{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,13]],"date-time":"2026-02-13T14:08:00Z","timestamp":1770991680612,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"2","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Interacting with Computers"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1990,8]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/0953-5438(90)90020-i","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2003,8,8]],"date-time":"2003-08-08T02:13:29Z","timestamp":1060308809000},"page":"147-160","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["A meta-model for interacting with computers"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"2","author":[{"given":"Jakob","family":"Nielsen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]}],"member":"286","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/0953-5438(90)90020-I_BIB1","series-title":"Proc. IFIP INTERACT'84 Conf. Human-Comput. Interaction","first-page":"2.156","article-title":"The concept of architecture applied to user interfaces in interactive computer systems","author":"Bennet","year":"1984"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/0953-5438(90)90020-I_BIB2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1016\/S0020-7373(86)80039-6","article-title":"The user's mental model of an information retrieval system: an experiment on a prototype online catalog","volume":"24","author":"Borgman","year":"1986","journal-title":"Int. J. Man-Mach. Stud."},{"key":"10.1016\/0953-5438(90)90020-I_BIB3","series-title":"The Psychology of Human-Computer Interaction","author":"Card","year":"1983"},{"key":"10.1016\/0953-5438(90)90020-I_BIB4","first-page":"45","article-title":"Mental models in human-computer interaction","author":"Carroll","year":"1988"},{"key":"10.1016\/0953-5438(90)90020-I_BIB5","first-page":"67","article-title":"Interface metaphors and user interface design","author":"Carroll","year":"1988"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/0953-5438(90)90020-I_BIB6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1313","DOI":"10.1145\/68814.68816","article-title":"User cube: a taxonomy of end users","volume":"32","author":"Cotterman","year":"1989","journal-title":"Commun. ACM"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/0953-5438(90)90020-I_BIB7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"987","DOI":"10.1145\/182.358465","article-title":"\u2018System designe\u2019 user models: a comparative study and methodological critique","volume":"26","author":"Dagwell","year":"1983","journal-title":"Commun. ACM"},{"key":"10.1016\/0953-5438(90)90020-I_BIB8","series-title":"User Centered System Design: New Perspectives in Human-Computer Interaction","first-page":"201","article-title":"Models of computation","author":"diSessa","year":"1986"},{"key":"10.1016\/0953-5438(90)90020-I_BIB9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"643","DOI":"10.1016\/0020-7373(89)90020-5","article-title":"A taxonomy of independent variables affecting human performance","volume":"31","author":"Gawron","year":"1989","journal-title":"Int. J. Man-Mach. Stud"},{"key":"10.1016\/0953-5438(90)90020-I_BIB10","series-title":"Proc. Conf. Human Factors in Comput. Systems","first-page":"383","article-title":"Analogy considered harmful","author":"Halasz","year":"1982"},{"key":"10.1016\/0953-5438(90)90020-I_BIB11","first-page":"39","article-title":"What we do not know about man-machine systems","volume":"22","author":"Hollnagel","year":"1983","journal-title":"Int. J. Man-Mach. Stud."},{"key":"10.1016\/0953-5438(90)90020-I_BIB12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.7146\/dpb.v14i202.7580","article-title":"On models and their role in the use of computers","author":"Kammersgaard","year":"1985"},{"key":"10.1016\/0953-5438(90)90020-I_BIB13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1207\/s15516709cog0803_3","article-title":"The role of a mental model in learning to operate a device","volume":"8","author":"Kieras","year":"1984","journal-title":"Cognitive Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/0953-5438(90)90020-I_BIB14","series-title":"User Centered System Design: New Perspectives in Human-Computer Interaction","first-page":"171","article-title":"Understanding what's happening in system interactions","author":"Lewis","year":"1986"},{"key":"10.1016\/0953-5438(90)90020-I_BIB15","article-title":"Who needs what information about computer systems: some notes on mental models, metaphors and expertise","volume":"126","author":"Lindgaard","year":"1987"},{"key":"10.1016\/0953-5438(90)90020-I_BIB16","series-title":"Proc. Int. Ergonomics Assoc. 10th Congress","first-page":"630","article-title":"Should systems designers need to bother with the notion of mental models?","author":"Lindgaard","year":"1988"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/0953-5438(90)90020-I_BIB17","first-page":"68","article-title":"Report from Paris: IFIP'83","volume":"1","author":"Lloyd","year":"1984","journal-title":"ABACUS Magaxine"},{"key":"10.1016\/0953-5438(90)90020-I_BIB18","series-title":"Conf. Record The Alvey Conf.","first-page":"40","article-title":"Use and abuse of models: HI and IKBS perspectives","author":"Long","year":"1986"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/0953-5438(90)90020-I_BIB19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1145\/49103.49105","article-title":"History, state and future of use interface management systems","volume":"20","author":"L\u00f6wgren","year":"1988","journal-title":"ACM SIGCHI Bull."