{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,5]],"date-time":"2026-06-05T12:07:16Z","timestamp":1780661236860,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":80,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,1]],"date-time":"2026-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785542400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,1]],"date-time":"2026-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785542400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,1]],"date-time":"2026-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785542400000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-017"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,1]],"date-time":"2026-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785542400000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,1]],"date-time":"2026-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785542400000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-012"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,1]],"date-time":"2026-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785542400000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,1]],"date-time":"2026-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785542400000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-004"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003141","name":"Secretar\u00eda de Ciencia, Humanidades, Tecnolog\u00eda e Innovaci\u00f3n","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003141","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Applied Soft Computing"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,8]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.asoc.2026.115378","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,2]],"date-time":"2026-05-02T22:57:17Z","timestamp":1777762637000},"page":"115378","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Unsupervised learning in the bio-inspired online optimization for robust tuning of brushless motor control under dynamic constraints"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"199","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7565-8128","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Miguel Gabriel","family":"Villarreal-Cervantes","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0942-7417","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alam Gabriel","family":"Rojas-L\u00f3pez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6901-3833","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alejandro","family":"Rodr\u00edguez-Molina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2856-9648","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Omar","family":"Serrano-P\u00e9rez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7540-489X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ram\u00f3n","family":"Silva-Ortigoza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0725-4970","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Roberto","family":"Castro-Medina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.asoc.2026.115378_bib0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1223","DOI":"10.1016\/S0967-0661(02)00081-3","article-title":"Evolutionary algorithms in control systems engineering: a survey","volume":"10","author":"Fleming","year":"2002","journal-title":"Control Eng. Pract."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.asoc.2026.115378_bib0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.3182\/20050703-6-CZ-1902.00868","article-title":"Evolutionary algorithms in control system engineering","volume":"38","author":"Lewin","year":"2005","journal-title":"IFAC Proc."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.asoc.2026.115378_bib0015","series-title":"Controller Tuning with Evolutionary Multiobjective Optimization: A Holistic Multiobjective Optimization Design Procedure","author":"Reynoso-Meza","year":"2017"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.asoc.2026.115378_bib0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.asoc.2020.106342","article-title":"Multi-objective meta-heuristic optimization in intelligent control: a survey on the controller tuning problem","volume":"93","author":"Rodr\u00edguez-Molina","year":"2020","journal-title":"Appl. Soft Comput."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.asoc.2026.115378_bib0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2022.e09399","article-title":"Metaheuristic algorithms for PID controller parameters tuning: review, approaches and open problems","volume":"8","author":"Joseph","year":"2022","journal-title":"Heliyon"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.asoc.2026.115378_bib0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2022.117866","article-title":"A search algorithm for constrained engineering optimization and tuning the gains of controllers","volume":"206","author":"Nekoo","year":"2022","journal-title":"Expert Syst. Appl."},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.asoc.2026.115378_bib0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/app8112076","article-title":"Online adaptive controller based on dynamic evolution strategies","volume":"8","author":"Fister","year":"2018","journal-title":"Appl. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.asoc.2026.115378_bib0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"138976","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2021.3118658","article-title":"Novel asynchronous activation of the bio-inspired adaptive tuning in the speed controller: study case in DC motors","volume":"9","author":"Villarreal-Cervantes","year":"2021","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.asoc.2026.115378_bib0045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"444","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2016.08.013","article-title":"Off-line PID control tuning for a planar parallel robot using de variants","volume":"64","author":"Villarreal-Cervantes","year":"2016","journal-title":"Expert Syst. Appl."