{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,25]],"date-time":"2026-03-25T19:59:02Z","timestamp":1774468742705,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,1]],"date-time":"2026-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780272000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,1]],"date-time":"2026-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780272000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,1]],"date-time":"2026-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780272000000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-017"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,1]],"date-time":"2026-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780272000000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,1]],"date-time":"2026-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780272000000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-012"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,1]],"date-time":"2026-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780272000000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,1]],"date-time":"2026-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780272000000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-004"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100007620","name":"Liaoning Province Educational Department","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100007620","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Ad Hoc Networks"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,6]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.adhoc.2026.104218","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,11]],"date-time":"2026-03-11T07:50:36Z","timestamp":1773215436000},"page":"104218","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"special_numbering":"C","title":["HIS: Heartbeat modeling with non-stationary interference suppression method using millimeter wave radar"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"187","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1371-6385","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ying","family":"Liu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-3594-142X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yikai","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Jiaqi","family":"Cai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Yuqing","family":"He","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Chunguang","family":"Huo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.adhoc.2026.104218_bib0001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"823","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2007.04.079","article-title":"Resting heart rate in cardiovascular disease","volume":"50","author":"Fox","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol."},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.adhoc.2026.104218_bib0002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"585","DOI":"10.1007\/s00392-007-0537-5","article-title":"The role of heart rate in the development of cardiovascular disease","volume":"96","author":"Reil","year":"2007","journal-title":"Clin. Res. Cardiol."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.adhoc.2026.104218_bib0003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pcad.2009.05.003","article-title":"Heart rate as a risk factor for cardiovascular disease","volume":"52","author":"Perret-Guillaume","year":"2009","journal-title":"Prog. Cardiovasc. Dis."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.adhoc.2026.104218_bib0004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"921","DOI":"10.1007\/s11831-021-09597-4","article-title":"A review on computation methods used in photoplethysmography signal analysis for heart rate estimation","volume":"29","author":"Pankaj","year":"2022","journal-title":"Arch. Comput. Methods Eng."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.adhoc.2026.104218_bib0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1461","DOI":"10.3390\/s20051461","article-title":"A survey of heart anomaly detection using ambulatory electrocardiogram (ECG)","volume":"20","author":"Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.adhoc.2026.104218_bib0006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bspc.2024.106940","article-title":"Analyzing SCG methodology for identification of ventricular depolarization events","volume":"100","author":"Das","year":"2025","journal-title":"Biomed. Signal Process. Control"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.adhoc.2026.104218_bib0007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bspc.2023.105608","article-title":"Remote photoplethysmography for heart rate measurement: a review","volume":"88","author":"Xiao","year":"2024","journal-title":"Biomed. Signal Process. Control"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.adhoc.2026.104218_bib0008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1465","DOI":"10.1109\/TUFFC.2019.2925282","article-title":"Imaging heart dynamics with ultrafast cascaded-wave ultrasound","volume":"66","author":"Zhang","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Ultrason. Ferroelectr. Freq. Control"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.adhoc.2026.104218_bib0009","series-title":"Proceedings of the 2018 15th IEEE Annual Consumer Communications & Networking Conference (CCNC)","first-page":"1","article-title":"Design and implementation of monitoring system for breathing and heart rate pattern using WiFi signals","author":"Lee","year":"2018"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.adhoc.2026.104218_bib0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"533","DOI":"10.1109\/TIV.2022.3167733","article-title":"Millimeter wave FMCW radars for perception, recognition and localization in automotive applications: a survey","volume":"7","author":"Venon","year":"2022","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Intell. Veh."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.adhoc.2026.104218_bib0011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"54958","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2019.2912956","article-title":"Remote monitoring of human vital signs using mm-wave FMCW radar","volume":"7","author":"Alizadeh","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.adhoc.2026.104218_bib0012","series-title":"Proceedings of the 2018 IEEE Radar Conference (RadarConf18)","first-page":"1450","article-title":"Vital signs monitoring of multiple people using a FMCW millimeter-wave sensor","author":"Ahmad","year":"2018"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.adhoc.2026.104218_bib0013","series-title":"Proceedings of the 2020 IEEE Radar Conference (RadarConf20)","first-page":"1","article-title":"A coarse-to-fine robust estimation of FMCW radar signal for vital sign detection","author":"Liu","year":"2020"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.adhoc.2026.104218_bib0014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"797","DOI":"10.1007\/s10877-015-9777-5","article-title":"Wireless non-invasive continuous respiratory monitoring with FMCW radar: a clinical validation study","volume":"30","author":"Van Loon","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Clin. Monit. Comput."