{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,31]],"date-time":"2026-07-31T08:58:27Z","timestamp":1785488307273,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788220800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788220800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788220800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-017"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788220800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788220800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-012"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788220800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788220800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-004"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100030708","name":"Artificial and Natural Intelligence Toulouse Institute","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100030708","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Artificial Intelligence"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.artint.2026.104588","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,13]],"date-time":"2026-07-13T06:26:26Z","timestamp":1783923986000},"page":"104588","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Causal explanations of safety property violations in discrete event systems"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"358","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8852-1964","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gregor","family":"G\u00f6ssler","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thomas","family":"Mari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2970-914X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yannick","family":"Pencol\u00e9","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5322-8418","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Louise","family":"Trav\u00e9-Massuy\u00e8s","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.artint.2026.104588_bib0001","series-title":"Explanatory diagnosis: Conjecturing actions to explain observations","first-page":"155","author":"Mcllraith","year":"1999"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.artint.2026.104588_bib0002","series-title":"IARCS Annual Conference on Foundations of Software Technology and Theoretical Computer Science (FSTTCS 2012)","first-page":"276","article-title":"Graphs, rewriting and pathway reconstruction for rule-based models","volume":"Vol. 18","author":"Danos","year":"2012"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.artint.2026.104588_bib0003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1007\/s10009-004-0146-9","article-title":"Fate and free will in error traces","volume":"6","author":"Jin","year":"2004","journal-title":"STTT"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.artint.2026.104588_bib0004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.artint.2018.07.007","article-title":"Explanation in artificial intelligence: insights from the social sciences","volume":"267","author":"Miller","year":"2019","journal-title":"Artif. Intell."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.artint.2026.104588_bib0005","series-title":"Reasoning Web. Explainable Artificial Intelligence","first-page":"277","article-title":"Explainable AI planning (XAIP): overview and the case of contrastive explanation","author":"Hoffmann","year":"2019"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.artint.2026.104588_bib0006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.artint.2022.103705","article-title":"Special issue on explainable artificial intelligence (XAI)","volume":"307","author":"Miller","year":"2022","journal-title":"Artif. Intell."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.artint.2026.104588_bib0007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1007\/s12559-023-10179-8","article-title":"Interpreting black-box models: a review on explainable artificial intelligence","volume":"16","author":"Hassija","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cogn. Comput."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.artint.2026.104588_bib0008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.1017\/S1471068418000534","article-title":"Answering the \u201cwhy\u201d in answer set programming\u2013A survey of explanation approaches","volume":"19","author":"Fandinno","year":"2019","journal-title":"Theory Pract. Log. Program."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.artint.2026.104588_bib0009","series-title":"Readings in Model-based Diagnosis","year":"1992"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.artint.2026.104588_bib0010","series-title":"Fault Diagnosis of Dynamic Systems: Quantitative and Qualitative Approaches","year":"2019"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.artint.2026.104588_bib0011","series-title":"A Guided Tour of Artificial Intelligence Research","first-page":"673","article-title":"Diagnosis and supervision: model-based approaches","author":"Cordier","year":"2020"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.artint.2026.104588_bib0012","series-title":"Counterfactuals","author":"Lewis","year":"2000"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.artint.2026.104588_bib0013","series-title":"Causality: Models, Reasoning, and Inference","author":"Pearl","year":"2009"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.artint.2026.104588_bib0014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"843","DOI":"10.1093\/bjps\/axi147","article-title":"Causes and explanations: a structural-Model approach. Part I: causes","volume":"56","author":"Halpern","year":"2005","journal-title":"Br. J. Philos. Sci."},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.artint.2026.104588_bib0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1555","DOI":"10.1109\/9.412626","article-title":"Diagnosability of discrete-event systems","volume":"40","author":"Sampath","year":"1995","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Autom. Control"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.artint.2026.104588_bib0016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1016\/S0004-3702(99)00019-3","article-title":"Diagnosis of large active systems","volume":"110","author":"Baroni","year":"1999","journal-title":"Artif. Intell."