{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,4]],"date-time":"2026-03-04T07:21:17Z","timestamp":1772608877834,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":66,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[1991,1,1]],"date-time":"1991-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":662688000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Neural Networks"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1991]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/0893-6080(91)90002-m","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2003,4,25]],"date-time":"2003-04-25T05:05:53Z","timestamp":1051247153000},"page":"147-183","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":115,"title":["Vector associative maps: Unsupervised real-time error-based learning and control of movement trajectories"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"4","author":[{"given":"Paolo","family":"Gaudiano","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Stephen","family":"Grossberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/0893-6080(91)90002-M_BIB1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1016\/0025-5564(71)90051-4","article-title":"A theory of cerebellar function","volume":"10","author":"Albus","year":"1971","journal-title":"Mathematical Biosciences"},{"key":"10.1016\/0893-6080(91)90002-M_BIB2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"456","DOI":"10.1126\/science.4048942","article-title":"Encoding of spatial location by posterior parietal neurons","volume":"230","author":"Anderson","year":"1985","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/0893-6080(91)90002-M_BIB3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4931","DOI":"10.1364\/AO.26.004931","article-title":"Probing cognitive processes through the structure of event-related potentials during learning: An experimental and theoretical analysis","volume":"26","author":"Banquet","year":"1987","journal-title":"Applied Optics"},{"key":"10.1016\/0893-6080(91)90002-M_BIB4","first-page":"80","article-title":"The use made by the cerebellum of the information that it receives from sense organs","volume":"3","author":"Brindley","year":"1964","journal-title":"International Brain Research Organizational Bulletin"},{"key":"10.1016\/0893-6080(91)90002-M_BIB5","series-title":"Self-organizing neural networks for 3D body-centered control of position- and size-invariant planned arm movement sequences and tool use","author":"Bullock","year":"1990"},{"key":"10.1016\/0893-6080(91)90002-M_BIB6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-295X.95.1.49","article-title":"Neural dynamics of planned arm movements: Emergent invariants and speed-accuracy properties during trajectory formation","volume":"95","author":"Bullock","year":"1988","journal-title":"Psychological Review"},{"key":"10.1016\/0893-6080(91)90002-M_BIB7","series-title":"Dynamic patterns in complex systems","first-page":"305","article-title":"The VITE model: A neural command circuit for generating arm and articulatory trajectories","author":"Bullock","year":"1988"},{"key":"10.1016\/0893-6080(91)90002-M_BIB8","series-title":"Volitional action","first-page":"253","article-title":"VITE and FLETE: neural modules for trajectory formation and postural control","author":"Bullock","year":"1989"},{"key":"10.1016\/0893-6080(91)90002-M_BIB9","article-title":"Adaptive neural networks for control of movement trajectories invariant under speed and force rescaling","volume":"9","author":"Bullock","year":"1991","journal-title":"Human Movement Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/0893-6080(91)90002-M_BIB10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1016\/S0163-6383(85)80002-3","article-title":"The decline of visually guided reaching during infancy","volume":"8","author":"Bushnell","year":"1985","journal-title":"Infant Behavior and Development"},{"key":"10.1016\/0893-6080(91)90002-M_BIB11","first-page":"1","article-title":"Adaptation and transmitter gating in vertebrate photoreceptors","volume":"1","author":"Carpenter","year":"1981","journal-title":"Journal of Theoretical Neurobiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/0893-6080(91)90002-M_BIB12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00336883","article-title":"A neural theory of circadian rhythms: the gated pacemaker","volume":"48","author":"Carpenter","year":"1983","journal-title":"Biological Cybernetics"},{"key":"10.1016\/0893-6080(91)90002-M_BIB13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R1067","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpregu.1984.247.6.R1067","article-title":"A neural theory of circadian rhythms: Aschoff's rule in diurnal and nocturnal mammals","volume":"247","author":"Carpenter","year":"1984","journal-title":"American Journal of Physiology (Regulatory, Integrative, and Comparative Physiology)"},{"key":"10.1016\/0893-6080(91)90002-M_BIB14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-5193(85)80083-7","article-title":"A neural theory of circadian rhythms: split rhythms, after-effects, and motivational interactions","volume":"113","author":"Carpenter","year":"1985","journal-title":"Journal of Theoretical Biology"},{"key":"10.1016\/0893-6080(91)90002-M_BIB15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1016\/S0734-189X(87)80014-2","article-title":"A massively parallel architecture for a self-organizing neural pattern recognition machine","volume":"37","author":"Carpenter","year":"1987","journal-title":"Computer Vision, Graphics, and Image Processing"},{"key":"10.1016\/0893-6080(91)90002-M_BIB16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4919","DOI":"10.1364\/AO.26.004919","article-title":"ART 2: stable self-organization of pattern recognition codes for analog input patterns","volume":"26","author":"Carpenter","year":"1987","journal-title":"Applied Optics"},{"key":"10.1016\/0893-6080(91)90002-M_BIB17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1109\/2.33","article-title":"The ART of adaptive pattern recognition by a self-organizing neural network","volume":"21","author":"Carpenter","year":"1988","journal-title":"Computer"},{"key":"10.1016\/0893-6080(91)90002-M_BIB18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1016\/0893-6080(90)90085-Y","article-title":"ART 3: hierarchical search using chemical trasmitters in self-organizing pattern recognition architectures","volume":"3","author":"Carpenter","year":"1990","journal-title":"Neural Networks"},{"key":"10.1016\/0893-6080(91)90002-M_BIB19","series-title":"The genesis of language: A psycholinguistics approach","first-page":"187","article-title":"The development of the phonological system in the normal and the deaf child","author":"Fry","year":"1966"},{"key":"10.1016\/0893-6080(91)90002-M_BIB20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00336192","article-title":"Adaptive filter model of the cerebellum","volume":"45","author":"Fujita","year":"1982","journal-title":"Biological Cybernetics"},{"key":"10.1016\/0893-6080(91)90002-M_BIB21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00336193","article-title":"Simulation of adaptive modification of the vestibulo-ocular reflex with an adaptive filter model of the cerebellum","volume":"45","author":"Fujita","year":"1982","journal-title":"Biological Cybernetics"},{"key":"10.1016\/0893-6080(91)90002-M_BIB22","first-page":"213","article-title":"A self-regulating endogenous generator of sample-and-hold random training vectors","volume":"Vol. II","author":"Gaudiano","year":"1990"},{"key":"10.1016\/0893-6080(91)90002-M_BIB23","series-title":"Proceedings of the international conference on neural networks for automatic target recognition","first-page":"24","article-title":"Adaptive trajectory control using vector associative maps","author":"Gaudiano","year":"1990"},{"key":"10.1016\/0893-6080(91)90002-M_BIB24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1527","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.02-11-01527.1982","article-title":"On the relations between the direction of two-dimensional arm movements and cell discharge in primate motor cortex","volume":"2","author":"Georgopoulos","year":"1982","journal-title":"Journal of Neuroscience"},{"key":"10.1016\/0893-6080(91)90002-M_BIB25","series-title":"Dynamic aspects of neurocortical function","first-page":"501","article-title":"The representation of movement direction in the motor cortex: single cell and population studies","author":"Georgopoulos","year":"1984"},{"key":"10.1016\/0893-6080(91)90002-M_BIB26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1416","DOI":"10.1126\/science.3749885","article-title":"Neural population coding of movement direction","volume":"233","author":"Georgopoulos","year":"1986","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/0893-6080(91)90002-M_BIB27","series-title":"The theory of embedding fields with applications to psychology and neurophysiology","author":"Grossberg","year":"1964"},{"key":"10.1016\/0893-6080(91)90002-M_BIB28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1002\/sapm1969482105","article-title":"On learning of spatiotemporal patterns by networks with ordered sensory and motor components, I: excitatory components of the cerebellum","volume":"48","author":"Grossberg","year":"1969","journal-title":"Studies in Applied Mathematics"},{"key":"10.1016\/0893-6080(91)90002-M_BIB29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1016\/0025-5564(72)90062-4","article-title":"A neural theory of punishment and avoidance, II. Quantitative theory","volume":"15","author":"Grossberg","year":"1972","journal-title":"Mathematical Biosciences"},{"key":"10.1016\/0893-6080(91)90002-M_BIB30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00288784","article-title":"Neural expectation: cerebellar and retinal analogs of cells fired by learnable or unlearned pattern classes","volume":"10","author":"Grossberg","year":"1972","journal-title":"Kybernetik"},{"key":"10.1016\/0893-6080(91)90002-M_BIB31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1002\/sapm1973523213","article-title":"Contour