{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,9]],"date-time":"2026-06-09T16:57:09Z","timestamp":1781024229666,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":56,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,1]],"date-time":"2026-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785542400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,1]],"date-time":"2026-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785542400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,1]],"date-time":"2026-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785542400000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-017"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,1]],"date-time":"2026-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785542400000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,1]],"date-time":"2026-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785542400000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-012"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,1]],"date-time":"2026-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785542400000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,1]],"date-time":"2026-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785542400000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-004"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Applied Soft Computing"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,8]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.asoc.2026.115382","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,5]],"date-time":"2026-05-05T23:28:32Z","timestamp":1778023712000},"page":"115382","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Adaptive temporal graph neural networks for robust ECG-based authentication in resource-constrained wearable sensors"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"200","author":[{"given":"Yu","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qihuan","family":"Yao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jianhua","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuanyuan","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6811-5646","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Liuliu","family":"Feng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.asoc.2026.115382_bib0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.4258\/hir.2017.23.1.4","article-title":"Wearable devices in medical internet of things: scientific research and commercially available devices","volume":"23","author":"Haghi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Healthc. Inform. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.asoc.2026.115382_bib0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123579","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2022.3224487","article-title":"The internet of things for applications in wearable technology","volume":"10","author":"Rahmani","year":"2022","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.asoc.2026.115382_bib0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1080","DOI":"10.1111\/coin.12337","article-title":"Analysis of real-time heartbeat monitoring using wearable device internet of things system in sports environment","volume":"37","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Comput. Intell."},{"issue":"112208","key":"10.1016\/j.asoc.2026.115382_bib0020","article-title":"Federated semi-supervised representation augmentation with cross-institutional knowledge transfer for healthcare collaboration","volume":"300","author":"Yin","year":"2024","journal-title":"Knowl.-based Syst."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.asoc.2026.115382_bib0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"936","DOI":"10.1016\/j.procs.2021.01.083","article-title":"A review of wearable internet-of-things device for healthcare","volume":"179","author":"Surantha","year":"2021","journal-title":"Procedia Comput. Sci."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.asoc.2026.115382_bib0030","first-page":"3739","article-title":"Internet of things based electrocardiogram monitoring system using machine learning algorithm","volume":"12","author":"Rahman","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Electr. Comput. Eng"},{"issue":"112113","key":"10.1016\/j.asoc.2026.115382_bib0035","article-title":"A new design of arithmetic and logic unit for enhancing the security of future internet of things devices using quantum-dot technology","volume":"162","author":"Zaker","year":"2025","journal-title":"Eng. Appl. Artif. Intell."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.asoc.2026.115382_bib0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1111\/exsy.12864","article-title":"Internet of things and deep learning enabled healthcare disease diagnosis using biomedical electrocardiogram signals","volume":"40","author":"Khanna","year":"2023","journal-title":"Expert Syst."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.asoc.2026.115382_bib0045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.32604\/iasc.2022.021426","article-title":"Automated learning of ECG streaming data through machine learning internet of things","volume":"32","author":"Abu-Alhaija","year":"2022","journal-title":"Intell. Autom. Soft Comput."