{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,27]],"date-time":"2026-05-27T13:46:17Z","timestamp":1779889577424,"version":"3.53.1"},"reference-count":108,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,1]],"date-time":"2021-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1614556800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,1]],"date-time":"2021-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1614556800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,11]],"date-time":"2021-02-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1613001600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000780","name":"European Commission","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000780","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100007601","name":"Horizon 2020","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100007601","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Blockchain: Research and Applications"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,3]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.bcra.2021.100008","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,24]],"date-time":"2021-02-24T02:41:17Z","timestamp":1614134477000},"page":"100008","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":29,"title":["What blockchain can do for power grids?"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"2","author":[{"given":"Magda","family":"Foti","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Manolis","family":"Vavalis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.bcra.2021.100008_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"200","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rser.2019.03.002","article-title":"Review of blockchain-based distributed energy: implications for institutional development","volume":"107","author":"Ahl","year":"2019","journal-title":"Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bcra.2021.100008_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rser.2018.10.014","article-title":"Blockchain technology in the energy sector: a systematic review of challenges and opportunities","volume":"100","author":"Andoni","year":"2019","journal-title":"Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bcra.2021.100008_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1016\/j.techsoc.2018.11.001","article-title":"Blockchain and the future of energy","volume":"57","author":"Brilliantova","year":"2018","journal-title":"Technol. Soc."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bcra.2021.100008_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109585","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rser.2019.109585","article-title":"Blockchain for power systems: current trends and future applications","volume":"119","author":"Di Silvestre","year":"2020","journal-title":"Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bcra.2021.100008_bib5","series-title":"Use Cases for Blockchain Technology in Energy & Commodity Trading","author":"D\u00fctsch","year":"2017"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bcra.2021.100008_bib6","series-title":"Promising Blockchain Applications for Energy: Separating the Signal from the Noise","author":"Energy Futures Initiative","year":"2018"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bcra.2021.100008_bib7","series-title":"Blockchain: an Opportunity for Energy Producers and Consumers","author":"Felix","year":"2016"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bcra.2021.100008_bib8","author":"Indigo Advisory Group"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bcra.2021.100008_bib9","series-title":"Blockchain in Electricity: A Critical Review of Progress to Date","author":"Luke","year":"2018"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bcra.2021.100008_bib10","series-title":"Overview of Blockchain Activity in European Energy Sector","author":"SolarPlaza","year":"2019"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.bcra.2021.100008_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3067","DOI":"10.3390\/su10093067","article-title":"Application of blockchain technology in sustainable energy systems: an overview","volume":"10","author":"Wu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sustainability"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bcra.2021.100008_bib12","author":"Bitcoin"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bcra.2021.100008_bib13","series-title":"Releases Report on the Digitalization of the European Energy System","author":"E.T.I.P. SNET-WG4","year":"2018"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bcra.2021.100008_bib14","unstructured":"Siemens. Electrical Digital Twin | Energy Automation and Smart Grid. Available online: https:\/\/new.siemens.com\/global\/en\/products\/energy\/energy-automation-and-smart-grid\/electrical-digital-twin.html. Accessed: 11 Aug 2020."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bcra.2021.100008_bib15","series-title":"Bitcoin Mining Has a Massive Carbon Footprint | WIRED","year":"2017"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bcra.2021.100008_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2292","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2016.2566339","article-title":"Blockchains and smart contracts for the internet of things","volume":"4","author":"Christidis","year":"2016","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bcra.2021.100008_bib17","unstructured":"The Energy Blockchain: How Bitcoin Could Be a Catalyst for the Distributed Grid. Available online: https:\/\/www.greentechmedia.com\/articles\/read\/the-energy-blockchain-could-bitcoin-be-a-catalyst-for-the-distributed-grid. Accessed: 11 Aug 2020."