{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,5]],"date-time":"2026-05-05T04:20:26Z","timestamp":1777954826275,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,1]],"date-time":"2026-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785542400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,1]],"date-time":"2026-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785542400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,1]],"date-time":"2026-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785542400000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-017"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,1]],"date-time":"2026-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785542400000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,1]],"date-time":"2026-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785542400000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-012"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,1]],"date-time":"2026-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785542400000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,1]],"date-time":"2026-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785542400000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-004"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Ad Hoc Networks"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,8]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.adhoc.2026.104260","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,14]],"date-time":"2026-04-14T14:16:42Z","timestamp":1776176202000},"page":"104260","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Gateway-assisted hybrid region-based multi-hop routing for sustainable IoT sensor deployments"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"189","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9821-1575","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Noha MM.","family":"Abdelnapi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3440-8448","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ahmed Gamal","family":"Abdellatif","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4062-3141","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eman M.","family":"Mohamed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nahla F.","family":"Omran","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4722-1786","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Syed Tariq","family":"Shah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3393-8460","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mahmoud A.","family":"Shawky","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.adhoc.2026.104260_b1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phycom.2025.102755","article-title":"Expert-driven multi-armed bandit approach for spreading factor allocation in LoRaWAN","volume":"72","author":"ElHalawany","year":"2025","journal-title":"Phys. Commun."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.adhoc.2026.104260_b2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"O. Amale, R. Patil, IoT based rainfall monitoring system using WSN enabled architecture, in: Proc. 3rd Int. Conf. Comput. Methodologies Commun., ICCMC, 2019, pp. 789\u2013791.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICCMC.2019.8819721"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.adhoc.2026.104260_b3","first-page":"77","article-title":"Internet of Things (IoT): Research challenges and future applications","volume":"10","author":"Hussein","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Adv. Comput. Sci. Appl."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.adhoc.2026.104260_b4","article-title":"An evolutionary routing protocol for load balancing and QoS enhancement in IoT enabled heterogeneous WSNs","volume":"124","author":"Benelhouri","year":"2023","journal-title":"Simul. Model. Pr. Theory"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.adhoc.2026.104260_b5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"A.H. Meitei, A.K.S. Yadav, Development of energy efficient routing protocol for lifespan optimisation in wireless sensor networks (EERP), in: Int. Conf. Comput., Manag. Math. Sci., 2022, pp. 1\u201311.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-031-25194-8_1"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.adhoc.2026.104260_b6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2024.125875","article-title":"Dynamic clustering optimization for energy efficient IoT network: A simple constrastive graph approach","volume":"264","author":"Raj","year":"2025","journal-title":"Expert Syst. Appl."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.adhoc.2026.104260_b7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"413","DOI":"10.1007\/s00607-019-00757-w","article-title":"Effective clustering protocol based on network division for heterogeneous wireless sensor networks","volume":"102","author":"Abidi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Computing"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.adhoc.2026.104260_b8","article-title":"Improved Zonal Stable Election Protocol (IZ-SEP) for hierarchical clustering in heterogeneous wireless sensor networks","volume":"2","author":"Alom","year":"2022","journal-title":"E-Prime Adv. Electr. Eng. Electron. Energy"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.adhoc.2026.104260_b9","article-title":"An improved gateway-based energy-aware multi-hop routing protocol for enhancing lifetime and throughput in heterogeneous WSNs","volume":"116","author":"Benelhouri","year":"2022","journal-title":"Simul. Model. Pr. Theory"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.adhoc.2026.104260_b10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.measen.2022.100538","article-title":"Data aggregation scheme for IoT based wireless sensor network through optimal clustering method","volume":"24","author":"Badiger","year":"2022","journal-title":"Meas. Sensors"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.adhoc.2026.104260_b11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1373","DOI":"10.1080\/00207217.2022.2087919","article-title":"Design of an enhanced threshold sensitive distributed energy efficient clustering routing protocol for WSN-based IoT","volume":"110","author":"Labib","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int. J. Electron."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.adhoc.2026.104260_b12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2127","DOI":"10.1007\/s11277-020-07315-0","article-title":"RaCH: A new radial cluster head selection algorithm for wireless sensor networks","volume":"113","author":"Kardi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Wirel. Pers. Commun."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.adhoc.2026.104260_b13","article-title":"Energy-efficient routing protocol based on zone for heterogeneous wireless sensor networks","volume":"2021","author":"Yanfei","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Electr. Comput. Eng."