enhancement, short-term memory, and constancies in reverberating neural networks","volume":"52","author":"Grossberg","year":"1973","journal-title":"Studies in Applied Mathematics"},{"key":"10.1016\/0893-6080(91)90002-M_BIB32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00344744","article-title":"Adaptive pattern classification and universal recoding, I: parallel development and coding of neural feature detectors","volume":"23","author":"Grossberg","year":"1976","journal-title":"Biological Cybernetics"},{"key":"10.1016\/0893-6080(91)90002-M_BIB33","first-page":"233","article-title":"A theory of human memory: self-organization and performance of sensory-motor codes, maps, and plans","volume":"Vol. 5","author":"Grossberg","year":"1978"},{"key":"10.1016\/0893-6080(91)90002-M_BIB34","series-title":"Studies of mind and brain: neural principles of learning, perception, development, cognition, and motor control","author":"Grossberg","year":"1982"},{"key":"10.1016\/0893-6080(91)90002-M_BIB35","first-page":"1075","article-title":"Some normal and abnormal behavior syndromes due to transmitter gating of opponent processes","volume":"19","author":"Grossberg","year":"1984","journal-title":"Biological Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/0893-6080(91)90002-M_BIB36","series-title":"The adaptive brain I: cognition, learning, reinforcement, and rhythm","author":"Grossberg","year":"1987"},{"key":"10.1016\/0893-6080(91)90002-M_BIB37","series-title":"The adaptive brain II: vision, speech, language, and motor control","author":"Grossberg","year":"1987"},{"key":"10.1016\/0893-6080(91)90002-M_BIB38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1016\/0893-6080(88)90021-4","article-title":"Nonlinear neural networks: principles, mechanisms, and architectures","volume":"1","author":"Grossberg","year":"1988","journal-title":"Neural Networks"},{"key":"10.1016\/0893-6080(91)90002-M_BIB39","first-page":"26","article-title":"Self-organizing neural architectures for motion perception, adaptive sensory-motor control, and associative mapping","volume":"Vol. II","author":"Grossberg","year":"1990"},{"key":"10.1016\/0893-6080(91)90002-M_BIB40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3758\/BF03205033","article-title":"Why do parallel cortical systems exist for the processing of static form and moving form?","author":"Grossberg","year":"1991","journal-title":"Perception and Psychophysics"},{"key":"10.1016\/0893-6080(91)90002-M_BIB41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"300","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-295X.94.3.300","article-title":"Neural dynamics of decision making under risk: affective balance and cognitive-emotional interactions","volume":"94","author":"Grossberg","year":"1987","journal-title":"Psychological Review"},{"key":"10.1016\/0893-6080(91)90002-M_BIB42","series-title":"Neural dynamics of adaptive sensory\u2014motor control","author":"Grossberg","year":"1986"},{"key":"10.1016\/0893-6080(91)90002-M_BIB43","series-title":"Neural dynamics of adaptive sensory\u2014motor control: expanded edition","author":"Grossberg","year":"1989"},{"key":"10.1016\/0893-6080(91)90002-M_BIB44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.3758\/BF03198851","article-title":"Neural dynamics of perceptual grouping: textures, boundaries, and emergent segmentations","volume":"38","author":"Grossberg","year":"1985","journal-title":"Perception and Psychophysics"},{"key":"10.1016\/0893-6080(91)90002-M_BIB45","series-title":"Cortical dynamics of visual motion perception: short-range and long-range apparent motion","author":"Grossberg","year":"1990"},{"key":"10.1016\/0893-6080(91)90002-M_BIB46","first-page":"195","article-title":"Neural dynamics of attentionally-modulated Pavlovian conditioning: conditioned reinforcement, inhibition, and opponent processing","volume":"15","author":"Grossberg","year":"1987","journal-title":"Psychobiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/0893-6080(91)90002-M_BIB47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1016\/0893-6080(89)90026-9","article-title":"Neural dynamics of adaptive timing and temporal discrimination during associative learning","volume":"2","author":"Grossberg","year":"1989","journal-title":"Neural Networks"},{"key":"10.1016\/0893-6080(91)90002-M_BIB48","series-title":"Scientific computing","first-page":"55","article-title":"Odepack, a systematized collection of ode solvers","author":"Hindmarsh","year":"1983"},{"key":"10.1016\/0893-6080(91)90002-M_BIB49","series-title":"Neural networks for control","author":"Houk","year":"1991"},{"key":"10.1016\/0893-6080(91)90002-M_BIB50","series-title":"The neurosciences third study program","first-page":"293","article-title":"The control mechanism of cerebellar motor systems","author":"Ito","year":"1974"},{"key":"10.1016\/0893-6080(91)90002-M_BIB51","series-title":"The cerebellum and neural control","author":"Ito","year":"1984"},{"key":"10.1016\/0893-6080(91)90002-M_BIB52","series-title":"Principles of neural