{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,21]],"date-time":"2026-04-21T04:17:12Z","timestamp":1776745032834,"version":"3.51.2"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,1]],"date-time":"2022-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1669852800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,1]],"date-time":"2022-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1669852800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,30]],"date-time":"2022-04-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1651276800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100007706","name":"Ministero dello Sviluppo Economico","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["61\/2018"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["61\/2018"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100007706","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100007706","name":"Ministero dello Sviluppo Economico","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["B31B19000650008"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["B31B19000650008"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100007706","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100007706","name":"Ministero dello Sviluppo Economico","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["F\/200130\/01\u201302\/X45"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["F\/200130\/01\u201302\/X45"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100007706","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100007706","name":"Ministero dello Sviluppo Economico","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["F94I20000130006"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["F94I20000130006"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100007706","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100009873","name":"Regione Autonoma della Sardegna","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100009873","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Blockchain: Research and Applications"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,12]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.bcra.2022.100088","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,7]],"date-time":"2022-05-07T02:37:29Z","timestamp":1651891049000},"page":"100088","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":31,"title":["A blockchain architecture for industrial applications"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"3","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0627-5043","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lodovica","family":"Marchesi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1540-8773","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michele","family":"Marchesi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9090-7698","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Roberto","family":"Tonelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Maria Ilaria","family":"Lunesu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.bcra.2022.100088_bib1","author":"Nakamoto"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bcra.2022.100088_bib2","author":"Szabo"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bcra.2022.100088_bib3","author":"Wood"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.bcra.2022.100088_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1109\/MSPEC.2017.8048838","article-title":"Blockchain world\u2014do you need a blockchain? This chart will tell you if the technology can solve your problem","volume":"54","author":"Peck","year":"2017","journal-title":"IEEE Spectrum"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bcra.2022.100088_bib5","series-title":"2018 Crypto Valley Conference on Blockchain Technology (CVCBT); 20\u201322 Jun 2018; Zug, Switzerland","first-page":"45","article-title":"Do you need a blockchain?","author":"W\u00fcst","year":"2018"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.bcra.2022.100088_bib6","first-page":"e4334","article-title":"Framework for determining the suitability of blockchain: criteria and issues to consider","volume":"32","author":"Hassija","year":"2021","journal-title":"T.\u00a0Emerg. Telecommun. T."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bcra.2022.100088_bib7","series-title":"Proceedings of SQAMIA 2017: 6th Workshop of Software Quality, Analysis, Monitoring, Improvement, and Applications; 11\u201313 Sep 2017; Belgrade, Serbia","article-title":"Blockchain implementation quality challenges: a literature review","author":"Koteska","year":"2017"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.bcra.2022.100088_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1109\/MS.2018.2801552","article-title":"A\u00a0framework for determining blockchain applicability","volume":"35","author":"Scriber","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE Software"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bcra.2022.100088_bib9","author":"Maranh\u00e3o"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.bcra.2022.100088_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1142","DOI":"10.1109\/TEM.2019.2928280","article-title":"Evaluation and demonstration of blockchain applicability framework","volume":"67","author":"Gourisetti","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE T. Eng. Manage."},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.bcra.2022.100088_bib28","article-title":"A\u00a0critical review on blockchain assessment initiatives: a technology evolution viewpoint","volume":"32","author":"Colomo-Palacios","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Softw.: Evol. Proc."},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.bcra.2022.100088_bib11","article-title":"Blockchain and cryptocurrencies: a classification and comparison of architecture drivers","volume":"33","author":"Garriga","year":"2021","journal-title":"Concurr. Comp.: Pract. Ex."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bcra.2022.100088_bib12","series-title":"WETSEB 2018-1st International Workshop on Emerging Trends in Software Engineering for Blockchain; 27 May\u20133 Jun 2018; Gothenburg, Sweden","first-page":"44","article-title":"How much blockchain do you need? Towards a concept for building hybrid dapp architectures","author":"Wessling","year":"2018"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bcra.2022.100088_bib13","series-title":"The 3rd IEEE International Conference on Blockchain and Cryptocurrency (ICBC); 3\u20136 May 2021; Sydney, Australia","first-page":"1","article-title":"Architectural design decisions for blockchain-based applications","author":"W\u00f6ehrer","year":"2021"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bcra.2022.100088_bib14","series-title":"TENCON 2019\u20142019 IEEE Region 10 Conference; 17\u201320 Oct 2019; Kochi, India","first-page":"908","article-title":"Study of blockchain based decentralized consensus algorithms","author":"Panda","year":"2019"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bcra.2022.100088_bib15","series-title":"Proceedings of the Third Symposium on Operating Systems Design and Implementation; 22 Feb 1999; New Orleans, LA, USA","first-page":"173","article-title":"Practical byzantine fault tolerance","author":"Castro","year":"1999"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bcra.2022.100088_bib16","series-title":"Proceedings of the 19th ACM Conference on Embedded Networked Sensor