIB36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"376","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.1.5904.376","article-title":"Human and computer-aided diagnosis of abdominal pain: further report with emphasis on performance","volume":"1","author":"De Dombal","year":"1974","journal-title":"Br. Med. J."},{"key":"10.1016\/0888-613X(88)90120-X_BIB37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1037\/h0037613","article-title":"Linear models in decision making","volume":"81","author":"Dawes","year":"1974","journal-title":"Psychol. Bull."},{"key":"10.1016\/0888-613X(88)90120-X_BIB38","article-title":"Review of pattern recognition in medicine","volume":"6","author":"Patrick","year":"1977","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Syst. Man Cybern."},{"key":"10.1016\/0888-613X(88)90120-X_BIB39","series-title":"Expert Judgment and Expert Systems","first-page":"1","article-title":"Towards a unified approach to the study of expert judgment","author":"Hammond","year":"1987"},{"key":"10.1016\/0888-613X(88)90120-X_BIB40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"274","DOI":"10.1002\/bs.3830320404","article-title":"Expert systems for clinical diagnosis: are they worth the effort?","volume":"32","author":"Carrol","year":"1987","journal-title":"Behav. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/0888-613X(88)90120-X_BIB41","series-title":"Artificial Intelligence In Medicine","first-page":"57","article-title":"Consultation, knowledge acquisition, and instruction","author":"Davis","year":"1982"},{"key":"10.1016\/0888-613X(88)90120-X_BIB42","first-page":"35","article-title":"Statistical and knowledge-based approaches to clinical decision support systems, with an application in gastroenterology","volume":"147","author":"Spiegelhalter","year":"1984","journal-title":"J.R. Stat. Soc."},{"key":"10.1016\/0888-613X(88)90120-X_BIB43","series-title":"Rule-Based Expert Systems: The MYCIN Experiments of the Stanford Heuristic Programming Project","year":"1984"},{"key":"10.1016\/0888-613X(88)90120-X_BIB44","series-title":"Rule-Based Expert Systems: The MYCIN Experiments of the Stanford Heuristic Programming Project","first-page":"209","article-title":"Uncertainty and evidential support","author":"Buchanan","year":"1984"},{"key":"10.1016\/0888-613X(88)90120-X_BIB45","series-title":"Uncertainty in Artificial Intelligence","first-page":"137","article-title":"The inconsistent use of measures of certainty in artificial intelligence research","author":"Horvitz","year":"1986"},{"key":"10.1016\/0888-613X(88)90120-X_BIB46","series-title":"Proceedings of Medinfo, Medinfo","article-title":"Towards a better understanding of the Internist-1 knowledge base","author":"Heckerman","year":"1986"},{"key":"10.1016\/0888-613X(88)90120-X_BIB47","series-title":"Proceedings of the 8th IJCAI","first-page":"88","article-title":"Diagnosis via causal reasoning: paths of interaction and the locality principle","author":"Davis","year":"1983"},{"key":"10.1016\/0888-613X(88)90120-X_BIB48","series-title":"Proceedings AAAI-87 Sixth National Conference on AI","first-page":"121","article-title":"On the expressiveness of rule-based systems for reasoning under uncertainty","author":"Heckerman","year":"1987"},{"key":"10.1016\/0888-613X(88)90120-X_BIB49","series-title":"Proceedings of the 2nd Workshop on Uncertainty in AI","first-page":"123","article-title":"An axiomatic framework for belief updates","author":"Heckerman","year":"1986"},{"key":"10.1016\/0888-613X(88)90120-X_BIB50","series-title":"Uncertainty in Artificial Intelligence","first-page":"167","article-title":"Probabilistic interpretations for MYCIN's certainty factors","author":"Heckerman","year":"1986"},{"key":"10.1016\/0888-613X(88)90120-X_BIB51","series-title":"Expert Judgment and Expert Systems","first-page":"105","article-title":"Uncertainty in artificial intelligence: Is probability epistemologically and heuristically adequate?","author":"Henrion","year":"1987"},{"key":"10.1016\/0888-613X(88)90120-X_BIB52","article-title":"Formalizing heuristic methods for reasoning with