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.adhoc.2026.104260_b14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1177\/15501329221107246","article-title":"TEZEM: A new energy-efficient routing protocol for next-generation wireless sensor networks","volume":"18","author":"Jaffri","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Distrib. Sens. Netw."},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.adhoc.2026.104260_b15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"679","DOI":"10.1049\/cmu2.12780","article-title":"Secondary cluster head based SEP in heterogeneous WSNs for IoT applications","volume":"18","author":"Hossan","year":"2024","journal-title":"IET Commun."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.adhoc.2026.104260_b16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1049\/wss2.70015","article-title":"Multivariate lifetime prediction model for energy efficient region-based wireless sensor network","volume":"15","author":"Narayan","year":"2025","journal-title":"IET Wirel. Sens. Syst."},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.adhoc.2026.104260_b17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"738","DOI":"10.1007\/s42452-025-07348-9","article-title":"Energy efficient inter-cluster multi-hop communication routing protocol for wireless sensor network based on centralized energy efficient clustering routing protocol","volume":"7","author":"Tewelgne","year":"2025","journal-title":"Discov. Appl. Sci."},{"issue":"14","key":"10.1016\/j.adhoc.2026.104260_b18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6274","DOI":"10.3390\/s23146274","article-title":"A cluster-based energy-efficient secure optimal path-routing protocol for wireless body-area sensor networks","volume":"23","author":"Dass","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.adhoc.2026.104260_b19","article-title":"An enhanced energy efficient protocol for large-scale IoT-based heterogeneous WSNs","volume":"21","author":"Abdul-Qawy","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sci. Afr."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.adhoc.2026.104260_b20","article-title":"Improved Stable Election Protocol with self-controlled mobile sink for energy management in WSNs","author":"Guedmani","year":"2024","journal-title":"Arab. J. Sci. Eng."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.adhoc.2026.104260_b21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6555","DOI":"10.1109\/TNSM.2024.3452414","article-title":"Energy-efficient and latency-aware data routing in small-world internet of drone networks","volume":"21","author":"Yeduri","year":"2024","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Netw. Serv. Manag."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.adhoc.2026.104260_b22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1410","DOI":"10.1109\/JSEN.2025.3631864","article-title":"Improving the performance of heterogeneous LPWANs: An integrated small-world and machine learning approach","volume":"26","author":"Chilamkurthy","year":"2026","journal-title":"IEEE Sens. J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.adhoc.2026.104260_b23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11921","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2025.3650158","article-title":"Energy-efficient cluster-based routing in WSNs using a hybrid GWO-PSO optimization technique","volume":"14","author":"Dhaka","year":"2026","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.adhoc.2026.104260_b24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"467","DOI":"10.3329\/jsr.v13i2.50005","article-title":"EAGBRP: A gateway based routing protocol for heterogeneous wireless sensor networks","volume":"13","author":"Hoque","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Sci. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.adhoc.2026.104260_b25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"132895","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2022.3228576","article-title":"Mobility induced multi-hop LEACH protocol in heterogeneous mobile network","volume":"10","author":"Mohapatra","year":"2022","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.adhoc.2026.104260_b26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"166","DOI":"10.3390\/info13040166","article-title":"An enhanced heterogeneous gateway-based energy-aware multi-hop routing protocol for wireless sensor networks","volume":"13","author":"Jibreel","year":"2022","journal-title":"Information"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.adhoc.2026.104260_b27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1155\/2017\/6457942","article-title":"Energy efficient hierarchical clustering approaches in wireless sensor networks: A survey","volume":"2017","author":"Jan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Wirel. Commun. Mob. Comput."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.adhoc.2026.104260_b28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5132","DOI":"10.1109\/JIOT.2019.2897119","article-title":"Residual energy-based cluster-head selection in WSNs for IoT application","volume":"6","author":"Behera","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Internet Things J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.adhoc.2026.104260_b29","first-page":"10","article-title":"Energy-efficient communication protocol for wireless microsensor networks","volume":"vol. 2000-Jan","author":"Heinzelman","year":"2000"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.adhoc.2026.104260_b30","series-title":"An enhanced stable election protocol (SEP) for clustered heterogeneous WSN","author":"Aderohunmu","year":"2009"}],"container-title":["Ad Hoc Networks"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1570870526001265?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1570870526001265?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,4]],"date-time":"2026-05-04T19:47:07Z","timestamp":1777924027000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S1570870526001265"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,8]]},"references-count":30,"alternative-id":["S1570870526001265"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.adhoc.2026.104260","relation":{},"ISSN":["1570-8705"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1570-8705","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,8]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Gateway-assisted hybrid region-based multi-hop routing for sustainable IoT sensor deployments","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Ad Hoc Networks","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.adhoc.2026.104260","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2026 Elsevier B.V. All rights are reserved, including those for text and data mining, AI training, and similar technologies.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"104260"}}