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.asoc.2026.115378_bib0050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20393","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2017.2757959","article-title":"Multi-objective on-line optimization approach for the DC motor controller tuning using differential evolution","volume":"5","author":"Villarreal-Cervantes","year":"2017","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.asoc.2026.115378_bib0055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1427","DOI":"10.1007\/s00500-010-0681-0","article-title":"Optimization in dynamic environments: a survey on problems, methods and measures","volume":"15","author":"Cruz","year":"2011","journal-title":"Soft Comput."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.asoc.2026.115378_bib0060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.swevo.2012.05.001","article-title":"Evolutionary dynamic optimization: a survey of the state of the art","volume":"6","author":"Nguyen","year":"2012","journal-title":"Swarm Evol. Comput."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.asoc.2026.115378_bib0065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.swevo.2016.12.005","article-title":"A survey of swarm intelligence for dynamic optimization: algorithms and applications","volume":"33","author":"Mavrovouniotis","year":"2017","journal-title":"Swarm Evol. Comput."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.asoc.2026.115378_bib0070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ins.2023.119359","article-title":"A network community-based differential evolution for multimodal optimization problems","volume":"645","author":"Chen","year":"2023","journal-title":"Inf. Sci."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.asoc.2026.115378_bib0075","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1016\/j.swevo.2011.05.005","article-title":"Real-parameter evolutionary multimodal optimization \u2014 a survey of the state-of-the-art","volume":"1","author":"Das","year":"2011","journal-title":"Swarm Evol. Comput."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.asoc.2026.115378_bib0080","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.asoc.2023.111105","article-title":"Solving multimodal optimization problems by a knowledge-driven brain storm optimization algorithm","volume":"150","author":"Cheng","year":"2024","journal-title":"Appl. Soft Comput."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.asoc.2026.115378_bib0085","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4283","DOI":"10.1109\/TSMC.2018.2847608","article-title":"Multiple-solution optimization strategy for multirobot task allocation","volume":"50","author":"Huang","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Syst. Man Cybern. Syst."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.asoc.2026.115378_bib0090","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3477","DOI":"10.1109\/TAP.2021.3137272","article-title":"Optimization of electromagnetic metasurface parameters satisfying far-field criteria","volume":"70","author":"Pearson","year":"2022","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.asoc.2026.115378_bib0095","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1667","DOI":"10.1109\/TMAG.2011.2106218","article-title":"A novel multimodal optimization algorithm applied to electromagnetic optimization","volume":"47","author":"Woo","year":"2011","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Magn."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.asoc.2026.115378_bib0100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"417","DOI":"10.1109\/TEVC.2021.3095481","article-title":"MO4: a many-objective evolutionary algorithm for protein structure prediction","volume":"26","author":"Lei","year":"2022","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Evol. Comput."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.asoc.2026.115378_bib0105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"346","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ins.2017.08.023","article-title":"Consolidated optimization algorithm for resource-constrained project scheduling problems","volume":"418\u2013419","author":"Elsayed","year":"2017","journal-title":"Inf. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.asoc.2026.115378_bib0110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1016\/j.asoc.2018.11.002","article-title":"Bio-inspired adaptive control strategy for the highly efficient speed regulation of the DC motor under parametric uncertainty","volume":"75","author":"Rodr\u00edguez-Molina","year":"2019","journal-title":"Appl. Soft Comput."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.asoc.2026.115378_bib0115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mechatronics.2020.102384","article-title":"Indirect adaptive control using the novel online hypervolume-based differential evolution for the four-bar mechanism","volume":"69","author":"Rodr\u00edguez-Molina","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mechatronics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.asoc.2026.115378_bib0120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.asoc.2020.106559","article-title":"Use of stochastic nature-inspired population-based algorithms within an online adaptive controller for mechatronic devices","volume":"95","author":"\u0160afari\u010d","year":"2020","journal-title":"Appl. Soft Comput."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.asoc.2026.115378_bib0125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1016\/j.epsr.2004.03.013","article-title":"On-line gain-tuning IP controller using real-coded genetic algorithm","volume":"72","author":"Lin","year":"2004","journal-title":"Electr. Power Syst. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.asoc.2026.115378_bib0130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2023.121184","article-title":"Neural-optimal tuning of a controller for a parallel robot","volume":"236","author":"Blanck-Kahan","year":"2024","journal-title":"Expert Syst. Appl."