{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,21]],"date-time":"2026-03-21T00:12:21Z","timestamp":1774051941024,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,1]],"date-time":"2026-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1775001600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,1]],"date-time":"2026-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1775001600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,23]],"date-time":"2026-02-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1771804800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000780","name":"European Commission","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000780","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100031478","name":"NextGenerationEU","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100031478","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100007065","name":"Nvidia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100007065","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100031060","name":"European High Performance Computing Joint Undertaking","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100031060","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Astronomy and Computing"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,4]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.ascom.2026.101088","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,24]],"date-time":"2026-02-24T00:15:26Z","timestamp":1771892126000},"page":"101088","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"special_numbering":"C","title":["The PLUTO code on GPUs: Offloading Lagrangian Particle methods"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"55","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-1889-6239","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alessio","family":"Suriano","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Stefano","family":"Truzzi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Agnese","family":"Costa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Marco","family":"Rossazza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Nitin","family":"Shukla","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Andrea","family":"Mignone","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Vittoria","family":"Berta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Claudio","family":"Zanni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.ascom.2026.101088_b1","series-title":"International Cosmic Ray Conference","first-page":"132","article-title":"The acceleration of cosmic rays by shock waves","volume":"Vol. 11","author":"Axford","year":"1977"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ascom.2026.101088_b2","series-title":"Plasma Physics via Computer Simulation","author":"Birdsall","year":"1991"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ascom.2026.101088_b3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1086\/157262","article-title":"Relativistic jets as compact radio sources","volume":"232","author":"Blandford","year":"1979","journal-title":"Astrophys. J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ascom.2026.101088_b4","series-title":"CUDA C++ best practices guide","year":"2025"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ascom.2026.101088_b5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"236","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcp.2014.03.009","article-title":"Two-way coupling of a global hall magnetohydrodynamics model with a local implicit particle-in-cell model","volume":"268","author":"Daldorff","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Comput. Phys."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ascom.2026.101088_b6","series-title":"An Introduction to Magnetohydrodynamics","author":"Davidson","year":"2001"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.ascom.2026.101088_b7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"973","DOI":"10.1088\/0034-4885\/46\/8\/002","article-title":"REVIEW ARTICLE: An introduction to the theory of diffusive shock acceleration of energetic particles in tenuous plasmas","volume":"46","author":"Drury","year":"1983","journal-title":"Rep. Progr. Phys."},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.ascom.2026.101088_b8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1169","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRev.75.1169","article-title":"On the origin of the cosmic radiation","volume":"75","author":"Fermi","year":"1949","journal-title":"Phys. Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ascom.2026.101088_b9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"A5","DOI":"10.1051\/0004-6361\/202142546","article-title":"Modelling X-shaped radio galaxies: Dynamical and emission signatures from the back-flow model","volume":"662","author":"Giri","year":"2022","journal-title":"Astron. Astrophys."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ascom.2026.101088_b10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1137\/1025002","article-title":"On upstream differencing and godunov-type schemes for hyperbolic conservation laws","volume":"25","author":"Harten","year":"1983","journal-title":"SIAM Rev."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.ascom.2026.101088_b11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1038\/s42254-021-00419-x","article-title":"Magnetic reconnection in the era of exascale computing and multiscale experiments","volume":"4","author":"Ji","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Phys."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ascom.2026.101088_b12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1086\/306772","article-title":"Simulating electron transport and synchrotron emission in radio galaxies: Shock acceleration and synchrotron aging in axisymmetric flows","volume":"512","author":"Jones","year":"1999","journal-title":"Astrophys. J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ascom.2026.101088_b13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"694","DOI":"10.1086\/162356","article-title":"Confinement of the crab pulsar\u2019s wind by its supernova remnant","volume":"283","author":"Kennel","year":"1984","journal-title":"Astrophys. J."},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.ascom.2026.101088_b14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevLett.94.111102","article-title":"Energy spectrum of particles accelerated in relativistic collisionless shocks","volume":"94","author":"Keshet","year":"2005","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. Lett."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ascom.2026.101088_b15","first-page":"327","article-title":"A regular mechanism for the acceleration of charged particles on the front of a shock wave","volume":"22","author":"Krymskii","year":"1977","journal-title":"Sov. Phys. Dokl."