uncertainty","author":"Heckerman","year":"1988"},{"key":"10.1016\/0888-613X(88)90120-X_BIB53","series-title":"Computer-Based Medical Consultations: MYCIN","author":"Shortliffe","year":"1976"},{"key":"10.1016\/0888-613X(88)90120-X_BIB54","article-title":"An experimental comparison of uncertain inference systems","author":"Wise","year":"1986"},{"key":"10.1016\/0888-613X(88)90120-X_BIB55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"156","DOI":"10.1016\/0010-4809(75)90036-1","article-title":"Diagnosis 1: symptom non-independence in mathematical models for diagnosis","volume":"8","author":"Norusis","year":"1975","journal-title":"Comput. Biomed. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/0888-613X(88)90120-X_BIB56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"423","DOI":"10.1016\/0010-4809(78)90001-0","article-title":"Bayes' theorem and conditional nonindependence of data in medical diagnosis","volume":"11","author":"Fryback","year":"1978","journal-title":"Comput. Biomed. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/0888-613X(88)90120-X_BIB57","article-title":"An empirical comparison of three scoring schemes","author":"Heckerman","year":"1988"},{"key":"10.1016\/0888-613X(88)90120-X_BIB58","series-title":"Readings on the Principles and Applications of Decision Analysis","first-page":"719","article-title":"Influence diagrams","author":"Howard","year":"1981"},{"key":"10.1016\/0888-613X(88)90120-X_BIB59","series-title":"Readings on the Principles and Applications of Decision Analysis","first-page":"763","article-title":"The use of influence diagrams in structuring complex decision problems","author":"Owen","year":"1978"},{"key":"10.1016\/0888-613X(88)90120-X_BIB60","article-title":"On representing and solving decision problems","author":"Olmsted","year":"1983"},{"key":"10.1016\/0888-613X(88)90120-X_BIB61","article-title":"A method for computing probabilities in complex situations","author":"Rousseau","year":"1968"},{"key":"10.1016\/0888-613X(88)90120-X_BIB62","article-title":"Generalized Bayesian updating of incompletely specified distributions","volume":"5","author":"Lemmer","year":"1983","journal-title":"Large Scale Syst."},{"key":"10.1016\/0888-613X(88)90120-X_BIB63","article-title":"NESTOR: a computer-based medical diagnostic aid that integrates causal and probabilistic knowledge","author":"Cooper","year":"1984"},{"key":"10.1016\/0888-613X(88)90120-X_BIB64","series-title":"Proceedings AAAI-87 Sixth National Conference on AI","article-title":"The logic of representing dependencies by directed graphs","author":"Pearl","year":"1987"},{"key":"10.1016\/0888-613X(88)90120-X_BIB65","series-title":"Proceedings 8th IJCAI","first-page":"190","article-title":"A computational model for causal and diagnostic reasoning in inference engines","author":"Kim","year":"1983"},{"key":"10.1016\/0888-613X(88)90120-X_BIB66","first-page":"241","article-title":"Fusion, propagation, and structuring in belief networks","volume":"29","author":"Pearl","year":"1986","journal-title":"AI"},{"key":"10.1016\/0888-613X(88)90120-X_BIB67","series-title":"Proceedings AAAI-87 6th National Conference on AI","first-page":"471","article-title":"An experimental comparison of knowledge engineering for expert systems and for decision analysis","author":"Henrion","year":"1987"},{"key":"10.1016\/0888-613X(88)90120-X_BIB68","series-title":"Uncertainty in Artificial Intelligence","first-page":"339","article-title":"Exact reasoning about uncertainty: on the design of expert systems for decision support","author":"Holtzman","year":"1986"},{"key":"10.1016\/0888-613X(88)90120-X_BIB69","article-title":"Knowledge representation and inference in intelligent decision systems","author":"Breese","year":"1987"},{"key":"10.1016\/0888-613X(88)90120-X_BIB70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"148","DOI":"10.1109\/TPAMI.1980.4766992","article-title":"Pattern-based interactive diagnosis of multiple disorders: the MEDAS system","volume":"2","author":"Ben-Bassat","year":"1980","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Pattern Anal. Mach. Intell."