{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,24]],"date-time":"2026-03-24T12:25:09Z","timestamp":1774355109264,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,1]],"date-time":"2022-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1661990400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,1]],"date-time":"2022-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1661990400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,2]],"date-time":"2022-04-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1648857600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Blockchain: Research and Applications"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,9]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.bcra.2022.100083","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,18]],"date-time":"2022-04-18T11:54:50Z","timestamp":1650282890000},"page":"100083","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Blockchain-based Internet of Musical Things"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"3","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0711-8098","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luca","family":"Turchet","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chan Nam","family":"Ngo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.bcra.2022.100083_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61994","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2018.2872625","article-title":"Internet of musical things: vision and challenges","volume":"6","author":"Turchet","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bcra.2022.100083_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8944","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2018.2876891","article-title":"Smart Musical Instruments: vision, design principles, and future directions","volume":"7","author":"Turchet","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.bcra.2022.100083_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"192","DOI":"10.1080\/09298215.2020.1722181","article-title":"Large-scale audience participation in live music using smartphones","volume":"49","author":"H\u00f6dl","year":"2020","journal-title":"J.\u00a0N. Music Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bcra.2022.100083_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15810","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2021.3052931","article-title":"Music in extended realities","volume":"9","author":"Turchet","year":"2021","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.bcra.2022.100083_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1109\/THMS.2018.2885408","article-title":"Co-design of Musical Haptic Wearables for electronic music performer's communication","volume":"49","author":"Turchet","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Human-Mach. Syst."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bcra.2022.100083_bib6","series-title":"Springer Handbook of Systematic Musicology","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"899","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-662-55004-5_44","article-title":"The relation between music technology and music industry","author":"Lerch","year":"2018"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bcra.2022.100083_bib7","series-title":"Fair Music: Transparency and Payment Flows in the Music Industry","author":"Music","year":"2015"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bcra.2022.100083_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32979","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2018.2842685","article-title":"A\u00a0review on the use of blockchain for the internet of things","volume":"6","author":"Fern\u00e1ndez-Caram\u00e9s","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bcra.2022.100083_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1016\/j.future.2018.05.046","article-title":"On blockchain and its integration with iot. challenges and opportunities","volume":"88","author":"Reyna","year":"2018","journal-title":"Future Generat. Comput. Syst."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.bcra.2022.100083_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8076","DOI":"10.1109\/JIOT.2019.2920987","article-title":"Blockchain for internet of things: a survey","volume":"6","author":"Dai","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Internet Things J."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.bcra.2022.100083_bib11","first-page":"100006","article-title":"A\u00a0survey on the adoption of blockchain in IoT: challenges and solutions","volume":"2","author":"Uddin","year":"2021","journal-title":"Blockchain: Res. Appl."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.bcra.2022.100083_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1162\/comj_a_00520","article-title":"Rapid composition for networked devices: HappyBrackets","volume":"43","author":"Fraietta","year":"2019","journal-title":"Comput. Music J."},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.bcra.2022.100083_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"717","DOI":"10.17743\/jaes.2020.0015","article-title":"A\u00a0web-based framework for distributed music system research and creation","volume":"68","author":"Matuszewski","year":"2020","journal-title":"J.\u00a0Audio Eng. Soc."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bcra.2022.100083_bib14","series-title":"Proceedings of the 12th International Audio Mostly Conference on Augmented and Participatory Sound and Music Experiences (AM \u201917); 23\u201326 Aug 2017; London, UK","first-page":"1","article-title":"Examples of use cases with smart instruments","author":"Turchet","year":"2017"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.bcra.2022.100083_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1145\/3377881","article-title":"Cloud-smart musical instrument interactions: querying a large music collection with a smart guitar","volume":"1","author":"Turchet","year":"2020","journal-title":"ACM Trans. Internet Technol."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.bcra.2022.100083_bib16","first-page":"2","article-title":"Networked music performance in virtual reality: current perspectives","volume":"2","author":"Loveridge","year":"2020","journal-title":"J.