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.asoc.2026.115378_bib0135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1109\/TSMCB.2006.883271","article-title":"A fast adaptive memetic algorithm for online and offline control design of PMSM drives","volume":"37","author":"Caponio","year":"2007","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Syst, Man, Cybern, Part B (Cybernetics)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.asoc.2026.115378_bib0140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"54833","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2022.3175011","article-title":"A review of BLDC motor: state of art, advanced control techniques, and applications","volume":"10","author":"Mohanraj","year":"2022","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.asoc.2026.115378_bib0145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/math10121977","article-title":"Optimal tuning of the speed control for brushless DC motor based on chaotic online differential evolution","volume":"10","author":"Rodr\u00edguez-Molina","year":"2022","journal-title":"Mathematics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.asoc.2026.115378_bib0150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2023.123070","article-title":"Surrogate indirect adaptive controller tuning based on polynomial response surface method and bioinspired optimization: application to the brushless direct current motor controller","volume":"245","author":"Rojas-L\u00f3pez","year":"2024","journal-title":"Expert Syst. Appl."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.asoc.2026.115378_bib0155","series-title":"Microelectronics, Electromagnetics and Telecommunications","first-page":"475","article-title":"Inertia weight strategies in PSO for BLDC motor drive control","author":"Merugumalla","year":"2019"},{"issue":"13","key":"10.1016\/j.asoc.2026.115378_bib0160","first-page":"2372","article-title":"Lifetime improved in power electronics for BLDC drives using fuzzy logic and PSO","volume":"52","author":"Garc\u00eda","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ifac-pap."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.asoc.2026.115378_bib0165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1080\/00051144.2019.1596014","article-title":"A PI controller optimized with modified differential evolution algorithm for speed control of BLDC motor","volume":"60","author":"Jigang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Automatika"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.asoc.2026.115378_bib0170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"403","DOI":"10.1016\/j.asoc.2015.04.014","article-title":"Speed control of brushless DC motor using bat algorithm optimized adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system","volume":"32","author":"Premkumar","year":"2015","journal-title":"Appl. Soft Comput."},{"issue":"20","key":"10.1016\/j.asoc.2026.115378_bib0175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2304","DOI":"10.1080\/15325008.2017.1402395","article-title":"Antlion algorithm optimized fuzzy PID supervised on-line recurrent fuzzy neural network based controller for brushless DC motor","volume":"45","author":"Premkumar","year":"2017","journal-title":"Electr. Power Compon. Syst."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.asoc.2026.115378_bib0180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1155\/2019\/2671792","article-title":"PI controller of speed regulation of brushless DC motor based on particle swarm optimization algorithm with improved inertia weights","volume":"2019","author":"Xie","year":"2019","journal-title":"Math. Probl. Eng."},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.asoc.2026.115378_bib0185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1411","DOI":"10.1007\/s00521-016-2652-6","article-title":"Novel bacterial foraging-based ANFIS for speed control of matrix converter-fed industrial BLDC motors operated under low speed and high torque","volume":"29","author":"Sivarani","year":"2018","journal-title":"Neural Comput. Appl."},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.asoc.2026.115378_bib0190","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1177\/1687814019890199","article-title":"Speed control of brushless direct current motor using a genetic algorithm\u2013optimized fuzzy proportional integral differential controller","volume":"11","author":"Hu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Adv. Mech. Eng."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.asoc.2026.115378_bib0195","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1016\/j.asej.2018.07.005","article-title":"Experimental implementation of flower pollination algorithm for speed controller of a BLDC motor","volume":"10","author":"Potnuru","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ain Shams Eng. J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.asoc.2026.115378_bib0200","series-title":"Soft Computing in Data Analytics","first-page":"369","article-title":"Implementation of grasshopper optimization algorithm for controlling a BLDC motor drive","author":"Potnuru","year":"2019"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.asoc.2026.115378_bib0205","first-page":"818","article-title":"Bat algorithm optimized fuzzy PD based speed controller for brushless direct current motor","volume":"19","author":"Premkumar","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eng. Sci. Technol. Int. J."},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.asoc.2026.115378_bib0210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1142\/S0218126618501232","article-title":"A metaheuristic optimization approach for tuning of fractional-order PID controller for speed control of sensorless BLDC motor","volume":"27","author":"Vanchinathan","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Circuits Syst. Comput."},{"issue":"60","key":"10.1016\/j.asoc.2026.115378_bib0215","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35097","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijhydene.2020.04.091","article-title":"Speed controlling of the PEM fuel cell powered BLDC motor with FOPI optimized by MSA","volume":"45","author":"Yigit","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Hydrog. Energy"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.asoc.2026.115378_bib0220","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"264","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enconman.2010.06.067","article-title":"Off-line tuning of a PI speed controller for a permanent magnet brushless DC motor using DSP","volume":"52","author":"Demirtas","year":"2011","journal-title":"Energy Convers. Manag."