{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,2]],"date-time":"2026-08-02T19:51:50Z","timestamp":1785700310789,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]],"date-time":"2026-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782864000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]],"date-time":"2026-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782864000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,26]],"date-time":"2026-05-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1779753600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003103","name":"Federal Roads Office FEDRO","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003103","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Array"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,7]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.array.2026.100951","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,1]],"date-time":"2026-06-01T11:39:05Z","timestamp":1780313945000},"page":"100951","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Perception uncertainty as an early indicator of image sensor aging"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"30","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6739-3035","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ksenia","family":"Klionovska","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Miriam","family":"Elser","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.array.2026.100951_b1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.19206\/CE-209703","article-title":"Camera systems \u2013 key technology for ADAS in autonomous vehicles","volume":"203","author":"Babuchowska","year":"2025","journal-title":"Combust Engines"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.array.2026.100951_b2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/eng6070153","article-title":"Vision-based navigation and perception for autonomous robots: Sensors, SLAM, control strategies, and cross-domain applications\u2014A review","volume":"6","author":"Rodr\u00edguez-Mart\u00ednez","year":"2025","journal-title":"Eng","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/2673-4117","issn-type":"print"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.array.2026.100951_b3","series-title":"CMOS\/CCD sensors and camera systems","author":"Holst","year":"2011"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.array.2026.100951_b4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11842","DOI":"10.1109\/TPAMI.2023.3274826","article-title":"Fixed pattern noise removal based on a semi-calibration method","volume":"45","author":"Song","year":"2023","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Pattern Anal Mach Intell"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.array.2026.100951_b5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sapatnekar SS. What happens when circuits grow old: Aging issues in CMOS design. In: 2013 international symposium on VLSI design, automation, and test. 2013, p. 1\u20132.","DOI":"10.1109\/VLDI-DAT.2013.6533827"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.array.2026.100951_b6","series-title":"High-level numerical simulations of noise in CCD and CMOS photosensors: Review and tutorial","author":"Konnik","year":"2014"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.array.2026.100951_b7","unstructured":"Michaelis C, Mitzkus B, Geirhos R, Rusak E, Bringmann O, Ecker AS, Bethge M, Brendel W. Benchmarking Robustness in Object Detection. In: Proceedings of the European conference on computer vision. 2018, p. 691\u2013708."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.array.2026.100951_b8","unstructured":"Hendrycks D, Dietterich T. Benchmarking Neural Network Robustness to Common Corruptions and Perturbations. In: Proceedings of the international conference on learning representations. 2019."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.array.2026.100951_b9","series-title":"UN regulation no. 157: Uniform provisions concerning the approval of vehicles with regard to automated lane keeping systems, addendum 156, revision 1","author":"United Nations Economic Commission for Europe","year":"2025"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.array.2026.100951_b10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chapman GH, Thomas R, Meneses KJCS, Koren I, Koren Z. Image Degradation from Hot Pixel Defects with Pixel Size Shrinkage. In: Proceedings of the iS&t international symposium on electronic imaging: image sensors and imaging systems. 2019, 359\u20131\u2013359\u20137.","DOI":"10.2352\/ISSN.2470-1173.2019.9.IMSE-359"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.array.2026.100951_b11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.optlaseng.2025.109396","article-title":"Evaluating optical performance degradation of automotive cameras under accelerated aging","volume":"196","author":"Pandey","year":"2026","journal-title":"Opt Lasers Eng"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.array.2026.100951_b12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105951","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rineng.2025.105951","article-title":"Estimating the effect of age-induced defocus on object detection performance of automotive cameras","volume":"27","author":"Pandey","year":"2025","journal-title":"Results Eng","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/2590-1230","issn-type":"print"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.array.2026.100951_b13","series-title":"The effects of accelerated aging on optical components: Application to vehicle camera systems","author":"Baric","year":"2019"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.array.2026.100951_b14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"514","DOI":"10.3390\/s18020514","article-title":"Nuclear radiation degradation study on HD camera based on CMOS image sensor at different dose rates","volume":"18","author":"Wang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.array.2026.100951_b15","article-title":"Long-term stability of scientific X-ray CMOS detectors","volume":"1072","author":"Liu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nucl Instruments Methods Phys Res Sect A: Accel Spectrometers Detect Assoc Equip"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.array.2026.100951_b16","series-title":"Temporal image forensics: A review and critical evaluation","author":"J\u00f6chl","year":"2025"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.array.2026.100951_b17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1007\/s42154-021-00154-0","article-title":"Uncertainty