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.adhoc.2026.104218_bib0015","series-title":"Proceedings of the 2019 IEEE MTT-S International Microwave Biomedical Conference (IMBioC)","first-page":"1","article-title":"Simultaneous detection of multi-target vital signs using EEMD algorithm based on FMCW radar","author":"Fang","year":"2019"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.adhoc.2026.104218_bib0016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1109\/LSENS.2020.2983706","article-title":"Improved contactless heartbeat estimation in FMCW radar via Kalman filter tracking","volume":"4","author":"Arsalan","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Sens. Lett."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.adhoc.2026.104218_bib0017","series-title":"Proceedings of the 2021 International Conference on Microwave and Millimeter Wave Technology (ICMMT)","first-page":"1","article-title":"Detection of vital signs based on variational mode decomposition using FMCW radar","author":"Xia","year":"2021"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.adhoc.2026.104218_bib0018","series-title":"Proceedings of the 2021 IEEE International Symposium on Radio-Frequency Integration Technology (RFIT)","first-page":"1","article-title":"Heart rate extraction with VMD algorithm in non-stationary clutter environment based on FMCW radar systems","author":"Wu","year":"2021"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.adhoc.2026.104218_bib0019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1960","DOI":"10.3390\/mi13111960","article-title":"Real-time heart rate detection method based on 77 GHz FMCW radar","volume":"13","author":"Huang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Micromachines"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.adhoc.2026.104218_bib0020","series-title":"Proceedings of the 2023 IEEE MTT-S International Wireless Symposium (IWS)","first-page":"1","article-title":"Short-time heart rate estimation based on 60-GHz FMCW radar","author":"Yang","year":"2023"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.adhoc.2026.104218_bib0021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bspc.2023.105360","article-title":"Radar-Beat: contactless beat-by-beat heart rate monitoring for life scenes","volume":"86","author":"Zhang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Biomed. Signal Process. Control"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.adhoc.2026.104218_bib0022","article-title":"A high precision vital signs detection method based on millimeter wave radar","volume":"14","author":"Chen","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.adhoc.2026.104218_bib0023","article-title":"Diversity-enhanced robust device-free vital signs monitoring using mmwave signals","author":"Liu","year":"2024","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Mob. Comput."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.adhoc.2026.104218_bib0024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1145\/3530682","article-title":"A survey on wireless device-free human sensing: application scenarios, current solutions, and open issues[J]","volume":"55","author":"Xiao","year":"2022","journal-title":"ACM Comput. Surv."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.adhoc.2026.104218_bib0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"995","DOI":"10.1109\/COMST.2021.3058333","article-title":"Deep learning for radio-based human sensing: recent advances and future directions[J]","volume":"23","author":"Nirmal","year":"2021","journal-title":"IEEE Commun. Surv. Tutor."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.adhoc.2026.104218_bib0026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"306","DOI":"10.1109\/COMST.2021.3122519","article-title":"Enabling joint communication and radar sensing in mobile networks\u2014A survey[J]","volume":"24","author":"Zhang","year":"2021","journal-title":"IEEE Commun. Surv. Tutor."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.adhoc.2026.104218_bib0027","unstructured":"Ahmad I., Ullah A., Choi W. WiFi-based human sensing with deep learning: recent advances, challenges, and opportunities[J]. IEEE Open J. Commun. Soc., 2."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.adhoc.2026.104218_bib0028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.2528\/PIER25012003","article-title":"Contactless Electromagnetic Human Sensing for Biomedical and Healthcare Applications[J]","volume":"182","author":"Li","year":"2025","journal-title":"Prog. Electromagn. Res."},{"issue":"19","key":"10.1016\/j.adhoc.2026.104218_bib0029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19529","DOI":"10.1109\/JIOT.2022.3170157","article-title":"HandGest: hierarchical sensing for robust-in-the-air handwriting recognition with commodity WiFi devices[J]","volume":"9","author":"Zhang","year":"2022","journal-title":"IEEE Internet Things J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.adhoc.2026.104218_bib0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1016\/j.comcom.2023.12.033","article-title":"Direction-agnostic gesture recognition system using commercial WiFi devices[J]","volume":"216","author":"Qin","year":"2024","journal-title":"Comput. Commun."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.adhoc.2026.104218_bib0031","series-title":"\/\/2022 IEEE 95th Vehicular Technology Conference:(VTC2022-Spring)","first-page":"1","article-title":"Wifi-based low-complexity gesture recognition using categorization[C]","author":"Kim","year":"2022"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.adhoc.2026.104218_bib0032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"466","DOI":"10.1109\/COMST.2015.2464084","article-title":"Wi-Fi fingerprint-based indoor positioning: recent advances and comparisons[J]","volume":"18","author":"He","year":"2015","journal-title":"IEEE Commun. Surv. Tutor."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.adhoc.2026.104218_bib0033","article-title":"Leveraging online learning for domain-adaptation in Wi-Fi-based device-free localization[J]","author":"Zhang","year":"2025","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Mob. Comput."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.adhoc.2026.104218_bib0034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2610","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2023.3234425","article-title":"Multi-person position estimation based on correlation between received signals using MIMO FMCW radar[J]","volume":"11","author":"Endo","year":"2023","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.adhoc.2026.104218_bib0035","series-title":"\/\/2021 IEEE 17th International Conference on Wearable and Implantable Body Sensor Networks (BSN)","first-page":"1","article-title":"Noninvasive continuous blood pressure measurement with wearable millimeter wave device[C]","author":"Liao","year":"2021"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.adhoc.2026.104218_bib0036","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2276","DOI":"10.1109\/JBHI.2022.3186152","article-title":"Wi-breath: a WiFi-based contactless and real-time respiration monitoring scheme for remote healthcare[J]","volume":"27","author":"Bao","year":"2022","journal-title":"IEEE J. Biomed Health Inf."