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bcra.2021.100008_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enpol.2017.02.004","article-title":"Citizen utilities: the emerging power paradigm","volume":"105","author":"Green","year":"2017","journal-title":"Energy Pol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bcra.2021.100008_bib19","series-title":"The Strategic Business Value of the Blockchain Market","author":"Carson","year":"2018"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bcra.2021.100008_bib20","series-title":"SmartGridComm 2017: 2017 IEEE International Conference on Smart Grid Communications; 23\u201327 Oct 2017","first-page":"45","article-title":"Distributed proportional-fairness control in microgrids via blockchain smart contracts","author":"Danzi","year":"2017"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bcra.2021.100008_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116100","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apenergy.2020.116100","article-title":"Decentralized blockchain-based consensus for optimal power flow solutions","volume":"283","author":"Foti","year":"2021","journal-title":"Appl. Energy"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bcra.2021.100008_bib22","series-title":"CCTA 2017: 2017 IEEE Conference on Control Technology and Applications; 27\u201330 Aug 2017","first-page":"2164","article-title":"Blockchains for decentralized optimization of energy resources in microgrid networks","author":"M\u00fcnsing","year":"2017"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bcra.2021.100008_bib23","series-title":"SEGE 2017: 2017 5th IEEE International Conference on Smart Energy Grid Engineering; 14\u201317 Aug 2017","first-page":"367","article-title":"Cryptocurrency as guarantees of origin: simulating a green certificate market with the Ethereum Blockchain","author":"Castellanos","year":"2017"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bcra.2021.100008_bib24","series-title":"EEEIC\/I&CPS Europe 2017: 2017 17th IEEE International Conference on Environment and Electrical Engineering and 2017 1st IEEE Industrial and Commercial Power Systems Europe; 6\u20139 Jun 2017","first-page":"1","article-title":"The green blockchain: managing decentralized energy production and consumption","author":"Imbault","year":"2017"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bcra.2021.100008_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apenergy.2017.10.070","article-title":"Incorporating seller\/buyer reputation-based system in blockchain-enabled emission trading application","volume":"209","author":"Khaqqi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Appl. Energy"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.bcra.2021.100008_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1088\/1755-1315\/93\/1\/012065","article-title":"Research on application model of blockchain technology in distributed electricity market","volume":"93","author":"Cheng","year":"2017","journal-title":"IOP Conf. Ser. Earth Environ. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bcra.2021.100008_bib27","series-title":"PESGM 2018: 2018 IEEE Power & Energy Society General Meeting; 5\u20139 Aug 2018","first-page":"1","article-title":"Co-simulation framework for blockchain based market designs and grid simulations","author":"Coignard","year":"2018"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bcra.2021.100008_bib28","series-title":"AEIT 2017: 2017 AEIT International Annual Conference; 20\u201322 Sep 2017","first-page":"1","article-title":"Transparency in transactive energy at distribution level","author":"Di Silvestre","year":"2017"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.bcra.2021.100008_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2330","DOI":"10.3390\/en11092330","article-title":"Building a community of users for open market energy","volume":"11","author":"Ferreira","year":"2018","journal-title":"Energies"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bcra.2021.100008_bib30","series-title":"EEM 2018: 15th International Conference on the European Energy Market; 27\u201329 Jun 2018","first-page":"1","article-title":"Viability analysis of a decentralized energy market based on blockchain","author":"Foti","year":"2018"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bcra.2021.100008_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113604","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apenergy.2019.113604","article-title":"Blockchain based uniform price double auctions for energy markets","volume":"254","author":"Foti","year":"2019","journal-title":"Appl. Energy"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.bcra.2021.100008_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5163","DOI":"10.1109\/TSG.2018.2878445","article-title":"Decentralized p2p energy trading under network constraints in a Low-Voltage network","volume":"10","author":"Guerrero","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Smart Grid"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bcra.2021.100008_bib33","series-title":"ISGT.2017: 2017 IEEE Power and Energy Society Innovative Smart Grid Technologies Conference; 23\u201326 Apr 2017","first-page":"2472","article-title":"Smart contract-based campus demonstration of decentralized transactive energy auctions","author":"Hahn","year":"2017"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bcra.2021.100008_bib34","series-title":"ES2DE 2017: 2017 International Conference in Energy and Sustainability in Small Developing Economies; 10\u201312 Jul 2017","first-page":"1","article-title":"Fostering consumers' energy market through smart contracts","author":"Kounelis","year":"2017"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bcra.2021.100008_bib35","series-title":"AEIT 2017: 2017 AEIT International Annual Conference; 20\u201322 Sep 2017","first-page":"1","article-title":"Crypto-trading: blockchain-oriented energy market","author":"Mannaro","year":"2017"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bcra.2021.100008_bib36","series-title":"MKWI 2018: Multikonferenz Wirtschaftsinformatik; 