Systems, Association for Computing Machinery; 15\u201317 Nov 2021; Coimbra, Portugal","first-page":"492","article-title":"Experimental scalability study of consortium blockchains with bft consensus for iot automotive use case","author":"Gerrits","year":"2021"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bcra.2022.100088_bib17","series-title":"2020 IEEE 19th International Symposium on Network Computing and Applications (NCA); 24\u201327 Nov 2020; Cambridge, MA, USA","first-page":"1","article-title":"The performance of byzantine fault tolerant blockchains","author":"Shapiro","year":"2020"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bcra.2022.100088_bib18","series-title":"2021 International Conference on Information Networking (ICOIN); 13\u201316 Jan 2021; Jeju Island, Republic of Korea","first-page":"654","article-title":"Performance evaluation of consensus protocols in blockchain-based audit systems","author":"Ahmad","year":"2021"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bcra.2022.100088_bib19","series-title":"2021 IEEE International Conference on Blockchain and Cryptocurrency (ICBC); 3\u20136 May 2021; Sydney, Australia","first-page":"1","article-title":"Choice of ethereum clients for private blockchain: assessment from proof of authority perspective","author":"Samuel","year":"2021"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bcra.2022.100088_bib20","series-title":"2018 International Workshop on Blockchain Oriented Software Engineering (IWBOSE); 20\u201320 Mar 2018; Campobasso, Italy","first-page":"26","article-title":"The ico phenomenon and its relationships with ethereum smart contract environment","author":"Fenu","year":"2018"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.bcra.2022.100088_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1108\/SCM-03-2018-0148","article-title":"Understanding blockchain technology for future supply chains: a systematic literature review and research agenda","volume":"24","author":"Wang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Supply Chain Manag.: Int. J."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.bcra.2022.100088_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1109\/MS.2017.4121227","article-title":"Adaptable blockchain-based systems: a case study for product traceability","volume":"34","author":"Lu","year":"2017","journal-title":"IEEE Software"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bcra.2022.100088_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpdc.2019.12.019","article-title":"Blockchain 3.0 applications survey","volume":"138","author":"Di Francesco Maesa","year":"2020","journal-title":"J.\u00a0Parallel Distr. Comput."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.bcra.2022.100088_bib24","first-page":"e109","volume":"3","author":"Akram","year":"2020","journal-title":"Adoption of blockchain technology in various realms: opportunities and challenges, Security and Privacy"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.bcra.2022.100088_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1145\/3376915","article-title":"A\u00a0survey of blockchain-based strategies for healthcare","volume":"53","author":"De Aguiar","year":"2021","journal-title":"ACM Comput. Surv."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bcra.2022.100088_bib26","series-title":"Architecture for Blockchain Applications","author":"Xu","year":"2019"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.bcra.2022.100088_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1016\/j.icte.2020.09.002","article-title":"Permissioned blockchain frameworks in the industry: a comparison","volume":"7","author":"Polge","year":"2021","journal-title":"ICT Express"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bcra.2022.100088_bib31","author":"Hyperledger fabric"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bcra.2022.100088_bib32","series-title":"2019 6th International Conference on Dependable Systems and Their Applications (DSA); 3\u20136 Jan 2020; Harbin, China","first-page":"71","article-title":"A\u00a0survey on blockchain for enterprise using hyperledger fabric and composer","author":"Li","year":"2020"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bcra.2022.100088_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"L. Marchesi, M. Marchesi, R. Tonelli, Abcde\u2014agile block chain dapp engineering, Blockchain: Res. Appl. 1 (1) (2020) 100002.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bcra.2020.100002"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bcra.2022.100088_bib34","series-title":"EuroPLoP \u201918: Proceedings of the 23rd European Conference on Pattern Languages of Programs; 4\u20138 Jul 2018; Irsee, Germany","first-page":"1","article-title":"A\u00a0pattern collection for blockchain-based applications","author":"Xu","year":"2018"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bcra.2022.100088_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59389","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2020.2982964","article-title":"Blockchain-based secure storage and access scheme for electronic medical records in ipfs","volume":"8","author":"Sun","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bcra.2022.100088_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50574","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2020.2979881","article-title":"When blockchain meets distributed file systems: an overview, challenges, and open issues","volume":"8","author":"Huang","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.bcra.2022.100088_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2521","DOI":"10.1109\/COMST.2020.3020092","article-title":"Integration of blockchain and cloud of things: architecture, applications and challenges","volume":"22","author":"Nguyen","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE.Commun. Surv. Tutorials"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.bcra.2022.100088_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2289","DOI":"10.3390\/en14082289","article-title":"Towards a digital product passport fit for contributing to a circular economy","volume":"14","author":"Adisorn","year":"2021","journal-title":"Energies"}],"container-title":["Blockchain: Research and Applications"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S209672092200029X?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S209672092200029X?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,31]],"date-time":"2025-10-31T00:15:52Z","timestamp":1761869752000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S209672092200029X"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,12]]},"references-count":36,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,12]]}},"alternative-id":["S209672092200029X"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.bcra.2022.100088","relation":{},"ISSN":["2096-7209"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2096-7209","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,12]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"A blockchain architecture for industrial applications","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Blockchain: Research and Applications","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.bcra.2022.100088","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2022 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. on behalf of Zhejiang University Press.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"100088"}}