},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.adhoc.2026.104218_bib0037","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2732","DOI":"10.3390\/s21082732","article-title":"Non-contact monitoring of human vital signs using FMCW millimeter wave radar in the 120 GHz band[J]","volume":"21","author":"Lv","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"issue":"21","key":"10.1016\/j.adhoc.2026.104218_bib0038","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8167","DOI":"10.3390\/s22218167","article-title":"Non-contact VITAL signs monitoring of a patient lying on surgical bed using beamforming FMCW radar[J]","volume":"22","author":"Lim","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.adhoc.2026.104218_bib0039","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"270","DOI":"10.1109\/TMC.2022.3214721","article-title":"Contactless electrocardiogram monitoring with millimeter wave radar[J]","volume":"23","author":"Chen","year":"2022","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Mob. Comput."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.adhoc.2026.104218_bib0040","series-title":"Proceedings of the IEEE","first-page":"1006","article-title":"Sparsity and compressed sensing in radar imaging[J]","volume":"98","author":"Potter","year":"2010"},{"issue":"14","key":"10.1016\/j.adhoc.2026.104218_bib0041","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3619","DOI":"10.1109\/TSP.2016.2552498","article-title":"Group sparsity based multi-target tracking in passive multi-static radar systems using Doppler-only measurements[J]","volume":"64","author":"Subedi","year":"2016","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Signal Process."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.adhoc.2026.104218_bib0042","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2806","DOI":"10.1109\/JBHI.2023.3255740","article-title":"Sparsity-based multi-person non-contact vital signs monitoring via FMCW radar[J]","volume":"27","author":"Eder","year":"2023","journal-title":"IEEE J. Biomed Health Inf."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.adhoc.2026.104218_bib0043","series-title":"2024 IEEE International Conference on Signal, Information and Data Processing (ICSIDP)","first-page":"1","year":"2024"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.adhoc.2026.104218_bib0044","series-title":"IWR1642: Single-chip 77-GHz to 81-GHz Mmwave Sensor Integrating DSP and MCU","year":"2020"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.adhoc.2026.104218_bib0045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.measurement.2023.113151","article-title":"Contactless and continuous blood pressure measurement according to caPTT obtained from millimeter wave radar","volume":"218","author":"Geng","year":"2023","journal-title":"Measurement"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.adhoc.2026.104218_bib0046","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"827","DOI":"10.1109\/LSP.2005.859517","article-title":"A generalized MVDR spectrum","volume":"12","author":"Benesty","year":"2005","journal-title":"IEEE Signal Process. Lett."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.adhoc.2026.104218_bib0047","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1109\/MSP.2005.1511829","article-title":"Minimum variance distortionless response spectral estimation","volume":"22","author":"Wolfel","year":"2005","journal-title":"IEEE Signal Process. Mag."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.adhoc.2026.104218_bib0048","series-title":"2003 Proceedings of the International Conference on Radar","first-page":"358","article-title":"Impulsive noise rejection in HF radar using a linear prediction technique[C]","author":"TURLEY","year":"2003"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.adhoc.2026.104218_bib0049","article-title":"Impulsive noise excision using robust smoothing[J]","volume":"19","author":"Beiqiang","year":"2022","journal-title":"IEEE Geosci. Remote Sens. Lett."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.adhoc.2026.104218_bib0050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1109\/LGRS.2015.2496223","article-title":"Transient interference excision in over-the-horizon radar by robust principal component analysis with a structured matrix[J]","volume":"13","author":"Xiaofan","year":"2016","journal-title":"IEEE Geosci. Remote Sens. Lett."},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.adhoc.2026.104218_bib0051","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"907","DOI":"10.1109\/LGRS.2016.2553082","article-title":"Transient interference mitigation via supervised matrix completion[J]","volume":"13","author":"Mao","year":"2016","journal-title":"IEEE Geosci. Remote Sens. Lett."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.adhoc.2026.104218_bib0052","article-title":"An improved fast adaptive complex approximation message passing algorithm[J]","volume":"137","author":"Zirui","year":"2023","journal-title":"Digit. Signal Process."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.adhoc.2026.104218_bib0053","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1016\/0169-7439(89)80095-4","article-title":"Analysis of variance (ANOVA)","volume":"6","author":"St","year":"1989","journal-title":"Chemom. Intell. Lab. Syst."}],"container-title":["Ad Hoc Networks"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1570870526000843?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1570870526000843?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,25]],"date-time":"2026-03-25T19:02:27Z","timestamp":1774465347000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S1570870526000843"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,6]]},"references-count":53,"alternative-id":["S1570870526000843"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.adhoc.2026.104218","relation":{},"ISSN":["1570-8705"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1570-8705","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,6]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"HIS: Heartbeat modeling with non-stationary interference suppression method using millimeter wave radar","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Ad Hoc Networks","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.adhoc.2026.104218","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2026 Elsevier B.V. All rights are reserved, including those for text and data mining, AI training, and similar technologies.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"104218"}}