6 - 9 Mar 2018; L\u00fcneburg, Germany","first-page":"924","article-title":"Decentralizing energy systems through local energy markets: the LAMP-Project","author":"Mengelkamp","year":"2018"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.bcra.2021.100008_bib37","first-page":"1","article-title":"A blockchain-based smart grid: towards sustainable local energy markets","volume":"33","author":"Mengelkamp","year":"2017","journal-title":"Comput. Sci. Res. Dev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bcra.2021.100008_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"870","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apenergy.2017.06.054","article-title":"Designing microgrid energy markets: a case study: the Brooklyn Microgrid","volume":"210","author":"Mengelkamp","year":"2018","journal-title":"Appl. Energy"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.bcra.2021.100008_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"658","DOI":"10.3390\/su10030658","article-title":"A sustainable home energy prosumer-chain methodology with energy tags over the blockchain","volume":"10","author":"Park","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sustainability"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bcra.2021.100008_bib40","series-title":"EI2 2017: 2017 IEEE Conference on Energy Internet and Energy System Integration; 26\u201328 Nov 2017","first-page":"1","article-title":"Towards resilient networked microgrids: blockchain-enabled peer-to-peer electricity trading mechanism","author":"Sabounchi","year":"2017"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bcra.2021.100008_bib41","series-title":"iThings-GreenCom-CPSCom-SmartData 2017: 2017 IEEE International Conference on Internet of Things, IEEE Green Computing and Communications, IEEE Cyber, Physical and Social Computing, IEEE Smart Data; 21\u201323 Jun 2017","first-page":"925","article-title":"The blockchain in microgrids for transacting energy and attributing losses","author":"Sanseverino","year":"2018"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bcra.2021.100008_bib42","series-title":"SmartGridComm 2018: 2018 IEEE International Conference on Communications, Control, and Computing Technologies for Smart Grids; 29\u201331 Oct 2018","first-page":"1","article-title":"Synchronization games in p2p energy trading","author":"Saukh","year":"2018"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bcra.2021.100008_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"234","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apenergy.2017.03.039","article-title":"Blockchain technology in the chemical industry: machine-to-machine electricity market","volume":"195","author":"Sikorski","year":"2017","journal-title":"Appl. Energy"},{"issue":"17","key":"10.1016\/j.bcra.2021.100008_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3249","DOI":"10.3390\/en12173249","article-title":"Distributed ledger technologies for peer-to-peer local markets in distribution networks","volume":"12","author":"Troncia","year":"2019","journal-title":"Energies"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bcra.2021.100008_bib45","series-title":"PSCC 2018: 2018 Power Systems Computation Conference; 11\u201315 Jun 2018","first-page":"1","article-title":"Blockchain for peer-to-peer energy exchanges: design and recommendations","author":"Vangulick","year":"2018"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.bcra.2021.100008_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1971","DOI":"10.3390\/en10121971","article-title":"A novel electricity transaction mode of microgrids based on blockchain and continuous double auction","volume":"10","author":"Wang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Energies"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.bcra.2021.100008_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2412","DOI":"10.3390\/en11092412","article-title":"Integrated energy transaction mechanisms based on blockchain technology","volume":"11","author":"Zhao","year":"2018","journal-title":"Energies"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.bcra.2021.100008_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4792","DOI":"10.1109\/TII.2018.2806357","article-title":"A technical approach to P2P energy transactions in microgrids","volume":"14","author":"Zizzo","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Ind. Inf."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bcra.2021.100008_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1233","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apenergy.2018.08.004","article-title":"Local electricity market designs for peer-to-peer trading: the role of battery flexibility","volume":"229","author":"L\u00fcth","year":"2018","journal-title":"Appl. Energy"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bcra.2021.100008_bib50","series-title":"Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Future Energy Systems; 12\u201315 Jun 2018","first-page":"319","article-title":"Open-source blockchain based energy community controller. e-Energy \u201918","author":"Jonas","year":"2018"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.bcra.2021.100008_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6426","DOI":"10.1109\/TSG.2019.2904629","article-title":"Demand side load management for big industrial energy users under blockchain-based peer-to-peer electricity market","volume":"10","author":"Dang","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Smart Grid"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bcra.2021.100008_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"390","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apenergy.2019.04.132","article-title":"Design and management of a distributed hybrid energy system through smart contract and