},{"key":"10.1016\/0953-5438(90)90020-I_BIB20","series-title":"The Psychology of Computer Use","first-page":"19","article-title":"Why systems transparency","author":"Maass","year":"1983"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/0953-5438(90)90020-I_BIB21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1145\/1044759.1044760","article-title":"Classifying the user","volume":"14","author":"Mac an Airchinnigh","year":"1982","journal-title":"ACM SIGCHI Bull."},{"key":"10.1016\/0953-5438(90)90020-I_BIB22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1016\/S0020-7373(81)80022-3","article-title":"The command language grammar: a representation for the user interface of interactive systems","volume":"15","author":"Moran","year":"1981","journal-title":"Int. J. Man-Mach. Stud."},{"key":"10.1016\/0953-5438(90)90020-I_BIB23","series-title":"talk presented at meeting of Danish Soc. for Datalogy","article-title":"Modeller og verdenen (\u2018Models and the world\u2019)","author":"Naur","year":"1986"},{"key":"10.1016\/0953-5438(90)90020-I_BIB24","series-title":"Mental Models","first-page":"7","article-title":"Some observations on mental models","author":"Norman","year":"1983"},{"key":"10.1016\/0953-5438(90)90020-I_BIB25","series-title":"Readings on Cognitive Ergonomics\u2014Mind and Computer","first-page":"26","article-title":"On models and modelling in human-computer cooperation","author":"Oberquelle","year":"1984"},{"key":"10.1016\/0953-5438(90)90020-I_BIB26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.1016\/S0020-7373(85)80045-6","article-title":"An approach to the formal analysis of user complexity","volume":"22","author":"Polson","year":"1985","journal-title":"Int. J. Man-Mach Stud."},{"key":"10.1016\/0953-5438(90)90020-I_BIB27","series-title":"Readings on Cognitive Ergonomics\u2014Mind and Computer","first-page":"8","article-title":"Representational framework and models for humancomputer interfaces","author":"Rohr","year":"1984"},{"key":"10.1016\/0953-5438(90)90020-I_BIB28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1207\/s15327051hci0403_2","article-title":"Individual differences and conceptual models in training novice users","volume":"4","author":"Sein","year":"1989","journal-title":"Human-Computer Interaction"},{"key":"10.1016\/0953-5438(90)90020-I_BIB29","series-title":"Proc INTERACTS'87 2nd IFIP Conf. Human-Comput. Interaction","first-page":"395","article-title":"Top-down interactive systems design; Some lessons learnt from using command language grammar","author":"Sharratt","year":"1987"},{"key":"10.1016\/0953-5438(90)90020-I_BIB30","series-title":"Learning Issues for Intelligent Tutoring Systems","article-title":"Mental models and metaphors; Implications for the design of adaptive user-system interfaces","author":"Streitz","year":"1988"},{"key":"10.1016\/0953-5438(90)90020-I_BIB31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1080\/01449298308914465","article-title":"User-friendly computer systems? A critical examination of the concept","volume":"2","author":"Stevens","year":"1983","journal-title":"Behav. Inf. Tech."},{"key":"10.1016\/0953-5438(90)90020-I_BIB32","series-title":"Proc. IFIP INTERACTS'87","first-page":"35","article-title":"Do users know they have user models? Some experiences in user modelling","author":"Sutcliffe","year":"1987"},{"key":"10.1016\/0953-5438(90)90020-I_BIB33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1016\/0953-5438(89)90015-5","article-title":"The application of metaphor, analogy and conceptual models in computer systems","volume":"1","author":"Wozny","year":"1989","journal-title":"Interacting with Computers"},{"key":"10.1016\/0953-5438(90)90020-I_BIB34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1016\/S0020-7373(81)80023-5","article-title":"The machine inside the machine: users' models of pocket calculators","volume":"15","author":"Young","year":"1981","journal-title":"Int. J. Man-Mach. Stud."}],"container-title":["Interacting with Computers"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/academic.oup.com\/iwc\/article-pdf\/2\/2\/147\/2068450\/iwc2-0147.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2018,3,3]],"date-time":"2018-03-03T21:44:37Z","timestamp":1520113477000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/iwc\/article-lookup\/doi\/10.1016\/0953-5438(90)90020-I"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[1990,8]]},"references-count":34,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[1990,8]]}},"alternative-id":["095354389090020I"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/0953-5438(90)90020-i","relation":{},"ISSN":["0953-5438"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0953-5438","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[1990,8]]}}}