evaluation of object detection algorithms for autonomous vehicles","volume":"4","author":"Peng","year":"2021","journal-title":"Automot Innov"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.array.2026.100951_b18","series-title":"Proceedings of the European conference on computer vision workshops","first-page":"27","article-title":"Localization uncertainty estimation for anchor-free object detection","author":"Lee","year":"2022"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.array.2026.100951_b19","series-title":"Statistical methods for reliability data","isbn-type":"print","author":"Meeker","year":"1998","ISBN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/isbn\/9780471143284"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.array.2026.100951_b20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"552","DOI":"10.1214\/088342306000000321","article-title":"A review of accelerated test models","volume":"21","author":"Escobar","year":"2006","journal-title":"Statist Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.array.2026.100951_b21","series-title":"Reliability engineering and risk analysis: A practical guide","isbn-type":"print","author":"Modarres","year":"2016","ISBN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/isbn\/9781498745871"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.array.2026.100951_b22","article-title":"Accelerated real-life (ARL) testing and characterization of automotive LiDAR sensors to facilitate the development and validation of enhanced sensor models","author":"Kettelgerdes","year":"2023","journal-title":"9th Symposium Driving Simulation"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.array.2026.100951_b23","series-title":"What quality engineers need to know about degradation models","author":"Clark","year":"2025"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.array.2026.100951_b24","article-title":"Impact of sensor degradation on measurement uncertainty in prognostics and maintenance decision-making: State of the art and challenges","volume":"16","author":"Thai","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int J Progn Health Manag"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.array.2026.100951_b25","series-title":"Defect pixel correction","author":"Basler","year":"2026"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.array.2026.100951_b26","series-title":"VG6640, VD6640: High dynamic range image sensor datasheet","author":"STMicroelectronics","year":"2018"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.array.2026.100951_b27","series-title":"OX03F10 automotive image sensor product information","author":"OMNIVISION","year":"2026"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.array.2026.100951_b28","series-title":"Image sensor terminology","author":"onsemi","year":"2021"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.array.2026.100951_b29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1177\/0278364916679498","article-title":"1 year, 1000km: The oxford RobotCar dataset","volume":"36","author":"Maddern","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int J Robot Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.array.2026.100951_b30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Caesar H, Bankiti V, Lang AH, Vora S, Liong VE, Xu Q, Krishnan A, Pan Y, Baldan G, Beijbom O. nuScenes: A Multimodal Dataset for Autonomous Driving. In: Proceedings of the IEEE\/CVF conference on computer vision and pattern recognition. 2020, p. 11618\u201328.","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR42600.2020.01164"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.array.2026.100951_b31","article-title":"The OpenCV library","author":"Bradski","year":"2000","journal-title":"Dr Dobb\u2019s J Softw Tools"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.array.2026.100951_b32","article-title":"Faster R-CNN: Towards real-time object detection with region proposal networks","volume":"vol. 28","author":"Ren","year":"2015"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.array.2026.100951_b33","series-title":"YOLOv8","author":"Jocher","year":"2023"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.array.2026.100951_b34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tian Z, Shen C, Chen H, He T. FCOS: Fully Convolutional One-Stage Object Detection. In: Proceedings of the IEEE\/CVF international conference on computer vision. 2019, p. 9627\u201336.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICCV.2019.00972"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.array.2026.100951_b35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Carion N, Massa F, Synnaeve G, Usunier N, Kirillov A, Zagoruyko S. End-to-End Object Detection with Transformers. In: Proceedings of the European conference on computer vision. 2020, p. 213\u201329.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-58452-8_13"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.array.2026.100951_b36","series-title":"Computer vision - ECCV 2014","first-page":"740","article-title":"Microsoft COCO: Common objects in context","author":"Lin","year":"2014"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.array.2026.100951_b37","article-title":"Monitoring and adapting the physical state of a camera for autonomous vehicles","author":"Wischow","year":"2023","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Intell Transp Syst"}],"container-title":["Array"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S2590005626002742?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S2590005626002742?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,2]],"date-time":"2026-08-02T19:17:31Z","timestamp":1785698251000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S2590005626002742"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,7]]},"references-count":37,"alternative-id":["S2590005626002742"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.array.2026.100951","relation":{},"ISSN":["2590-0056"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2590-0056","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,7]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Perception uncertainty as an early indicator of image sensor aging","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Array","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.array.2026.100951","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2026 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Inc.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"100951"}}