blockchain","volume":"248","author":"Li","year":"2019","journal-title":"Appl. Energy"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bcra.2021.100008_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1385","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apenergy.2018.07.012","article-title":"Energy Demand Side Management within microgrid networks enhanced by blockchain","volume":"228","author":"Noor","year":"2018","journal-title":"Appl. Energy"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.bcra.2021.100008_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"162","DOI":"10.3390\/s18010162","article-title":"Blockchain based decentralized management of demand response programs in smart energy grids","volume":"18","author":"Pop","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.bcra.2021.100008_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3454","DOI":"10.1109\/JSYST.2019.2903172","article-title":"A survey and evaluation of the potentials of distributed ledger technology for peer-to-peer transactive energy exchanges in local energy markets","volume":"13","author":"Siano","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Syst. J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bcra.2021.100008_bib56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2719","DOI":"10.1016\/j.egypro.2019.02.028","article-title":"Blockchain-based smart contract for energy demand management","volume":"158","author":"Wang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Energy Procedia"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bcra.2021.100008_bib57","series-title":"EI2 2018: 2018 2nd IEEE Conference on Energy Internet and Energy System Integration; 20\u201322 Oct 2018","first-page":"1","article-title":"Automatic demand response strategy of local pure electric vehicle with battery energy storage system based on blockchain technology","author":"Xiang","year":"2018"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bcra.2021.100008_bib58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13565","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2018.2812176","article-title":"LNSC: a security model for electric vehicle and charging pile management based on blockchain ecosystem","volume":"6","author":"Huang","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bcra.2021.100008_bib59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"555","DOI":"10.1016\/j.future.2018.09.046","article-title":"An optimal scheduling algorithm for hybrid EV charging scenario using consortium blockchains","volume":"91","author":"Huang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Future Generat. Comput. Syst."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.bcra.2021.100008_bib60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3154","DOI":"10.1109\/TII.2017.2709784","article-title":"Enabling localized peer-to-peer electricity trading among plug-in hybrid electric vehicles using consortium blockchains","volume":"13","author":"Kang","year":"2017","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Ind. Inf."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bcra.2021.100008_bib61","series-title":"APNOMS 2017: 2017 19th Asia-Pacific Network Operations and Management Symposium; 27\u201329 Sep 2017","first-page":"374","article-title":"Mobile charger billing system using lightweight Blockchain","author":"Kim","year":"2017"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bcra.2021.100008_bib62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1007\/s00450-017-0348-5","article-title":"Privacy-preserving blockchain-based electric vehicle charging with dynamic tariff decisions","volume":"33","author":"Knirsch","year":"2017","journal-title":"Comput. Sci. Res. Dev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bcra.2021.100008_bib63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25657","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2018.2835309","article-title":"Adaptive blockchain-based electric vehicle participation scheme in smart grid platform","volume":"6","author":"Liu","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bcra.2021.100008_bib64","series-title":"CryBlock'18: Proceedings of the 1st Workshop on Cryptocurrencies and Blockchains for Distributed Systems; 15 Jun 2018","first-page":"87","article-title":"ChargeltUp: on blockchain-based technologies for autonomous vehicles","author":"Pedrosa","year":"2018"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bcra.2021.100008_bib65","series-title":"IIKI 2016: 2016 International Conference on Identification, Information and Knowledge in the Internet of Things; 20\u201321 Oct 2016","first-page":"217","article-title":"Blockchain based autonomous selection of electric vehicle charging station","author":"Pusti\u0161ek","year":"2016"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bcra.2021.100008_bib66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"582","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apenergy.2018.06.025","article-title":"Real-time renewable energy incentive system for electric vehicles using prioritization and cryptocurrency","volume":"226","author":"Zhang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Appl. Energy"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bcra.2021.100008_bib67","series-title":"EI2 2018: 2018 2nd IEEE Conference on Energy Internet and Energy System Integration; 20\u201322 Oct 2018","first-page":"1","article-title":"Blockchain and edge computing based vehicle-to-grid energy trading in energy internet","author":"Zhou","year":"2018"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bcra.2021.100008_bib68","series-title":"SERIAL \u201917: Proceedings of the 1st Workshop on Scalable and Resilient Infrastructures for Distributed Ledgers; 12\u201315 Dec 2017","first-page":"1","article-title":"On the design of communication and transaction anonymity in blockchain-based transactive microgrids","author":"Bergquist","year":"2017"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bcra.2021.100008_bib69","series-title":"SOCO\u201918-CISIS\u201918-ICEUTE\u201918 