{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,18]],"date-time":"2026-06-18T21:52:36Z","timestamp":1781819556073,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]],"date-time":"2026-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782864000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]],"date-time":"2026-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782864000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,18]],"date-time":"2026-04-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1776470400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Array"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,7]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.array.2026.100841","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,23]],"date-time":"2026-04-23T15:57:08Z","timestamp":1776959828000},"page":"100841","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"special_numbering":"C","title":["End-to-end automation of email intelligence in OSINT workflows: Architecture and implementation"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"30","author":[{"given":"Bengisu","family":"Aydemir","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6588-9184","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Malek","family":"Malkawi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Reda","family":"Alhajj","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.array.2026.100841_b1","series-title":"The DNIB Quarterly Report Q1 2025: Data and Analysis","year":"2025"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.array.2026.100841_b2","first-page":"112","article-title":"The role of OSINT in cybersecurity analysis","volume":"5","author":"Ahuja","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Cyber Intell"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.array.2026.100841_b3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10282","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2020.2965257","article-title":"The not yet exploited goldmine of OSINT: Opportunities, open challenges and future trends","volume":"8","author":"Pastor-Galindo","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.array.2026.100841_b4","first-page":"189","article-title":"Role of open source intelligence (OSINT) in cybersecurity and threat analysis","volume":"14","author":"Nonum","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int J Latest Technol Eng Manag Appl Sci"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.array.2026.100841_b5","first-page":"89","article-title":"Contextual OSINT for enhanced password guessing","volume":"8","author":"Kanta","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int J Digit Forensics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.array.2026.100841_b6","unstructured":"Bryushinin D, Ivanov P. Automated OSINT pipeline using Python for penetration testing. In: Proceedings of the international conference on cybersecurity. 2022, p. 150\u20138."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.array.2026.100841_b7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Weir GRS. The Limitations of Automating OSINT: Understanding the Question, Not the Answer. In: Proceedings of the European conference on information warfare and security. 2016.","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-802916-9.00009-9"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.array.2026.100841_b8","series-title":"2023 IEEE international conference on cyber security and resilience","first-page":"48","article-title":"A cost-efficient threat intelligence platform powered by crowdsourced OSINT","author":"Daou","year":"2023"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.array.2026.100841_b9","series-title":"2014 IEEE\/ACM international conference on advances in social networks analysis and mining","first-page":"720","article-title":"OSINT for B2B platforms","author":"Pais","year":"2014"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.array.2026.100841_b10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1007\/s10606-022-09453-4","article-title":"Values and value conflicts in the context of OSINT technologies for cybersecurity incident response: A value sensitive design perspective","volume":"33","author":"Riebe","year":"2024","journal-title":"Comput Support Coop Work"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.array.2026.100841_b11","series-title":"Cyber security and social media applications","first-page":"29","article-title":"Parallelized cyber reconnaissance automation: A real-time and scheduled security scanner","author":"Malkawi","year":"2023"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.array.2026.100841_b12","first-page":"15","article-title":"The importance of open-source intelligence in assessing risks of cyberattacks","volume":"55","author":"Rajam\u00e4ki","year":"2024","journal-title":"Inf Secur J: A Glob Perspect"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.array.2026.100841_b13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.5038\/1944-0472.6.3S.3","article-title":"OSINT, new technologies, education: Expanding opportunities and threats. a new paradigm","volume":"6","author":"Benes","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Strat Secur"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.array.2026.100841_b14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"419","DOI":"10.1080\/08850607.2023.2228489","article-title":"Reflexive control as a risk factor for using OSINT: Insights from the Russia\u2013Ukraine conflict","volume":"37","author":"Varzhanskyi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int J Intell CounterIntelligence"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.array.2026.100841_b15","first-page":"312","article-title":"Using machine learning to identify fraudulent email patterns","volume":"16","author":"B\u00f6hm","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Appl Secur Res"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.array.2026.100841_b16","first-page":"112","article-title":"NLP-based detection of malicious email content in