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.artint.2026.104588_bib0017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"308","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arcontrol.2013.09.009","article-title":"Overview of fault diagnosis methods for discrete event systems","volume":"37","author":"Zaytoon","year":"2013","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Control"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.artint.2026.104588_bib0018","series-title":"35th International Conference on Principles of Diagnosis and Resilient Systems (DX 2024)","article-title":"Challenges for model-based diagnosis","author":"Pill","year":"2024"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.artint.2026.104588_bib0019","series-title":"DX\u201919 - 30th International Workshop on Principles of Diagnosis","first-page":"1","article-title":"Towards Causal Explanations of Property Violations in Discrete Event Systems","author":"G\u00f6ssler","year":"2019"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.artint.2026.104588_bib0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1109\/MC.1993.274940","article-title":"An investigation of the Therac-25 accidents","volume":"26","author":"Leveson","year":"1993","journal-title":"Computer"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.artint.2026.104588_bib0021","series-title":"Introduction to Algorithms","author":"Cormen","year":"2009"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.artint.2026.104588_bib0022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1016\/j.artint.2005.01.002","article-title":"A formal framework for the decentralised diagnosis of large scale discrete event systems and its application to telecommunication networks","volume":"164","author":"Pencol\u00e9","year":"2005","journal-title":"Artif. Intell."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.artint.2026.104588_bib0023","series-title":"Twenty-Ninth International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence and Seventeenth Pacific Rim International Conference on Artificial Intelligence IJCAI\u2212PRICAI\u221220","first-page":"1884","article-title":"Model-based synthesis of incremental and correct estimators for discrete event systems","author":"Roussel","year":"2020"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.artint.2026.104588_bib0024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"934","DOI":"10.1109\/TAC.2004.829616","article-title":"Failure diagnosis of discrete-event systems with linear-time temporal logic specifications","volume":"49","author":"Jiang","year":"2004","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Autom. Control"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.artint.2026.104588_bib0025","series-title":"2006 8th International Workshop on Discrete Event Systems","first-page":"262","article-title":"Supervision patterns in discrete event systems diagnosis","author":"J\u00e9ron","year":"2006"},{"issue":"22","key":"10.1016\/j.artint.2026.104588_bib0026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.3182\/20130904-3-UK-4041.00039","article-title":"Supervision patterns: formal diagnosability checking by Petri net unfolding","volume":"46","author":"Gougam","year":"2013","journal-title":"IFAC Proc. Vol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.artint.2026.104588_bib0027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.1016\/j.artint.2024.104116","article-title":"Critical observations in model-based diagnosis","volume":"331","author":"Christopher","year":"2024","journal-title":"Artif. Intell."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.artint.2026.104588_bib0028","series-title":"Gandalf","first-page":"31","article-title":"Computing the reveals relation in occurrence nets","volume":"vol. 54","author":"Haar","year":"2011"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.artint.2026.104588_bib0029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"L. Console, P. Torasso, A spectrum of logical definitions of model-based diagnosis, Comput. Intell. 7(3) 133\u2013141. 10.1111\/j.1467-8640.1991.tb00388.x.","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-8640.1991.tb00388.x"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.artint.2026.104588_bib0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1016\/S0004-3702(98)00044-7","article-title":"A spectrum of definitions for temporal model-based diagnosis","volume":"102","author":"Brusoni","year":"1998","journal-title":"Artif. Intell."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.artint.2026.104588_bib0031","first-page":"1","article-title":"Applying algorithm selection to abductive diagnostic reasoning","author":"Koitz-Hristov","year":"2018","journal-title":"Appl. Intell."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.artint.2026.104588_bib0032","series-title":"ICAPS 2022 Workshop on Explainable AI Planning","article-title":"Interactive explanations of agent behavior","author":"Amitai","year":"2022"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.artint.2026.104588_bib0033","series-title":"Fundamentals of Software Engineering - 7th International Conference, FSEN 2017, Tehran, Iran, April 26\u201328, 2017, Revised Selected Papers","first-page":"20","article-title":"Debugging of concurrent systems using counterexample analysis","author":"Barbon","year":"2017"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.artint.2026.104588_bib0034","series-title":"Proceedings of the 13th International Symposium on Games, Automata, Logics and Formal Verification, GandALF 2022, Madrid, Spain, September 21\u201323, 2022","first-page":"178","article-title":"Avoid one\u2019s doom: finding cliff-edge configurations in petri nets","volume":"Vol. 370","author":"Aguirre-Sambon\u00ed","year":"2022"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.artint.2026.104588_bib0035","series-title":"SAFECOMP","first-page":"71","article-title":"From probabilistic counterexamples via causality to fault trees","volume":"Vol. 6894","author":"Kuntz","year":"2011"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.artint.2026.104588_bib0036","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1007\/s10703-011-0132-2","article-title":"Explaining counterexamples using causality","volume":"40","author":"Beer","year":"2012","journal-title":"Form. Methods Syst. Des."