},{"key":"10.1016\/0888-613X(88)90120-X_BIB71","series-title":"Proceeding of the First Conference on AI Applications","first-page":"630","article-title":"Diagnostic strategies in the hypothesis-directed Pathfinder system","author":"Horvitz","year":"1984"},{"key":"10.1016\/0888-613X(88)90120-X_BIB72","series-title":"Decision Analysis for the Professional with Supertree","author":"McNamee","year":"1987"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/0888-613X(88)90120-X_BIB73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1016\/0010-4809(87)90059-0","article-title":"A therapy planning architecture that combines decision theory and artificial intelligence techniques","volume":"20","author":"Langlotz","year":"1987","journal-title":"Computers and Biomedical Research"},{"key":"10.1016\/0888-613X(88)90120-X_BIB74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"982","DOI":"10.1287\/opre.30.5.982","article-title":"Strength of preference and risky choice","volume":"30","author":"Sarin","year":"1982","journal-title":"Op. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/0888-613X(88)90120-X_BIB75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1016\/0030-5073(77)90065-4","article-title":"The art of assessing multi-attribute utility functions","volume":"19","author":"Keeney","year":"1977","journal-title":"Org. Behav. Human Perform."},{"key":"10.1016\/0888-613X(88)90120-X_BIB76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1287\/inte.16.2.52","article-title":"Structuring value attributes","volume":"16","author":"Buede","year":"1986","journal-title":"Interfaces"},{"key":"10.1016\/0888-613X(88)90120-X_BIB77","article-title":"Reasoning about preference models","author":"Wellman","year":"1985"},{"key":"10.1016\/0888-613X(88)90120-X_BIB78","article-title":"Intelligent decision systems","author":"Holtzman","year":"1985"},{"key":"10.1016\/0888-613X(88)90120-X_BIB79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"340","DOI":"10.1287\/mnsc.22.3.340","article-title":"Probability encoding in decision analysis","volume":"22","author":"Spetzler","year":"1975","journal-title":"Manage. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/0888-613X(88)90120-X_BIB80","series-title":"Proceedings of Third Workshop on Uncertainty in AI","first-page":"132","article-title":"Practical issues in constructing a Bayes' belief network","author":"Henrion","year":"1987"},{"key":"10.1016\/0888-613X(88)90120-X_BIB81","series-title":"Probability and the Weighing of Evidence","author":"Good","year":"1950"},{"key":"10.1016\/0888-613X(88)90120-X_BIB82","series-title":"Judgment under Uncertainty: Heuristics and Biases","first-page":"275","article-title":"Calibration of probabilities: the state of the art to 1980","author":"Lichtenstein","year":"1982"},{"key":"10.1016\/0888-613X(88)90120-X_BIB83_1","series-title":"Logic, Methodology, and Philosophy of Science: Proceedings of the 1960 International Congress","first-page":"319","article-title":"Subjective probability as the measure of a non-measurable set","author":"Good","year":"1962"},{"key":"10.1016\/0888-613X(88)90120-X_BIB83_2","series-title":"Good Thinking: The Foundations of Probability and Its Applications","author":"Good","year":"1983"},{"key":"10.1016\/0888-613X(88)90120-X_BIB84","article-title":"The value of probability assessment","author":"Logan","year":"1985"},{"key":"10.1016\/0888-613X(88)90120-X_BIB85","series-title":"Proceedings of 3rd Workshop on Uncertainty in AI","first-page":"123","article-title":"A perspective on confidence and its use in focusing attention during knowledge acquisition","author":"Heckerman","year":"1987"},{"key":"10.1016\/0888-613X(88)90120-X_BIB86","series-title":"Rational Descriptions, Decisions and Designs","first-page":"1","article-title":"What do we mean by rational?","author":"Tribus","year":"1969"},{"key":"10.1016\/0888-613X(88)90120-X_BIB87","series-title":"Proceedings of 3rd Workshop on Uncertainty in AI","first-page":"412","article-title":"Reasoning about beliefs and actions under computational resource constraints","author":"Horvitz","year":"1987"},{"key":"10.1016\/0888-613X(88)90120-X_BIB88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1109\/TSSC.1968.300115","article-title":"The foundations of decision analysis","volume":"4","author":"Howard","year":"1968","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Syst. Sci. Cybern."