OSINT","volume":"6","author":"Ramirez","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int J Cyber Intell"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.array.2026.100841_b17","first-page":"95","article-title":"The long history of OSINT","volume":"23","author":"Block","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Intell Hist"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.array.2026.100841_b18","first-page":"55","article-title":"Enhancing email security with authentication protocols: SPF, DKIM, and DMARC","volume":"4","author":"Herrera-Cubides","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cybersecur Adv"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.array.2026.100841_b19","first-page":"21","article-title":"Validating email structures for OSINT using BytePlant","volume":"9","author":"Szymoniak","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Inf Secur Tools"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.array.2026.100841_b20","series-title":"2024 international conference on smart technologies for sustainable development goals","first-page":"1","article-title":"OPEN EYE: An information gathering tool using OSINT framework","author":"Sermakani","year":"2024"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.array.2026.100841_b21","article-title":"Phishing attacks facilitated by open-source intelligence","volume":"17","author":"Maryam","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int J Comput Inf Eng"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.array.2026.100841_b22","series-title":"Proceedings of the 15th international conference on electronics, computers and artificial intelligence","first-page":"1","article-title":"Mtafinder \u2013 unified OSINT platform for efficient data gathering","author":"Rafail\u0103","year":"2023"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.array.2026.100841_b23","first-page":"78","article-title":"Breach-driven intelligence gathering using public email data","volume":"7","author":"Kim","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cybersecur Forensics Rev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.array.2026.100841_b24","series-title":"2023 8th international conference on computer science and engineering","first-page":"438","article-title":"Towards better cyber security consciousness: The ease and danger of OSINT tools in exposing critical infrastructure vulnerabilities","author":"Pervez","year":"2023"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.array.2026.100841_b25","series-title":"2023 annual international conference on emerging research areas: international conference on intelligent systems (AICERA\/ICIS)","first-page":"1","article-title":"Exploring OSINT for modern day reconnaissance","author":"Ram","year":"2023"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.array.2026.100841_b26","series-title":"SpiderFoot: Automated OSINT framework","author":"SpiderFoot Project","year":"2024"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.array.2026.100841_b27","series-title":"System and method for analyzing web content","author":"Baddour","year":"2006"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.array.2026.100841_b28","series-title":"Malicious software detection in a computing system","author":"Dennison","year":"2020"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.array.2026.100841_b29","series-title":"Relevance-based open source intelligence (OSINT) collection","author":"DelRocco","year":"2011"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.array.2026.100841_b30","series-title":"Beautiful soup documentation, release 4.4.0","author":"Richardson","year":"2014"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.array.2026.100841_b31","first-page":"1","article-title":"Development of an intelligence gathering framework for analysing cyber extremism on social media networks","volume":"18","author":"Berzinji","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cybercrime J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.array.2026.100841_b32","series-title":"A face recognition guestbook: A web application with automated testing using playwright","author":"Ahmed","year":"2025"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.array.2026.100841_b33","series-title":"2025 international conference on inventive computation technologies","first-page":"482","article-title":"Comprehensive email verification and validation: Leveraging SMTP, DNS, and MX records for domain accuracy","author":"Barbadekar","year":"2025"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.array.2026.100841_b34","series-title":"Preventing email forgery in Finland: Research on the current SPF and DMARC implementations","author":"Kontinen","year":"2020"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.array.2026.100841_b35","unstructured":"Leiba B, Fenton J. DomainKeys Identified Mail (DKIM): Using Digital Signatures for Domain Verification. In: Proceedings of a conference or workshop. 2007."}],"container-title":["Array"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S2590005626001645?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S2590005626001645?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,18]],"date-time":"2026-06-18T21:03:06Z","timestamp":1781816586000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S2590005626001645"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,7]]},"references-count":35,"alternative-id":["S2590005626001645"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.array.2026.100841","relation":{},"ISSN":["2590-0056"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2590-0056","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,7]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"End-to-end automation of email intelligence in OSINT workflows: Architecture and implementation","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Array","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.array.2026.100841","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2026 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Inc.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"100841"}}