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.artint.2026.104588_bib0037","series-title":"Automated Technology for Verification and Analysis - 20th International Symposium, ATVA 2022, Virtual Event, October 25\u201328, 2022, Proceedings","first-page":"208","article-title":"Temporal causality in reactive systems","volume":"Vol. 13505","author":"Coenen","year":"2022"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.artint.2026.104588_bib0038","series-title":"Software Engineering and Formal Methods - 21st International Conference, SEFM 2023, Eindhoven, the Netherlands, November 6\u201310, 2023, Proceedings","first-page":"282","article-title":"A formalization of heisenbugs and their causes","volume":"14323","author":"Sallinger","year":"2023"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.artint.2026.104588_bib0039","series-title":"Proc. 14th International Symposium on Games, Automata, Logics, and Formal Verification, GandALF 2023","first-page":"132","article-title":"Counterfactual causality for reachability and safety based on distance functions","author":"Parreaux","year":"2023"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.artint.2026.104588_bib0040","series-title":"Proc. AAAI 2024","first-page":"20320","article-title":"Backward responsibility in transition systems using general power indices","author":"Baier","year":"2024"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.artint.2026.104588_bib0041","series-title":"The Relation Between Forward-Looking and Backward-Looking Responsibility","first-page":"37","author":"van de Poel","year":"2011"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.artint.2026.104588_bib0042","series-title":"Conference on Causal Learning and Reasoning","first-page":"90","article-title":"Causal explanations and XAI","author":"Beckers","year":"2022"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.artint.2026.104588_bib0043","article-title":"Explainable planning","author":"Fox","year":"2017","journal-title":"CoRR"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.artint.2026.104588_bib0044","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"T. Chakraborti, S. Sreedharan, S. Kambhampati, The emerging landscape of explainable AI planning and decision making, (2020). 10.48550\/arXiv.2002.11697.","DOI":"10.24963\/ijcai.2020\/669"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.artint.2026.104588_bib0045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.56947\/amcs.v28.547","article-title":"A survey of feature attribution techniques in explainable AI: taxonomy, analysis and comparison","volume":"28","author":"Nazir","year":"2025","journal-title":"Ann. Math. Comput. Sci."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.artint.2026.104588_bib0046","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/aisy.202400304","article-title":"A perspective on explainable artificial intelligence methods: SHAP and LIME","volume":"7","author":"Salih","year":"2025","journal-title":"Adv. Intell. Syst."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.artint.2026.104588_bib0047","series-title":"31st International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence (IJCAI 2022)","article-title":"Axiomatic foundations of explainability","author":"Amgoud","year":"2022"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.artint.2026.104588_bib0048","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijar.2023.01.004","article-title":"Explaining black-box classifiers: properties and functions","volume":"155","author":"Amgoud","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int. J. Approx. Reason."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.artint.2026.104588_bib0049","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2770","DOI":"10.1007\/s10618-022-00831-6","article-title":"Counterfactual explanations and how to find them: literature review and benchmarking","volume":"38","author":"Guidotti","year":"2024","journal-title":"Data Min. Knowl. Discov."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.artint.2026.104588_bib0050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1109\/TSC.2025.3609837","article-title":"Generating feasible and plausible counterfactual explanations for outcome prediction of business processes","author":"Stevens","year":"2025","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Serv. Comput."}],"container-title":["Artificial Intelligence"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0004370226001141?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0004370226001141?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,31]],"date-time":"2026-07-31T08:13:48Z","timestamp":1785485628000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0004370226001141"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]},"references-count":50,"alternative-id":["S0004370226001141"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.artint.2026.104588","relation":{},"ISSN":["0004-3702"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0004-3702","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Causal explanations of safety property violations in discrete event systems","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Artificial Intelligence","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.artint.2026.104588","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2026 Elsevier B.V. All rights are reserved, including those for text and data mining, AI training, and similar technologies.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"104588"}}