science","author":"Kandel","year":"1985"},{"key":"10.1016\/0893-6080(91)90002-M_BIB53","series-title":"Synergetics of the brain","first-page":"264","article-title":"Representation of information in spatial maps which are produced by self-organization","author":"Kohonen","year":"1983"},{"key":"10.1016\/0893-6080(91)90002-M_BIB54","series-title":"Self-organization and associative memory","author":"Kohonen","year":"1984"},{"key":"10.1016\/0893-6080(91)90002-M_BIB55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"437","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.1969.sp008820","article-title":"A theory of cerebellar cortex","volume":"202","author":"Marr","year":"1969","journal-title":"Journal of Physiology (London)"},{"key":"10.1016\/0893-6080(91)90002-M_BIB56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1378","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.1982.48.6.1378","article-title":"Mechanisms underlying pattern generation in lobster stomatogastric ganglion as determined by selective inactivation of identified neurons. II. Oscillatory properties of pyloric neurons","volume":"48","author":"Miller","year":"1982","journal-title":"Journal of Neurophysiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/0893-6080(91)90002-M_BIB57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1416","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.1982.48.6.1416","article-title":"Mechanisms underlying pattern generation in lobster stomatogastric ganglion as determined by selective inactivation of identified neurons. IV. Network properties of the pyloric system","volume":"48","author":"Miller","year":"1982","journal-title":"Journal of Neurophysiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/0893-6080(91)90002-M_BIB58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.1137\/0904010","article-title":"Automatic selection of methods for solving stiff and nonstiff systems of ordinary differential equations","volume":"4","author":"Petzold","year":"1983","journal-title":"SIAM J. Sci. Stat. Comput."},{"key":"10.1016\/0893-6080(91)90002-M_BIB59","series-title":"The origin of intelligence in children","author":"Piaget","year":"1963"},{"key":"10.1016\/0893-6080(91)90002-M_BIB60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"411","DOI":"10.1002\/dev.420180506","article-title":"Cyclic motor activity in the human fetus after midgestation","volume":"11","author":"Robertson","year":"1985","journal-title":"Developmental Psychobiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/0893-6080(91)90002-M_BIB61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.1970.33.2.257","article-title":"Renshaw cell mediated inhibition of Renshaw cells: patterns of excitation and inhibition from impulses in motor axon collaterals","volume":"33","author":"Ryall","year":"1970","journal-title":"Journal of Neurophysiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/0893-6080(91)90002-M_BIB62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1016\/0893-6080(88)90013-5","article-title":"A consideration of invertebrate central pattern generators as computational data bases","volume":"1","author":"Selverston","year":"1988","journal-title":"Neural Networks"},{"key":"10.1016\/0893-6080(91)90002-M_BIB63","series-title":"The crustacean stomatogastric system","year":"1987"},{"key":"10.1016\/0893-6080(91)90002-M_BIB64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.97.1.153","article-title":"Properties of synapses made by IVN command-interneurones in the stomatogastric ganglion of the spiny lobster panulirus interruptus","volume":"97","author":"Sigvardt","year":"1982","journal-title":"Journal of Experimental Biology"},{"key":"10.1016\/0893-6080(91)90002-M_BIB65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"389","DOI":"10.1016\/0042-6989(85)90064-1","article-title":"Central control of developmental plasticity in the mammalian visual cortex","volume":"25","author":"Singer","year":"1985","journal-title":"Vision Research"},{"key":"10.1016\/0893-6080(91)90002-M_BIB66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.1971.34.1.56","article-title":"Conversion of synaptic excitation to inhibition at a dual chemical synapse","volume":"34","author":"Wachtel","year":"1971","journal-title":"Journal of Neurophysiology"}],"container-title":["Neural Networks"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:089360809190002M?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:089360809190002M?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,6]],"date-time":"2021-06-06T14:28:32Z","timestamp":1622989712000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/089360809190002M"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[1991]]},"references-count":66,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[1991]]}},"alternative-id":["089360809190002M"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/0893-6080(91)90002-m","relation":{},"ISSN":["0893-6080"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0893-6080","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[1991]]}}}