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.asoc.2026.115378_bib0225","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"391","DOI":"10.1016\/j.asej.2013.09.013","article-title":"Optimal PID control of a brushless DC motor using PSO and BF techniques","volume":"5","author":"Ibrahim","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ain Shams Eng. J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.asoc.2026.115378_bib0230","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micpro.2020.103681","article-title":"Improved torque performance in BLDC-motor-drive through jaya optimization implemented on xilinx platform","volume":"81","author":"Prathibanandhi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Microprocess. Microsyst."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.asoc.2026.115378_bib0235","first-page":"2839","article-title":"GA-PSO optimized online ANFIS based speed controller for brushless DC motor","volume":"28","author":"Premkumar","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Intell. Fuzzy Syst."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.asoc.2026.115378_bib0240","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jksues.2018.04.007","article-title":"Direct instantaneous torque control of brushless DC motor using firefly algorithm based fractional order PID controller","volume":"32","author":"Kommula","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. King Saud Univ. Eng. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.asoc.2026.115378_bib0245","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1007\/s42452-022-05179-6","article-title":"Optimizing BLDC motor drive performance using particle swarm algorithm-tuned fuzzy logic controller","volume":"4","author":"Shi","year":"2022","journal-title":"SN Appl. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.asoc.2026.115378_bib0250","series-title":"Telematics and Computing","first-page":"169","article-title":"Offline optimum tuning of the proportional integral controller for speed regulation of a BLDC motor through bio-inspired algorithms","author":"Rojas-L\u00f3pez","year":"2020"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.asoc.2026.115378_bib0255","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33203","DOI":"10.1007\/s11042-023-14872-6","article-title":"Design of an intelligent wavelet-based fuzzy adaptive PID control for brushless motor","volume":"82","author":"Kanungo","year":"2023","journal-title":"Multimed. Tools Appl."},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.asoc.2026.115378_bib0260","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"879","DOI":"10.1049\/elp2.12201","article-title":"Lion swarm optimisation-based tuning method for generalised predictive fractional-order PI to control the speed of brushless direct current motor","volume":"16","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"IET Electr. Power Appl."},{"issue":"30","key":"10.1016\/j.asoc.2026.115378_bib0265","first-page":"85","article-title":"Auto-tuning of model predictive control for bilateral teleoperation with Bayesian optimization","volume":"58","author":"Almasalmah","year":"2024","journal-title":"Ifac-pap."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.asoc.2026.115378_bib0270","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neucom.2026.132637","article-title":"Supervised learning for robust predictive control: safe and tunable approach","volume":"671","author":"Horv\u00e1thov\u00e1","year":"2026","journal-title":"Neurocomputing"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.asoc.2026.115378_bib0275","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1088\/1361-6501\/ad8947","article-title":"Applications of machine learning in real-time control systems: a review","volume":"36","author":"Zhao","year":"2024","journal-title":"Meas. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.asoc.2026.115378_bib0280","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.automatica.2025.112356","article-title":"Inverse supervised learning of controller tuning rules","volume":"178","author":"Lakshminarayanan","year":"2025","journal-title":"Automatica"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.asoc.2026.115378_bib0285","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/pr13030735","article-title":"Tuning of PID controllers using reinforcement learning for nonlinear system control","volume":"13","author":"Bujgoi","year":"2025","journal-title":"Processes"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.asoc.2026.115378_bib0290","series-title":"New Ideas in Optimization","first-page":"79","article-title":"An introduction to differential evolution","author":"Price","year":"1999"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.asoc.2026.115378_bib0295","series-title":"Modeling and High-Performance Control of Electric Machines","author":"Chiasson","year":"2005"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.asoc.2026.115378_bib0300","series-title":"Electric Motor Drives: Modeling, Analysis, and Control","volume":"vol. 626","author":"Krishnan","year":"2001"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.asoc.2026.115378_bib0305","series-title":"Practical Methods for Optimal Control and Estimation Using Nonlinear Programming","author":"Betts","year":"2010"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.asoc.2026.115378_bib0310","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.1007\/s00158-003-0368-6","article-title":"Survey of multi-objective optimization methods for engineering","volume":"26","author":"Marler","year":"2004","journal-title":"Struct. Multidiscip. Optim."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.asoc.2026.115378_bib0315","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1008202821328","article-title":"Differential evolution \u2013 a simple and efficient heuristic for global optimization over continuous spaces","volume":"11","author":"Storn","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Glob. Optim."},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.asoc.2026.115378_bib0320","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/sym13071291","article-title":"Feature ranking and differential evolution for feature selection in brushless DC motor fault diagnosis","volume":"13","author":"Lee","year":"2021","journal-title":"Symmetry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.asoc.2026.115378_bib0325","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ins.2023.119817","article-title":"Gas system scheduling strategy for steel metallurgical process based on multi-objective differential evolution","volume":"654","author":"Feng","year":"2024","journal-title":"Inf. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.asoc.2026.115378_bib0330","article-title":"Artificial neural network and differential evolution optimization of a circulated permeate gap membrane distillation unit","author":"Hariri","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sep. Purif. Technol."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.asoc.2026.115378_bib0335","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1016\/S0045-7825(99)00389-8","article-title":"An efficient constraint handling method for genetic algorithms","volume":"186","author":"Deb","year":"2000","journal-title":"Comput. Methods Appl. Mech. Eng."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.asoc.2026.115378_bib0340","series-title":"2017 IEEE Congress on Evolutionary Computation (CEC)","first-page":"604","article-title":"Empirical study of bound constraint-handling methods in particle swarm optimization for constrained search spaces","author":"Ju\u00e1rez-Castillo","year":"2017"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.asoc.2026.115378_bib0345","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1295","DOI":"10.3390\/electronics9081295","article-title":"The K-means algorithm: a comprehensive survey and performance evaluation","volume":"9","author":"Ahmed","year":"2020","journal-title":"Electronics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.asoc.2026.115378_bib0350","series-title":"Proceedings of the 12th Annual Conference on Genetic and Evolutionary Computation, GECCO \u201910, Association for Computing Machinery","first-page":"447","article-title":"Finding multiple solutions for multimodal optimization problems using a multi-objective evolutionary approach","author":"Deb","year":"2010"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.asoc.2026.115378_bib0355","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1016\/j.swevo.2017.12.007","article-title":"Comparison of mutation strategies in differential evolution \u2013 a probabilistic perspective","volume":"39","author":"Opara","year":"2018","journal-title":"Swarm Evol. Comput."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.asoc.2026.115378_bib0360","series-title":"K-means++: the advantages of careful seeding","author":"Arthur","year":"2006"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.asoc.2026.115378_bib0365","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"770","DOI":"10.1016\/j.procs.2017.12.099","article-title":"Empirical analysis of data clustering algorithms","volume":"125","author":"Nerurkar","year":"2018","journal-title":"Procedia Comput. Sci."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.asoc.2026.115378_bib0370","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1007\/s00500-010-0547-5","article-title":"Environment identification-based memory scheme for estimation of distribution algorithms in dynamic environments","volume":"15","author":"Peng","year":"2011","journal-title":"Soft Comput."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.asoc.2026.115378_bib0375","first-page":"1","article-title":"Enhancing the performance in the offline controller tuning of robotic manipulators with chaos: a comparative study with differential evolution","author":"Parra-Ocampo","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int. J. Dyn. Control"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.asoc.2026.115378_bib0380","series-title":"Proceedings of the 8th Annual Conference on Genetic and Evolutionary Computation, GECCO \u201906, Association for Computing Machinery","first-page":"485","article-title":"A comparative study of differential evolution variants for global optimization","author":"Mezura-Montes","year":"2006"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.asoc.2026.115378_bib0385","series-title":"Advances in Knowledge Discovery and Data Mining","first-page":"160","article-title":"Density-based clustering based on hierarchical density estimates","author":"Campello","year":"2013"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.asoc.2026.115378_bib0390","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.asoc.2021.107648","article-title":"Offline robust tuning of the motion control for omnidirectional mobile robots","volume":"110","author":"Serrano-P\u00e9rez","year":"2021","journal-title":"Appl. Soft Comput."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.asoc.2026.115378_bib0395","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1016\/j.swevo.2011.02.002","article-title":"A practical tutorial on the use of nonparametric statistical tests as a methodology for comparing evolutionary and swarm intelligence algorithms","volume":"1","author":"Derrac","year":"2011","journal-title":"Swarm Evol. Comput."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.asoc.2026.115378_bib0400","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ymssp.2023.110276","article-title":"Physics-based models, surrogate models and experimental assessment of the vehicle\u2013bridge interaction in braking conditions","volume":"194","author":"Aloisio","year":"2023","journal-title":"Mech. Syst. Signal Process."}],"container-title":["Applied Soft Computing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1568494626008264?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1568494626008264?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,5]],"date-time":"2026-06-05T11:33:09Z","timestamp":1780659189000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S1568494626008264"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,8]]},"references-count":80,"alternative-id":["S1568494626008264"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.asoc.2026.115378","relation":{},"ISSN":["1568-4946"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1568-4946","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,8]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Unsupervised learning in the bio-inspired online optimization for robust tuning of brushless motor control under dynamic constraints","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Applied Soft Computing","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.asoc.2026.115378","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2026 Elsevier B.V. All rights are reserved, including those for text and data mining, AI training, and similar technologies.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"115378"}}