2018: the 13th International Conference on Soft Computing Models in Industrial and Environmental Applications; 6\u20138 Jun 2018","first-page":"67","article-title":"How blockchain could improve fraud detection in power distribution grid","author":"Casado-Vara","year":"2020"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bcra.2021.100008_bib70","series-title":"TrustCom\/BigDataSE 2018: 2018 17th IEEE International Conference on Trust, Security and Privacy in Computing and Communications\/12th IEEE International Conference on Big Data Science and Engineering; 1\u20133 Aug 2018","first-page":"1907","article-title":"Secure, Decentralized energy resource management using the ethereum blockchain","author":"DeCusatis","year":"2018"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bcra.2021.100008_bib71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9917","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2018.2806303","article-title":"GridMonitoring: secured sovereign blockchain based monitoring on smart grid","volume":"6","author":"Gao","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.bcra.2021.100008_bib72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3680","DOI":"10.1109\/TII.2019.2903342","article-title":"Towards secure industrial IoT: blockchain system with credit-based consensus mechanism","volume":"15","author":"Huang","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Ind. Inf."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.bcra.2021.100008_bib73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1154","DOI":"10.3390\/en11051154","article-title":"Multiple authorities attribute-based verification mechanism for blockchain mircogrid transactions","volume":"11","author":"Khan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Energies"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bcra.2021.100008_bib74","series-title":"IoT '17: Proceedings of the Seventh International Conference on the Internet of Things; 22\u201325 Oct 2017","first-page":"1","article-title":"Providing privacy, safety, and security in IoT-based transactive energy systems using distributed ledgers","author":"Laszka","year":"2017"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.bcra.2021.100008_bib75","first-page":"3690","article-title":"Consortium blockchain for secure energy trading in industrial internet of things","volume":"14","author":"Li","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Ind. Inf."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.bcra.2021.100008_bib76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3162","DOI":"10.1109\/TSG.2018.2819663","article-title":"Distributed blockchain-based data protection framework for modern power systems against cyber attacks","volume":"10","author":"Liang","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Smart Grid"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bcra.2021.100008_bib77","series-title":"RWS 2017: 2017 Resilience Week; 18\u201322 Sep 2017","first-page":"18","article-title":"Blockchain for smart grid resilience: exchanging distributed energy at speed, scale and security","author":"Mylrea","year":"2017"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bcra.2021.100008_bib78","series-title":"NAPS 2017: 2017 North American Power Symposium; 17\u201319 Sep 2017","first-page":"1","article-title":"Blockchain: a path to grid modernization and cyber resiliency","author":"Mylrea","year":"2017"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.bcra.2021.100008_bib79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3652","DOI":"10.1109\/TII.2019.2894573","article-title":"A blockchain-based solution for enhancing security and privacy in smart factory","volume":"15","author":"Wan","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Ind. Inf."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bcra.2021.100008_bib80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enpol.2018.12.065","article-title":"Changing power: shifting the role of electricity consumers with blockchain technology: policy implications for EU electricity law","volume":"128","author":"Diestelmeier","year":"2019","journal-title":"Energy Pol."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.bcra.2021.100008_bib81","article-title":"A study of pricing and trading model of blockchain & big data-based Energy-Internet electricity","volume":"108","author":"Fan","year":"2018","journal-title":"IOP Conf. Ser. Earth Environ. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bcra.2021.100008_bib82","series-title":"IECON 2017: 43rd Annual Conference of the IEEE Industrial Electronics Society; 29 Oct\u20131 Nov 2017","first-page":"6153","article-title":"Blockchain applications in microgrids an overview of current projects and concepts","author":"Goranovi\u0107","year":"2017"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bcra.2021.100008_bib83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"370","DOI":"10.1016\/j.egypro.2018.12.074","article-title":"Experimental bandwidth benchmarking for p2p markets in blockchain managed microgrids","volume":"159","author":"Meeuw","year":"2019","journal-title":"Energy Procedia"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bcra.2021.100008_bib84","series-title":"PESGM 2018: 2018 IEEE Power & Energy Society General Meeting; 5\u201310 Aug 2018","first-page":"1","article-title":"Enabling automated transparency for the market participation of ESCOs with Blockchain","author":"Nieto-Martin","year":"2018"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.bcra.2021.100008_bib85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"298","DOI":"10.18517\/ijaseit.8.1.4954","article-title":"Smarter city: smart energy grid based on blockchain technology","volume":"8","author":"Pieroni","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Adv. Sci. Eng. Inf. Technol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bcra.2021.100008_bib86","series-title":"PESGM 