},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/0888-613X(88)90120-X_BIB89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"507","DOI":"10.1287\/mnsc.17.9.507","article-title":"Proximal decision analysis","volume":"17","author":"Howard","year":"1971","journal-title":"Manage. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/0888-613X(88)90120-X_BIB90","article-title":"The value of knowing how little you know: the advantages of a probabilistic treatment of uncertainty in policy analysis","author":"Henrion","year":"1982"},{"key":"10.1016\/0888-613X(88)90120-X_BIB91","unstructured":"Shachter, R. D., Probabilistic inference and influence diagrams Op. Res. (in press)."},{"key":"10.1016\/0888-613X(88)90120-X_BIB92","article-title":"Fast manipulation of probabilities with local representations with applications to expert systems","author":"Lauritzen","year":"1987"},{"key":"10.1016\/0888-613X(88)90120-X_BIB93","article-title":"Probabilistic inference using belief networks is NP-hard","author":"Cooper","year":"1987"},{"key":"10.1016\/0888-613X(88)90120-X_BIB94","series-title":"Proceedings of the Workshop on Uncertainty in AI","first-page":"177","article-title":"Incidence calculus: a mechanism for probabilistic reasoning","author":"Bundy","year":"1985"},{"key":"10.1016\/0888-613X(88)90120-X_BIB95","article-title":"Propagation of uncertainty by probabilistic logic sampling in Bayes' networks","volume":"Vol. 2","author":"Henrion","year":"1988"},{"key":"10.1016\/0888-613X(88)90120-X_BIB96","series-title":"Proceedings of Third Workshop on Uncertainty in AI","first-page":"106","article-title":"Stochastic simulation of Bayesian belief networks","author":"Chin","year":"1987"},{"key":"10.1016\/0888-613X(88)90120-X_BIB97","first-page":"245","article-title":"Evidential reasoning using stochastic simulation of causal models","volume":"32","author":"Pearl","year":"1987","journal-title":"AI"},{"key":"10.1016\/0888-613X(88)90120-X_BIB98","article-title":"A formalization of parsimonious covering and probabilistic reasoning in abductive diagnostic inference","author":"Peng","year":"1986"},{"key":"10.1016\/0888-613X(88)90120-X_BIB99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"871","DOI":"10.1287\/opre.34.6.871","article-title":"Evaluating influence diagrams","volume":"34","author":"Shachter","year":"1986","journal-title":"Op. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/0888-613X(88)90120-X_BIB100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0038-1636688","article-title":"Explanations of statistical concepts: can they penetrate the haze of Bayes?","volume":"23","author":"Politser","year":"1984","journal-title":"Methods Inf. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/0888-613X(88)90120-X_BIB101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"542","DOI":"10.1016\/0010-4809(81)90012-4","article-title":"An analysis of physician attitudes regarding computer-based clinical consultation systems","volume":"14","author":"Teach","year":"1981","journal-title":"Comput. Biomed. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/0888-613X(88)90120-X_BIB102","article-title":"A computer program for understanding natural language","author":"Winograd","year":"1971"},{"key":"10.1016\/0888-613X(88)90120-X_BIB103","series-title":"Proceedings of AAMSI 1984, Third Spring Joint National Conference","first-page":"193","article-title":"Explanation capabilities for medical consultation systems","author":"Shortliffe","year":"1984"},{"key":"10.1016\/0888-613X(88)90120-X_BIB104","first-page":"285","article-title":"XPLAIN: a system for creating and explaining expert consulting systems","volume":"21","author":"Swartout","year":"1983","journal-title":"AI"},{"key":"10.1016\/0888-613X(88)90120-X_BIB105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0038-1635400","article-title":"Explanatory power for medical expert systems: studies in the representation of causal relationships for clinical consultations","volume":"21","author":"Wallis","year":"1982","journal-title":"Methods Inf. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/0888-613X(88)90120-X_BIB106","article-title":"Causal representation of patient illness for electrolyte and acid-base diagnosis","author":"Patil","year":"1981"},{"key":"10.1016\/0888-613X(88)90120-X_BIB107","first-page":"1341","article-title":"The probability of induction","volume":"Vol. 2","author":"Peirce","year":"1956"},{"key":"10.1016\/0888-613X(88)90120-X_BIB108","series-title":"Information Theory","first-page":"335","article-title":"Learning in random nets","author":"Minsky","year":"1961"},{"key":"10.1016\/0888-613X(88)90120-X_BIB109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1016\/0010-4825(85)90057-5","article-title":"Answer justification in medical decision support systems based on Bayesian classification","volume":"15","author":"Reggia","year":"1985","journal-title":"Comput. Biol. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/0888-613X(88)90120-X_BIB110","series-title":"Proceedings of Medinfo","article-title":"The use of a heuristic problem-solving hierarchy to facilitate the explanation of hypothesis-directed reasoning","author":"Horvitz","year":"1986"},{"key":"10.1016\/0888-613X(88)90120-X_BIB111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1109\/TSMC.1984.6313275","article-title":"Human-oriented information acquisition in sequential pattern classification: part 1\u2014single membership classification","volume":"14","author":"Ben-Bassat","year":"1984","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Syst., Man, Cybern."},{"key":"10.1016\/0888-613X(88)90120-X_BIB112","article-title":"A multiattribute utility approach to inference4 understandability and explanation","author":"Horvitz","year":"1987"},{"key":"10.1016\/0888-613X(88)90120-X_BIB113","article-title":"The utility-directed presentation of graphical simulation","author":"Mclaughlin","year":"1987"},{"key":"10.1016\/0888-613X(88)90120-X_BIB114","article-title":"A methodology for computer-based explanation of decision analysis","author":"Langlotz","year":"1986"},{"key":"10.1016\/0888-613X(88)90120-X_BIB115","series-title":"Proceedings of 3rd Workshop on Uncertainty in AI","first-page":"394","article-title":"Explanation of probabilistic inference for decision support systems","author":"Elsaesser","year":"1987"},{"key":"10.1016\/0888-613X(88)90120-X_BIB116","article-title":"Explaining and refining decision-theoretic choices","author":"Klein","year":"1987"},{"key":"10.1016\/0888-613X(88)90120-X_BIB117","series-title":"Uncertainty in Artificial Intelligence","year":"1986"},{"key":"10.1016\/0888-613X(88)90120-X_BIB118","first-page":"158","article-title":"Decision theory and artificial intelligence II: the hungry monkey","volume":"1","author":"Feldman","year":"1975","journal-title":"Cogn. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/0888-613X(88)90120-X_BIB119","series-title":"Proceedings of the Fourth IJCAI","first-page":"749","article-title":"Decision analysis for an experimental robot with unreliable sensors","author":"Coles","year":"1975"},{"key":"10.1016\/0888-613X(88)90120-X_BIB120","series-title":"Proceedings of the Third IJCAI","first-page":"402","article-title":"Robot decisions based on maximizing utility","author":"Jacobs","year":"1973"},{"key":"10.1016\/0888-613X(88)90120-X_BIB121","series-title":"Proceedings of the 9th IJCAI","first-page":"447","article-title":"ONYX: an architecture for planning in uncertain environments","author":"Langlotz","year":"1985"},{"key":"10.1016\/0888-613X(88)90120-X_BIB122","article-title":"Formulation of tradeoffs in planning under uncertainty","author":"Wellman","year":"1987"},{"key":"10.1016\/0888-613X(88)90120-X_BIB123","first-page":"179","article-title":"Meta-rules: reasoning about control","volume":"15","author":"Davis","year":"1980","journal-title":"AI"},{"key":"10.1016\/0888-613X(88)90120-X_BIB124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1145\/356810.356816","article-title":"The HEARSAY-II speech understanding system: integrating knowledge to resolve uncertainty","volume":"12","author":"Erman","year":"1980","journal-title":"ACM Comput. Surv."