\u00a0Netw. Music Arts"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bcra.2022.100083_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"749","DOI":"10.1007\/s00779-020-01395-2","article-title":"Touching the audience: musical Haptic Wearables for augmented and participatory live music performances","volume":"25","author":"Turchet","year":"2021","journal-title":"J.\u00a0Pers. Ubiquitous Comput."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bcra.2022.100083_bib18","series-title":"Wireless Networked Music Performance","author":"Gabrielli","year":"2016"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bcra.2022.100083_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8823","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2016.2628440","article-title":"An overview on networked music performance technologies","volume":"4","author":"Rottondi","year":"2016","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bcra.2022.100083_bib20","series-title":"2017 IEEE International Congress on Big Data (BigData Congress); 25\u201330 Jun 2017; Honolulu, HI, USA","first-page":"557","article-title":"An overview of blockchain technology: architecture, consensus, and future trends","author":"Zheng","year":"2017"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bcra.2022.100083_bib21","series-title":"2017 IEEE European symposium on security and privacy (EuroS&P); 26\u201328 Apr2017; Paris, France","first-page":"111","article-title":"Redactable blockchain\u2013or\u2013rewriting history in bitcoin and friends","author":"Ateniese","year":"2017"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bcra.2022.100083_bib22","series-title":"Foundations of Cryptography: Volume 2, Basic Applications","author":"Goldreich","year":"2009"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bcra.2022.100083_bib23","series-title":"2016 IEEE International Conference on Consumer Electronics (ICCE); 7\u201311 Jan 2016; Las Vegas, NV, USA","first-page":"467","article-title":"Blockchain contract: securing a blockchain applied to smart contracts","author":"Watanabe","year":"2016"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bcra.2022.100083_bib24","unstructured":"D. Vorick, L. Champine, Sia: Simple decentralized storage, 2014. Available online: https:\/\/sia.tech\/sia.pdf. (Accessed: 16 Aug 2021)."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.bcra.2022.100083_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"382","DOI":"10.1145\/357172.357176","article-title":"The byzantine generals problem","volume":"4","author":"Lamport","year":"1982","journal-title":"ACM Trans. Program Lang. Syst."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.bcra.2022.100083_bib26","first-page":"374","article-title":"Impossibility of distributed consensus with one faulty process","volume":"32","author":"Fischer","year":"1985","journal-title":"J.\u00a0ACM"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bcra.2022.100083_bib27","series-title":"24th Symposium on Foundations of Computer Science (sfcs 1983); 7\u20139 Nov 1983; Tucson, AZ, USA","first-page":"403","article-title":"Randomized byzantine generals","author":"Rabin","year":"1983"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.bcra.2022.100083_bib28","first-page":"288","article-title":"Consensus in the presence of partial synchrony","volume":"35","author":"Dwork","year":"1988","journal-title":"J.\u00a0ACM"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bcra.2022.100083_bib29","author":"Nakamoto"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bcra.2022.100083_bib30","author":"Vasin"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bcra.2022.100083_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"577","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbusres.2019.09.002","article-title":"Blockchain as an external enabler of new venture ideas: digital entrepreneurs and the disintermediation of the global music industry","volume":"125","author":"Chalmers","year":"2021","journal-title":"J.\u00a0Bus. Res."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.bcra.2022.100083_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"471","DOI":"10.1002\/jsc.2147","article-title":"The networked record industry: how blockchain technology could transform the record industry","volume":"26","author":"O'Dair","year":"2017","journal-title":"Strat. Change"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bcra.2022.100083_bib33","series-title":"Proceedings of the 2018 International Conference on Blockchain Technology and Application; 10\u201312 Dec 2018; Xi\u2019an, China","first-page":"1","article-title":"Bmcprotector: a blockchain and smart contract based application for music copyright protection","author":"Zhao","year":"2018"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bcra.2022.100083_bib34","series-title":"29th European Regional Conference of the International Telecommunications Society (ITS) \u2014\u201cTowards a Digital Future: Turning Technology into Markets?\u201d; 1\u20134 August; Trento, Italy","first-page":"1","article-title":"The impact of blockchain on the music industry","author":"Sitonio","year":"2018"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.bcra.2022.100083_bib35","first-page":"26","article-title":"Blockchain: a new opportunity for record labels","volume":"7","author":"Gough","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Music Bus. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bcra.2022.100083_bib36","series-title":"2020 International Conference on Information and Communication Technology Convergence (ICTC); 21\u201323 Oct 2020; Jeju, Republic of Korea","first-page":"1921","article-title":"A\u00a0study on blockchain-based music distribution framework: focusing on copyright protection","author":"Kim","year":"2020"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.bcra.2022.100083_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1109\/MSP.2019.2955207","article-title":"The challenge: from mpeg intellectual property rights ontologies to smart contracts and blockchains [standards in a nutshell]","volume":"37","author":"Kudumakis","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Signal Process. Mag."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bcra.2022.100083_bib38","article-title":"The internet of musical things ontology","volume":"60","author":"Turchet","year":"2020","journal-title":"J.\u00a0Web Semant."