{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,26]],"date-time":"2026-03-26T21:01:22Z","timestamp":1774558882179,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[1994,5,1]],"date-time":"1994-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":767750400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Information and Software Technology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1994,5]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/0950-5849(94)90083-3","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2003,8,7]],"date-time":"2003-08-07T21:31:39Z","timestamp":1060291899000},"page":"275-282","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":91,"title":["Evidence on economies of scale in software development"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"36","author":[{"given":"Rajiv D","family":"Banker","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hsihui","family":"Chang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chris F","family":"Kemerer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/0950-5849(94)90083-3_BIB1","series-title":"Software engineering economics","author":"Boehm","year":"1981"},{"issue":"No 5","key":"10.1016\/0950-5849(94)90083-3_BIB2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"416","DOI":"10.1145\/22899.22906","article-title":"An empirical validation of software cost estimation models","volume":"Vol 30","author":"Kemerer","year":"1987","journal-title":"Comm. ACM"},{"issue":"No 11","key":"10.1016\/0950-5849(94)90083-3_BIB3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1384","DOI":"10.1287\/mnsc.36.11.1384","article-title":"A quantitative analysis of US and Japanese practice and performance in software development","volume":"Vol 36","author":"Cusumano","year":"1990","journal-title":"Management Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/0950-5849(94)90083-3_BIB4","series-title":"Proc. of the 4th International Conference on Software Engineering","first-page":"369","article-title":"An inter-organisational comparison of programming productivity","author":"Jeffery","year":"1979"},{"issue":"No 6","key":"10.1016\/0950-5849(94)90083-3_BIB5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"639","DOI":"10.1109\/TSE.1983.235271","article-title":"Software function, source lines of code and development effort prediction: a software science validation","volume":"Vol SE-9","author":"Albrecht","year":"1983","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Soft. Eng."},{"issue":"No 1","key":"10.1016\/0950-5849(94)90083-3_BIB6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1109\/32.44364","article-title":"Function points in the estimation and evaluation of the software process","volume":"Vol 16","author":"Low","year":"1990","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Soft. Eng."},{"issue":"No 1","key":"10.1016\/0950-5849(94)90083-3_BIB7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1109\/32.4618","article-title":"Function point analysis: difficulties and improvements","volume":"Vol 14","author":"Symons","year":"1988","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Soft. Eng."},{"issue":"No 2","key":"10.1016\/0950-5849(94)90083-3_BIB8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1145\/151220.151230","article-title":"Reliability of function points measurement: a field experiment","volume":"Vol 36","author":"Kemerer","year":"1993","journal-title":"Comm. ACM"},{"issue":"No 10","key":"10.1016\/0950-5849(94)90083-3_BIB9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1011","DOI":"10.1109\/32.177370","article-title":"Improving the reliability of function point measurement: an empirical study","volume":"Vol 18","author":"Kemerer","year":"1992","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Soft. Eng."},{"issue":"No 10","key":"10.1016\/0950-5849(94)90083-3_BIB10","first-page":"416","article-title":"Scale economies in new software development","volume":"Vol SE-15","author":"Banker","year":"1989","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Soft. Eng."},{"key":"10.1016\/0950-5849(94)90083-3_BIB11","series-title":"Analytical methods in software engineering economics","first-page":"75","article-title":"Returns-to-scale in software production: a comparison of approaches","author":"Byrnes","year":"1993"},{"key":"10.1016\/0950-5849(94)90083-3_BIB12","series-title":"Software metrics, a rigorous approach","author":"Fenton","year":"1991"},{"key":"10.1016\/0950-5849(94)90083-3_BIB13","series-title":"Proc. Harvard\/UCI Workshop on Survey Research in MIS","article-title":"The use of secondary analysis in MIS research","author":"Gurbaxani","year":"1989"},{"issue":"No 3","key":"10.1016\/0950-5849(94)90083-3_BIB14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"232","DOI":"10.1016\/0950-5849(91)90138-2","article-title":"Building tailor-made software cost model: intermediate TUCOMO","volume":"Vol 33","author":"Marwane","year":"1991","journal-title":"Inf. and Soft. Technol."