},{"key":"10.1016\/0888-613X(88)90120-X_BIB125","series-title":"Proceedings 1st Annual National Conference on Artificial Intelligence","first-page":"121","article-title":"Representation of control knowledge in expert systems","author":"Aikens","year":"1980"},{"key":"10.1016\/0888-613X(88)90120-X_BIB126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2517-6161.1952.tb00104.x","article-title":"Rational decisions","volume":"14","author":"Good","year":"1952","journal-title":"J. R. Statist. Soc. B"},{"key":"10.1016\/0888-613X(88)90120-X_BIB127","series-title":"Proceedings of the NASA AI Forum","first-page":"26","article-title":"Problem-solving design: reasoning about computational value, tradeoffs, and resources","author":"Horvitz","year":"1987"},{"key":"10.1016\/0888-613X(88)90120-X_BIB128","article-title":"Controlling inference","author":"Smith","year":"1986"},{"key":"10.1016\/0888-613X(88)90120-X_BIB129","series-title":"Proceedings AAAI-86 Fifth National Conference on AI","article-title":"Choosing directions for rules","author":"Treitel","year":"1986"},{"key":"10.1016\/0888-613X(88)90120-X_BIB130","article-title":"The decision-theoretic control of computational problem solving under uncertain resources and challenges","author":"Horvitz","year":"1987"},{"key":"10.1016\/0888-613X(88)90120-X_BIB131","series-title":"Proceedings of the AAAI Spring Symposium on Game Playing","article-title":"Multi-level decision-theoretic search","author":"Russell","year":"1988"},{"key":"10.1016\/0888-613X(88)90120-X_BIB132","series-title":"Machine Intelligence","first-page":"139","article-title":"Dynamic probability, computer chess, and the measurement of knowledge","author":"Good","year":"1977"},{"key":"10.1016\/0888-613X(88)90120-X_BIB133","article-title":"A computational model for decision-theoretic control of problem solving under uncertainty","author":"Fehling","year":"1988"},{"key":"10.1016\/0888-613X(88)90120-X_BIB134","first-page":"71","article-title":"Probabilistic logic","volume":"28","author":"Nilsson","year":"1986","journal-title":"AI"},{"key":"10.1016\/0888-613X(88)90120-X_BIB135","series-title":"Proceedings of 3rd Workshop on Uncertainty in AI","first-page":"380","article-title":"An algorithm for computing probabilistic propositions","author":"Cooper","year":"1987"},{"key":"10.1016\/0888-613X(88)90120-X_BIB136","series-title":"Proceedings of Third Workshop on Uncertainty in AI","first-page":"355","article-title":"Integrating logical and probabilistic reasoning for decision making","author":"Breese","year":"1987"},{"key":"10.1016\/0888-613X(88)90120-X_BIB137","article-title":"Theory and computation of uncertain inference","author":"Loui","year":"1987"},{"key":"10.1016\/0888-613X(88)90120-X_BIB138","series-title":"Proceedings of 3rd Workshop on Uncertainty in AI","article-title":"Towards solving the multiple extension problem: combining defaults and probabilities","author":"Neufeld","year":"1987"},{"key":"10.1016\/0888-613X(88)90120-X_BIB139","series-title":"Proceedings of the AAAI Workshop on Uncertainty and Probability in AI","first-page":"91","article-title":"Nonmonotonic reasoning in probabilistic reasoning","author":"Grosof","year":"1986"},{"key":"10.1016\/0888-613X(88)90120-X_BIB140","series-title":"Proceedings of the 1986 Conference on Theoretical Aspects of Knowledge","first-page":"275","article-title":"A theory of higher-order probabilities","author":"Gaifman","year":"1986"},{"key":"10.1016\/0888-613X(88)90120-X_BIB141","article-title":"Probability as a modal operator","author":"Frisch","year":"1988"},{"key":"10.1016\/0888-613X(88)90120-X_BIB142","series-title":"Proceedings of AAAI Workshop on Distributed AI","article-title":"Communication-free interaction between rational agents: A decision-theoretic approach","author":"Rosenschein","year":"1988"},{"key":"10.1016\/0888-613X(88)90120-X_BIB143","series-title":"The art and science of