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.asoc.2026.115382_bib0050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7979","DOI":"10.1007\/s00521-020-05542-x","article-title":"Predicting cardiovascular events with deep learning approach in the context of the internet of things","volume":"33","author":"Dami","year":"2021","journal-title":"Neural Comput. Appl."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.asoc.2026.115382_bib0055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1007\/s12083-025-02070-0","article-title":"Integrating IoT and WSN: enhancing quality of service through energy efficiency, scalability, and secure communication in smart systems","volume":"18","author":"Khan","year":"2025","journal-title":"Peer-to-peer Netw. Appl."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.asoc.2026.115382_bib0060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"696","DOI":"10.3390\/bioengineering10060696","article-title":"Model-driven analysis of ECG using reinforcement learning","volume":"10","author":"O\u2019Reilly","year":"2023","journal-title":"Bioengineering"},{"issue":"107155","key":"10.1016\/j.asoc.2026.115382_bib0065","article-title":"Enhancing arrhythmia prediction through an adaptive deep reinforcement learning framework for ECG signal analysis","volume":"101","author":"Serhani","year":"2025","journal-title":"Biomed. Signal Process. Control"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.asoc.2026.115382_bib0070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1230","DOI":"10.3390\/s23031230","article-title":"Intelligent feature selection for ECG-based personal authentication using deep reinforcement learning","volume":"23","author":"Baek","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.asoc.2026.115382_bib0075","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"769","DOI":"10.1080\/13102818.2018.1428500","article-title":"ECG-based identity recognition via deterministic learning","volume":"32","author":"Dong","year":"2018","journal-title":"Biotechnol. Biotechnol. Equip."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.asoc.2026.115382_bib0080","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1038\/s41528-026-00537-5","article-title":"4A tetrahedron system: a synergistic framework for panvascular intervention empowered by flexible electronics","volume":"10","author":"You","year":"2026","journal-title":"npj Flex. Electron."},{"issue":"19","key":"10.1016\/j.asoc.2026.115382_bib0085","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19000","DOI":"10.1109\/JSEN.2022.3198645","article-title":"Dual-factor WBAN enhanced authentication system based on iris and ECG descriptors","volume":"22","author":"Jiang","year":"2022","journal-title":"IEEE Sens. J."},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.asoc.2026.115382_bib0090","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6394","DOI":"10.1109\/TMC.2022.3200104","article-title":"Electrocardiogram based group device pairing for wearables","volume":"22","author":"Zhao","year":"2022","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Mob. Comput."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.asoc.2026.115382_bib0095","article-title":"Multimodal biometric authentication: a novel deep learning framework integrating ECG, fingerprint, and finger knuckle print for high-security applications","volume":"7","author":"Sumalatha","year":"2025","journal-title":"Eng. Res. Express"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.asoc.2026.115382_bib0100","article-title":"Fuzzy-logic-based biometric authentication for IoT access using speech and ECG signals","volume":"42","author":"El-Banby","year":"2025","journal-title":"Trait. Du Signal"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.asoc.2026.115382_bib0105","series-title":"2024 IEEE 14th Annual Computing and Communication Workshop and Conference (CCWC)","first-page":"0491","article-title":"Enhancing wearable ECG sensors: a secure, accurate and efficient system architecture for resource-constrained ECG monitoring","author":"Bhattarai","year":"2024"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.asoc.2026.115382_bib0110","article-title":"A hierarchical information policy fusion framework with multimodal large language models for autonomous guidewire navigation in endovascular procedures","author":"Wang","year":"2026","journal-title":"Inf. Fusion"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.asoc.2026.115382_bib0115","series-title":"2024 IEEE Computer Society Annual Symposium on VLSI (ISVLSI)","first-page":"521","article-title":"Tinyml for ECG biometrics on resource constrained devices","author":"Thota","year":"2024"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.asoc.2026.115382_bib0120","series-title":"Proceedings of the Great Lakes Symposium on VLSI 2025","first-page":"860","article-title":"Tinyml based biometric authentication using PPG signals for edge devices","author":"Thota","year":"2025"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.asoc.2026.115382_bib0125","author":"Shao"},{"issue":"121323","key":"10.1016\/j.asoc.2026.115382_bib0130","article-title":"VisGIN: visibility graph neural network on one-dimensional data for biometric authentication","volume":"237","author":"Aslan","year":"2024","journal-title":"Expert Syst. Appl."