2018: 2018 IEEE Power & Energy Society General Meeting; 5\u201310 Aug 2018","first-page":"1","article-title":"Blockchain-assisted crowdsourced energy systems","author":"Wang","year":"2018"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bcra.2021.100008_bib87","series-title":"EI2 2017: 2017 IEEE Conference on Energy Internet and Energy System Integration; 26\u201328 Nov 2017","first-page":"1","article-title":"Applying blockchain technology to decentralized operation in future energy internet","author":"Yang","year":"2017"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bcra.2021.100008_bib88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1155\/2014\/492320","article-title":"An agent-based simulation framework for smart grids","volume":"2014","author":"Chassin","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Appl. Math."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bcra.2021.100008_bib90","series-title":"P2P-SmarTest Project","year":"2017"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bcra.2021.100008_bib91","series-title":"CROSS BOrder Management of Variable Renewable Energies and Storage Units Enabling a Transnational Wholesale Market","year":"2020"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bcra.2021.100008_bib92","series-title":"Designing eTrading Solutions for Electricity Balancing and Redispatching in Europe","year":"2019"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bcra.2021.100008_bib93","series-title":"Defending the European Energy Infrastructures","author":"Defender","year":"2020"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bcra.2021.100008_bib96","series-title":"Proceedings 2018 Workshop on Decentralized IoT Security and Standards; 18 Feb 2018","article-title":"SOFIE: secure open federation for internet everywhere","author":"Karila","year":"2018"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bcra.2021.100008_bib100","series-title":"Power Ledger White Paper","year":"2018"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bcra.2021.100008_bib102","series-title":"Grid+ White Paper","year":"2017"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bcra.2021.100008_bib103","series-title":"WePower WhitePaper","year":"2019"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bcra.2021.100008_bib104","series-title":"Verv VLUX White Paper\u2014The Evolution of Energy","year":"2018"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bcra.2021.100008_bib105","series-title":"Irene White Paper","year":"2018"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bcra.2021.100008_bib106","series-title":"The Blockchain Standard Infrastructure for Business","year":"2019"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bcra.2021.100008_bib107","series-title":"Enosi Whitepaper","year":"2018"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bcra.2021.100008_bib108","unstructured":"Share&Charge - Empowering Easy & Smart EV Charging Everywhere. Available online: https:\/\/shareandcharge.com\/en\/. Accessed: 11 Aug 2020."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bcra.2021.100008_bib111","series-title":"Equigy-A Multi-TSO Initiative to Catalyse the Cost-Effective Use of Balancing Potential provided by Flexible Distributed Energy Resources","year":"2020"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bcra.2021.100008_bib112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2563","DOI":"10.1016\/j.egypro.2017.03.737","article-title":"Review of existing peer-to-peer energy trading projects","volume":"105","author":"Zhang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Energy Procedia"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bcra.2021.100008_bib113","unstructured":"ENGIE. Blockchain Energy. Available online: https:\/\/www.engie.com\/en\/news\/blockchain-energy\/. Accessed: 11 Aug 2020."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bcra.2021.100008_bib114","series-title":"AIR PRODUCTS and ENGIE Launch Innovative Partnership Blockchain Technology to Certify the Traceability of Green Electricity","year":"2018"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bcra.2021.100008_bib115","series-title":"PwC Global Blockchain Survey 2018","year":"2018"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bcra.2021.100008_bib116","series-title":"TEPCO Looks to the Transformative Potential of Blockchain by Investing in Electron, a UK Energy Technology Company","year":"2018"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bcra.2021.100008_bib119","series-title":"Twitter Joins Facebook, Google in Banning Crypto Coin Sale Ads","author":"Russo","year":"2018"}],"container-title":["Blockchain: Research and Applications"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S2096720921000038?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S2096720921000038?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,31]],"date-time":"2025-10-31T00:15:13Z","timestamp":1761869713000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S2096720921000038"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,3]]},"references-count":108,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,3]]}},"alternative-id":["S2096720921000038"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.bcra.2021.100008","relation":{},"ISSN":["2096-7209"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2096-7209","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,3]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"What blockchain can do for power grids?","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Blockchain: Research and Applications","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.bcra.2021.100008","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2021 The Authors(s). Published by Elsevier B.V. on behalf of Zhejiang University Press.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"100008"}}