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.ascom.2026.101088_b16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1599","DOI":"10.1063\/1.872827","article-title":"Magnetic reconnection in a magnetohydrodynamic plasma","volume":"5","author":"Kulsrud","year":"1998","journal-title":"Phys. Plasmas"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ascom.2026.101088_b17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"A138","DOI":"10.1051\/0004-6361\/202244251","article-title":"A numerical study of the interplay between Fermi acceleration mechanisms in radio lobes of FR-ii radio galaxies","volume":"667","author":"Kundu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Astron. Astrophys."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ascom.2026.101088_b18","series-title":"The Hybrid Multiscale Simulation Technology: An Introduction with Application to Astrophysical and Laboratory Plasmas","author":"Lipatov","year":"2002"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ascom.2026.101088_b19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cpc.2017.08.003","article-title":"Two-way coupling of magnetohydrodynamic simulations with embedded particle-in-cell simulations","volume":"221","author":"Makwana","year":"2017","journal-title":"Comput. Phys. Comm."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.ascom.2026.101088_b20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5418","DOI":"10.1093\/mnras\/stad3092","article-title":"A polarization study of jets interacting with turbulent magnetic fields","volume":"526","author":"Meenakshi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ascom.2026.101088_b21","series-title":"MPI: A Message-Passing Interface","author":"Message Passing Interface Forum","year":"2025"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ascom.2026.101088_b22","first-page":"323","article-title":"Diffusive shock acceleration in extragalactic jets","volume":"349","author":"Micono","year":"1999","journal-title":"Astron. Astrophys."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ascom.2026.101088_b23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"228","DOI":"10.1086\/513316","article-title":"PLUTO: A numerical code for computational astrophysics","volume":"170","author":"Mignone","year":"2007","journal-title":"Astrophys. J. Suppl."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ascom.2026.101088_b24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.3847\/1538-4357\/aabccd","article-title":"A particle module for the PLUTO code. I. An implementation of the MHD-pic equations","volume":"859","author":"Mignone","year":"2018","journal-title":"Astrophys. J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ascom.2026.101088_b25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcp.2020.109748","article-title":"Systematic construction of upwind constrained transport schemes for MHD","volume":"424","author":"Mignone","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Comput. Phys."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.ascom.2026.101088_b26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1142","DOI":"10.1088\/0004-637X\/696\/2\/1142","article-title":"Spectral evolution of superluminal components in parsec-scale jets","volume":"696","author":"Mimica","year":"2009","journal-title":"Astrophys. J."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.ascom.2026.101088_b27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2267","DOI":"10.1093\/mnras\/stab1327","article-title":"Simulating the dynamics and synchrotron emission from relativistic jets - II. Evolution of non-thermal electrons","volume":"505","author":"Mukherjee","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ascom.2026.101088_b28","series-title":"OpenACC","year":"1999"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ascom.2026.101088_b29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1086\/425167","article-title":"Shear acceleration in relativistic astrophysical jets","volume":"617","author":"Rieger","year":"2004","journal-title":"Astrophys. J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ascom.2026.101088_b30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ascom.2026.101076","article-title":"The PLUTO code on GPUs: A first look at Eulerian MHD methods","volume":"55","author":"Rossazza","year":"2026","journal-title":"Astron. Comput."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ascom.2026.101088_b31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"A296","DOI":"10.1051\/0004-6361\/202554490","article-title":"The polarization of the synchrotron radiation from a recollimated jet: Application to high-energy BL lacs","volume":"699","author":"Sciaccaluga","year":"2025","journal-title":"Astron. Astrophys."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ascom.2026.101088_b32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1016\/j.procs.2025.08.238","article-title":"Towards exascale computing for astrophysical simulation leveraging the leonardo EuroHPC system","author":"Shukla","year":"2025","journal-title":"Procedia Comput. Sci."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ascom.2026.101088_b33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1088\/0004-637X\/809\/1\/29","article-title":"Rapid cosmic-ray acceleration at perpendicular shocks in supernova remnants","volume":"809","author":"Takamoto","year":"2015","journal-title":"Astrophys. J."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.ascom.2026.101088_b34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.3847\/1538-4357\/aadd17","article-title":"A particle module for the PLUTO code. II. Hybrid framework for modeling nonthermal emission from relativistic magnetized flows","volume":"865","author":"Vaidya","year":"2018","journal-title":"Astrophys. J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ascom.2026.101088_b35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1112","DOI":"10.1086\/167462","article-title":"The diffusion approximation and transport theory for cosmic rays in relativistic flows","volume":"340","author":"Webb","year":"1989","journal-title":"Astrophys. J."}],"container-title":["Astronomy and Computing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S2213133726000302?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S2213133726000302?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,20]],"date-time":"2026-03-20T23:41:37Z","timestamp":1774050097000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S2213133726000302"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,4]]},"references-count":35,"alternative-id":["S2213133726000302"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ascom.2026.101088","relation":{},"ISSN":["2213-1337"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2213-1337","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,4]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"The PLUTO code on GPUs: Offloading Lagrangian Particle methods","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Astronomy and Computing","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ascom.2026.101088","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2026 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"101088"}}