},{"issue":"1547208","key":"10.1016\/j.asoc.2026.115382_bib0135","article-title":"Enhancing biometric identification using 12-lead ECG signals and graph convolutional networks","volume":"7","author":"Alfi","year":"2025","journal-title":"Front. Digit. Health"},{"issue":"22","key":"10.1016\/j.asoc.2026.115382_bib0140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46038","DOI":"10.1109\/JIOT.2025.3560344","article-title":"FusionGCNN: an IoT-based novel spatiotemporal graph convolutional network for ECG arrhythmia detection","volume":"12","author":"Iqbal","year":"2025","journal-title":"IEEE Internet Things J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.asoc.2026.115382_bib0145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1291","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2023.3346997","article-title":"ECG biometrics based on attention enhanced domain adaptive feature fusion network","volume":"12","author":"Yi","year":"2023","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.asoc.2026.115382_bib0150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6606","DOI":"10.1109\/JBHI.2024.3455803","article-title":"ECG biometric authentication using self-supervised learning for IoT edge sensors","volume":"28","author":"Wang","year":"2024","journal-title":"IEEE J. Biomed. Health Inform."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.asoc.2026.115382_bib0155","article-title":"Challenges of IoT sensors in smart buildings ecosystems and integration of blockchain for enhanced security and efficiency","author":"Shah","year":"2025","journal-title":"Sustain. Comput. Inform. Syst."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.asoc.2026.115382_bib0160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.3390\/info14020065","article-title":"A deep learning technique for biometric authentication using ECG beat template matching","volume":"14","author":"Prakash","year":"2023","journal-title":"Information"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.asoc.2026.115382_bib0165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"439","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics13030439","article-title":"Electrocardiogram (ECG)-based user authentication using deep learning algorithms","volume":"13","author":"Agrawal","year":"2023","journal-title":"Diagnostics"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.asoc.2026.115382_bib0170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27647","DOI":"10.1007\/s11042-023-16506-3","article-title":"ECG-based authentication systems: a comprehensive and systematic review","volume":"83","author":"Asadianfam","year":"2024","journal-title":"Multimed. Tools Appl."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.asoc.2026.115382_bib0175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"140710","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2023.3338191","article-title":"Advancing ECG biometrics through vision transformers: a confidence-driven approach","volume":"11","author":"D\u2019angelis","year":"2023","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"issue":"20","key":"10.1016\/j.asoc.2026.115382_bib0180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4134","DOI":"10.3390\/electronics13204134","article-title":"Feasibility of transformer model for user authentication using electromyogram signals","volume":"13","author":"Choi","year":"2024","journal-title":"Electronics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.asoc.2026.115382_bib0185","first-page":"1","article-title":"ECG-TransCovNet: a hybrid transformer model for accurate arrhythmia detection using electrocardiogram signals","author":"Shah","year":"2024","journal-title":"CAAI Trans. Intell. Technol."},{"issue":"102836","key":"10.1016\/j.asoc.2026.115382_bib0190","article-title":"AutoGRN: an adaptive multi-channel graph recurrent joint optimization network with copula-based dependency modeling for spatio-temporal fusion in electrical power systems","volume":"117","author":"Wang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Inf. Fusion"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.asoc.2026.115382_bib0195","first-page":"1","article-title":"Refined self-attention transformer model for ECG-based arrhythmia detection","volume":"73","author":"Tao","year":"2024","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Instrum. Meas."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.asoc.2026.115382_bib0200","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"152","DOI":"10.3390\/a16030152","article-title":"Unsupervised transformer-based anomaly detection in ECG signals","volume":"16","author":"Alamr","year":"2023","journal-title":"Algorithms"},{"issue":"105714","key":"10.1016\/j.asoc.2026.115382_bib0205","article-title":"ECGTransForm: empowering adaptive ECG arrhythmia classification framework with bidirectional transformer","volume":"89","author":"El-Ghaish","year":"2024","journal-title":"Biomed. Signal Process. Control"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.asoc.2026.115382_bib0210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20544","DOI":"10.1109\/JIOT.2025.3544224","article-title":"Enhancing multi-label ECG classification via task-guided lead correlations in internet of medical things","volume":"12","author":"Yuan","year":"2025","journal-title":"IEEE Internet Things J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.asoc.2026.115382_bib0215","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.artmed.2025.103243","article-title":"Leveraging explainable artificial intelligence for transparent and trustworthy cancer detection systems","author":"Toumaj","year":"2025","journal-title":"Artif. Intell. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.asoc.2026.115382_bib0220","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97760","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2021.3095248","article-title":"A comprehensive survey on ECG signals as new biometric modality for human authentication: recent advances and future challenges","volume":"9","author":"Uwaechia","year":"2021","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.asoc.2026.115382_bib0225","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1084","DOI":"10.1109\/TNSE.2025.3590975","article-title":"RoFed-LLM: robust federated learning for large language models in adversarial wireless environments","volume":"13","author":"Wang","year":"2025","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Netw. Sci. Eng."},{"issue":"107473","key":"10.1016\/j.asoc.2026.115382_bib0230","article-title":"Exploring deep features and ECG attributes to detect cardiac rhythm classes","volume":"232","author":"Murat","year":"2021","journal-title":"Knowl.-based Syst."},{"issue":"108333","key":"10.1016\/j.asoc.2026.115382_bib0235","article-title":"Electrocardiogram identification based on data generative network and non-fiducial data processing","volume":"173","author":"Gong","year":"2024","journal-title":"Comput. Biol. Med."},{"issue":"102938","key":"10.1016\/j.asoc.2026.115382_bib0240","article-title":"Towards collaborative intelligent IoT ehealth: from device to fog, and cloud","volume":"72","author":"Farahani","year":"2020","journal-title":"Microprocess. Microsyst."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.asoc.2026.115382_bib0245","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1109\/MSP.2021.3134634","article-title":"Self-supervised representation learning: introduction, advances, and challenges","volume":"39","author":"Ericsson","year":"2022","journal-title":"IEEE Signal Process. Mag."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.asoc.2026.115382_bib0250","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1138","DOI":"10.1109\/TBCAS.2020.3036081","article-title":"Hardware implementation of deep network accelerators towards healthcare and biomedical applications","volume":"14","author":"Azghadi","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Biomed. Circuits Syst."},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.asoc.2026.115382_bib0255","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5581","DOI":"10.1109\/JIOT.2020.3027971","article-title":"AI-driven data monetization: the other face of data in iot-based smart and connected health","volume":"9","author":"Firouzi","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Internet Things J."},{"issue":"100666","key":"10.1016\/j.asoc.2026.115382_bib0260","article-title":"Deep study on autonomous learning techniques for complex pattern recognition in interconnected information systems","volume":"54","author":"Amiri","year":"2024","journal-title":"Comput. Sci. Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.asoc.2026.115382_bib0265","series-title":"Wearable sensor gait analysis for fall detection using deep learning methods","author":"Yhdego","year":"2023"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.asoc.2026.115382_bib0270","series-title":"International Conference on Communication, Devices and Computing","first-page":"417","article-title":"Feature extraction and classification of MIT-BIH arrhythmia database","author":"Kuila","year":"2019"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.asoc.2026.115382_bib0275","series-title":"Third International Conference on Computing and Wireless Communication Systems, ICCWCS 2019","article-title":"A wavelet-based ECG delineation and automated diagnosis of myocardial infarction in PTB database","author":"Haddadi","year":"2019"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.asoc.2026.115382_bib0280","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3220","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2010.09.010","article-title":"Personalized long-term ECG classification: a systematic approach","volume":"38","author":"Kiranyaz","year":"2011","journal-title":"Expert Syst. Appl."}],"container-title":["Applied Soft Computing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1568494626008306?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1568494626008306?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,9]],"date-time":"2026-06-09T15:59:26Z","timestamp":1781020766000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S1568494626008306"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,8]]},"references-count":56,"alternative-id":["S1568494626008306"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.asoc.2026.115382","relation":{},"ISSN":["1568-4946"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1568-4946","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,8]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Adaptive temporal graph neural networks for robust ECG-based authentication in resource-constrained wearable sensors","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Applied Soft Computing","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.asoc.2026.115382","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2026 Elsevier B.V. All rights are reserved, including those for text and data mining, AI training, and similar technologies.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"115382"}}