},{"issue":"No 5","key":"10.1016\/0950-5849(94)90083-3_BIB15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"459","DOI":"10.1016\/0167-9236(92)90029-O","article-title":"Incomplete contracting issues in information systems development outsourcing","volume":"Vol 8","author":"Richmond","year":"1992","journal-title":"Decision Support Systems"},{"key":"10.1016\/0950-5849(94)90083-3_BIB16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1016\/0198-9715(90)90022-L","article-title":"Models, extensions and applications of data envelopment analysis: a selected reference set","volume":"Vol 14","author":"Seiford","year":"1990","journal-title":"Comput. Environ. and Urban Systems"},{"issue":"No 1","key":"10.1016\/0950-5849(94)90083-3_BIB17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1109\/52.43046","article-title":"Error density and size in Ada software","volume":"Vol 7","author":"Withrow","year":"1990","journal-title":"IEEE Soft."},{"issue":"No 4","key":"10.1016\/0950-5849(94)90083-3_BIB18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1016\/0950-5849(92)90077-3","article-title":"Empirical studies of assumptions that underlie software cost-estimation models","volume":"Vol 34","author":"Kitchenham","year":"1992","journal-title":"Inf. Soft. Technol."},{"key":"10.1016\/0950-5849(94)90083-3_BIB19","series-title":"Software engineering metrics and models","author":"Conte","year":"1986"},{"key":"10.1016\/0950-5849(94)90083-3_BIB20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1016\/0164-1212(85)90026-3","article-title":"Software project development cost estimation","volume":"Vol 5","author":"Kitchenham","year":"1985","journal-title":"J. Systems and Software"},{"issue":"No 1","key":"10.1016\/0950-5849(94)90083-3_BIB21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1147\/sj.161.0054","article-title":"A method of programming measurement and estimation","volume":"Vol 16","author":"Walston","year":"1977","journal-title":"IBM Systems J."},{"key":"10.1016\/0950-5849(94)90083-3_BIB22","series-title":"The theory and practice of econometrics","author":"Judge","year":"1985"},{"key":"10.1016\/0950-5849(94)90083-3_BIB23","series-title":"Regression diagnostics","author":"Belsley","year":"1980"},{"key":"10.1016\/0950-5849(94)90083-3_BIB24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"591","DOI":"10.1093\/biomet\/52.3-4.591","article-title":"An analysis of variance test for normality","author":"Shapiro","year":"1965","journal-title":"Biometrika"},{"key":"10.1016\/0950-5849(94)90083-3_BIB25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1016\/0165-4101(90)90039-7","article-title":"Aggregation of test statistics: an evaluation of the evidence on contracting size hypotheses","author":"Christie","year":"1990","journal-title":"J. Accounting and Economics"},{"key":"10.1016\/0950-5849(94)90083-3_BIB26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.2307\/1913100","article-title":"Nonparametric analysis and allocative efficiencies in production","author":"Banker","year":"1988","journal-title":"Econometrica"},{"key":"10.1016\/0950-5849(94)90083-3_BIB27","first-page":"66","article-title":"Measuring production efficiency in a non-forprofit setting: an extension","author":"Mensah","year":"1993","journal-title":"Accounting Review"},{"key":"10.1016\/0950-5849(94)90083-3_BIB28","series-title":"Tests of returns to scale for monotone concave production functions","author":"Banker","year":"1993"},{"key":"10.1016\/0950-5849(94)90083-3_BIB29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1287\/mnsc.27.6.668","article-title":"Program evaluation and managerial efficiency: an application of data envelopment analysis to program follow through","author":"Charnes","year":"1981","journal-title":"Management Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/0950-5849(94)90083-3_BIB30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1078","DOI":"10.1287\/mnsc.30.9.1078","article-title":"Models for the estimation of technical and scale inefficiences in data envelopment analysis","volume":"Vol 30","author":"Banker","year":"1984","journal-title":"Management Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/0950-5849(94)90083-3_BIB31","series-title":"The theory of cost and production functions","author":"Shephard","year":"1970"},{"issue":"No 10","key":"10.1016\/0950-5849(94)90083-3_BIB32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1265","DOI":"10.1287\/mnsc.39.10.1265","article-title":"Maximum likelihood, consistency and data envelopment analysis: a statistical foundation","volume":"Vol 39","author":"Banker","year":"1993","journal-title":"Management Science"}],"container-title":["Information and Software Technology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:0950584994900833?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:0950584994900833?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,15]],"date-time":"2019-03-15T00:28:02Z","timestamp":1552609682000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/0950584994900833"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[1994,5]]},"references-count":32,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-print":{"date-parts":[[1994,5]]}},"alternative-id":["0950584994900833"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/0950-5849(94)90083-3","relation":{},"ISSN":["0950-5849"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0950-5849","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[1994,5]]}}}