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bcra.2022.100083_bib39","series-title":"2020 IEEE International Conference on Informatics, IoT, and Enabling Technologies (ICIoT); 2\u20135 Feb 2020; Doha, Qatar","first-page":"310","article-title":"Blockchain technology for healthcare: enhancing shared electronic health record interoperability and integrity","author":"Jabbar","year":"2020"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bcra.2022.100083_bib40","series-title":"2018 IST-Africa Week Conference (ISTAfrica); 9\u201311 May 2018; Gaborone, Botswana","first-page":"1","article-title":"Blockchain technology: is this the solution to EMR interoperability and security issues in developing countries?","author":"Kamau","year":"2018"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bcra.2022.100083_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1513","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2017.2779263","article-title":"Decentralized consensus for edge-centric internet of things: a review, taxonomy, and research issues","volume":"6","author":"Yeow","year":"2017","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.bcra.2022.100083_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1184","DOI":"10.1109\/JIOT.2018.2812239","article-title":"Blockchain meets IoT: an architecture for scalable access management in IoT","volume":"5","author":"Novo","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE Internet Things J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bcra.2022.100083_bib43","series-title":"2017 Global Internet of Things Summit (GIoTS); 6\u20139 Jun 2017; Geneva, Switzerland","first-page":"1","article-title":"Securing user identity and transactions symbiotically: IoT meets blockchain","author":"Kravitz","year":"2017"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bcra.2022.100083_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.1016\/j.future.2017.11.022","article-title":"Iot security: review, blockchain solutions, and open challenges","volume":"82","author":"Khan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Future Generat. Comput. Syst."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bcra.2022.100083_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2292","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2016.2566339","article-title":"Blockchains and smart contracts for the internet of things","volume":"4","author":"Christidis","year":"2016","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bcra.2022.100083_bib46","series-title":"2016 IEEE International Conference on Computer and Information Technology (CIT); 8\u201310 Dec 2016; Nadi, Fiji","first-page":"116","article-title":"Hosting virtual iot resources on edge-hosts with blockchain","author":"Samaniego","year":"2016"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.bcra.2022.100083_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1088\/1367-2630\/11\/9\/093017","article-title":"Cross recurrence quantification for cover song identification","volume":"11","author":"Serra","year":"2009","journal-title":"New J. Phys."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bcra.2022.100083_bib48","series-title":"2019 IEEE 39th International Conference on Distributed Computing Systems (ICDCS); 7\u201310 Jul 2019; Dallas, TX, USA","first-page":"1901","article-title":"Please, do not decentralize the Internet with (permissionless) blockchains","author":"L\u00f3pez","year":"2019"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.bcra.2022.100083_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.3390\/electronics9010094","article-title":"A\u00a0blockchain-based smart contract system for healthcare management","volume":"9","author":"Khatoon","year":"2020","journal-title":"Electronics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bcra.2022.100083_bib50","series-title":"2019 IEEE World Congress on Services (SERVICES); 8\u201313 Jul 2019; Milan, Italy","first-page":"35","article-title":"A\u00a0forensics-by-design management framework for medical devices based on blockchain","author":"Malamas","year":"2019"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bcra.2022.100083_bib51","series-title":"Proceedings of the 13th Usenix Conference on Networked Systems Design and Implementation; 16\u201318 Mar 2016; Santa Clara, CA, USA","first-page":"45","article-title":"Bitcoin-NG: a scalable blockchain protocol","author":"Eyal","year":"2016"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bcra.2022.100083_bib52","series-title":"2017 IEEE\/ACM Second International Conference on Internet-of-Things Design and Implementation (IoTDI); 18\u201321 Apr 2017; Pittsburgh, PA, USA","first-page":"173","article-title":"Towards an optimized blockchain for IoT","author":"Dorri","year":"2017"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bcra.2022.100083_bib53","series-title":"The Impact of Digital Technologies on Public Health in Developed and Developing Countries","first-page":"259","article-title":"Blockchain for internet of medical things: a technical review","author":"Ellouze","year":"2020"}],"container-title":["Blockchain: Research and Applications"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S2096720922000240?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S2096720922000240?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,31]],"date-time":"2025-10-31T00:16:08Z","timestamp":1761869768000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S2096720922000240"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,9]]},"references-count":53,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,9]]}},"alternative-id":["S2096720922000240"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.bcra.2022.100083","relation":{},"ISSN":["2096-7209"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2096-7209","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,9]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Blockchain-based Internet of Musical Things","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Blockchain: Research and Applications","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.bcra.2022.100083","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2022 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. on behalf of Zhejiang University Press.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"100083"}}