negotiation","author":"Raiffa","year":"1982"},{"key":"10.1016\/0888-613X(88)90120-X_BIB144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1287\/mnsc.32.1.45","article-title":"Subjective probability and the prisoner's dilemma","volume":"32","author":"Wilson","year":"1986","journal-title":"Management Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/0888-613X(88)90120-X_BIB145","article-title":"Decision Analysis of Strategic Interaction","author":"Strait","year":"1987"},{"key":"10.1016\/0888-613X(88)90120-X_BIB146","series-title":"Proceedings of the 18th Symposium on the Interface of Computer Science and Statistics","article-title":"Toward a science of expert systems","author":"Horvitz","year":"1986"},{"key":"10.1016\/0888-613X(88)90120-X_BIB147","series-title":"Readings in Nonmonotonic Logic","author":"Ginsberg","year":"1987"},{"key":"10.1016\/0888-613X(88)90120-X_BIB148","series-title":"Proceedings of 3rd Workshop on Uncertainty in AI","first-page":"86","article-title":"Bayesian inference in model-based machine vision","author":"Binford","year":"1987"},{"key":"10.1016\/0888-613X(88)90120-X_BIB149","series-title":"Proceedings of Third Workshop on Uncertainty in AI","article-title":"Theory-based inductive learning: an integration of symbolic and quantitative methods","author":"Star","year":"1987"},{"key":"10.1016\/0888-613X(88)90120-X_BIB150","series-title":"Readings in Medical Artificial Intelligence: The First Decade","first-page":"339","article-title":"Discovery, confirmation and incorporation of causal relationships from a large time-oriented clinical data base: the RX project","author":"Blum","year":"1984"},{"key":"10.1016\/0888-613X(88)90120-X_BIB151","series-title":"Proceedings of the NASA AI Forum","first-page":"224","article-title":"Automatic Bayesian induction of classes","author":"Cheeseman","year":"1987"},{"key":"10.1016\/0888-613X(88)90120-X_BIB152","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1016\/0270-0255(87)90579-3","article-title":"IDES: influence diagram based expert system","volume":"8","author":"Agogino","year":"1987","journal-title":"Math. Modelling"},{"key":"10.1016\/0888-613X(88)90120-X_BIB153","series-title":"Proceedings 10th IJCAI","article-title":"MUNIN\u2014a causal probabilistic network for interpretation of electromyographic findings","author":"Andreassen","year":"1987"},{"key":"10.1016\/0888-613X(88)90120-X_BIB154","series-title":"Proceedings of the First Annual Conference on Expert Systems in Business","article-title":"An expert system for decision analysis in securities trading","author":"Breese","year":"1987"},{"key":"10.1016\/0888-613X(88)90120-X_BIB155","series-title":"Proceedings of Third Workshop on Uncertainty in AI","article-title":"NAIVE: a method for representing uncertainty and temporal relationships in an automated reasoner","author":"Higgins","year":"1987"}],"container-title":["International Journal of Approximate Reasoning"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:0888613X8890120X?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:0888613X8890120X?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,13]],"date-time":"2024-12-13T09:48:17Z","timestamp":1734083297000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/0888613X8890120X"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[1988,7]]},"references-count":156,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[1988,7]]}},"alternative-id":["0888613X8890120X"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/0888-613x(88)90120-x","relation":{},"ISSN":["0888-613X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0888-613X","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[1988,7]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Decision theory in expert systems and artificial intelligence","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"International Journal of Approximate Reasoning","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/0888-613X(88)90120-X","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"converted-article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"Copyright \u00a9 1988 Published by Elsevier Inc.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}