{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,28]],"date-time":"2026-05-28T03:08:36Z","timestamp":1779937716927,"version":"3.53.1"},"reference-count":141,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,1]],"date-time":"2023-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1685577600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,1]],"date-time":"2023-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1685577600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,5]],"date-time":"2023-01-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1672876800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000266","name":"Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["EP\/R033749\/1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["EP\/R033749\/1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000266","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100014013","name":"UK Research and Innovation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100014013","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Blockchain: Research and Applications"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,6]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.bcra.2023.100129","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,13]],"date-time":"2023-01-13T04:34:12Z","timestamp":1673584452000},"page":"100129","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":48,"title":["A systematic literature review of the tension between the GDPR and public blockchain systems"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"4","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6969-6451","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rahime","family":"Belen-Saglam","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1362-9700","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Enes","family":"Altuncu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0583-2688","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yang","family":"Lu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5628-7328","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shujun","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.bcra.2023.100129_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1109\/MCE.2017.2776459","article-title":"The blockchain as a decentralized security framework [future directions]","volume":"7","author":"Puthal","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE Consumer Electronics Magazine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bcra.2023.100129_bib2","volume":"59","year":"2016","journal-title":"Off. J. Eur. Union"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bcra.2023.100129_bib4","series-title":"Blockchain and the GDPR: a Thematic Report Prepared by the European Union Blockchain Observatory and Forum, Thematic Report","author":"Lyons","year":"2018"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bcra.2023.100129_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50593","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2021.3069877","article-title":"GDPR compliant blockchains\u2013A systematic literature review","volume":"9","author":"Haque","year":"2021","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bcra.2023.100129_bib6","article-title":"Blockchain and GDPR \u2013 a study on compatibility issues of the distributed ledger technology with GDPR data processing","volume":"4","author":"Suripeddi","year":"1964","journal-title":"J.\u00a0Phys. Conf."},{"issue":"5\/6","key":"10.1016\/j.bcra.2023.100129_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"389","DOI":"10.1108\/DPRG-04-2020-0050","article-title":"Designing privacy-friendly data repositories: a framework for a blockchain that follows the GDPR","volume":"22","author":"Al-Abdullah","year":"2020","journal-title":"Digital Policy, Regulation and Governance"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bcra.2023.100129_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"A. Liberati, D. G. Altman, J. Tetzlaff, C. Mulrow, P. C. G\u00f8tzsche, J. P. A. Ioannidis, M. Clarke, P. J. Devereaux, J. Kleijnen, D. Moher, The PRISMA statement for reporting systematic reviews and meta-analyses of studies that evaluate health care interventions: explanation and elaboration, J. Clin. Epidemiol. 62 (10), doi:10.1136\/bmj.b2700.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2009.06.006"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bcra.2023.100129_bib9","series-title":"Proceedings of the 2017 19th International Conference on Advanced Communication Technology","first-page":"464","article-title":"Managing IoT devices using blockchain platform","author":"Huh","year":"2017"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bcra.2023.100129_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5112","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2018.2789929","article-title":"EduCTX: a blockchain-based higher education credit platform","volume":"6","author":"Turkanovi\u0107","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bcra.2023.100129_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"A. Hasselgren, J.-A. H. Rensaa, K. Kralevska, D. Gligoroski, A. Faxvaag, Blockchain for increased trust in virtual health care: proof-of-concept study, J. Med. Internet Res. 23 (7), doi:10.2196\/28496.","DOI":"10.2196\/28496"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bcra.2023.100129_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"148550","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2019.2946983","article-title":"SoK of used cryptography in blockchain","volume":"7","author":"Raikwar","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bcra.2023.100129_bib13","series-title":"Proceedings of the 2017 IEEE International Congress on Big Data","first-page":"557","article-title":"An overview of blockchain technology: architecture, consensus, and future trends","author":"Zheng","year":"2017"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bcra.2023.100129_bib14","series-title":"Mastering Bitcoin: Unlocking Digital Cryptocurrencies","author":"Antonopoulos","year":"2014"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bcra.2023.100129_bib15","series-title":"Bitcoin: a peer-to-peer electronic cash system, online document","author":"Nakamoto","year":"2008"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bcra.2023.100129_bib16","series-title":"Ethereum: a next-generation smart contract and decentralized application platform","author":"Buterin","year":"2014"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bcra.2023.100129_bib17","author":"ICO"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bcra.2023.100129_bib18","series-title":"Opinion 05\/2014 on Anonymisation Techniques","year":"2014"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bcra.2023.100129_bib19","article-title":"Directive 95\/46\/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 24 October 1995 on the protection of individuals with regard to the processing of personal data and on the free movement of such data","year":"2015","journal-title":"Official Journal of the European Union No L 281\/31"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.bcra.2023.100129_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"427","DOI":"10.21552\/edpl\/2019\/3\/19","article-title":"Five ways to GDPR-compliant use of blockchains","volume":"5","author":"Erbguth","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur. Data Protect. Law Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bcra.2023.100129_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"D. G. Duarte, An Introduction to Blockchain Technology from a Legal Perspective and its Tensions with the GDPR, Cyberlaw Journal of the Cyberlaw Research Centre of the University of Lisbon School of Law doi:10.2139\/ssrn.3545331.","DOI":"10.2139\/ssrn.3545331"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bcra.2023.100129_bib23","series-title":"Blockchain, Law and Governance","first-page":"275","article-title":"Blockchain and the GDPR: new challenges for privacy and security","author":"Giordano","year":"2021"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bcra.2023.100129_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"E. Politou, F. Casino, E. Alepis, C. Patsakis, Blockchain mutability: challenges and proposed solutions, IEEE Trans. Emerg. Topic. Comput. 9 (4), doi:10.1109\/TETC.2019.2949510.","DOI":"10.1109\/TETC.2019.2949510"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bcra.2023.100129_bib25","series-title":"Proceedings of 1st ERCIM Blockchain Workshop 2018","article-title":"Privacy by blockchain design: a blockchain-enabled GDPR-compliant approach for handling personal data","author":"Wirth","year":"2018"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bcra.2023.100129_bib26","series-title":"Proceedings of the 2021 4th IEEE\/ACM International Workshop on Emerging Trends in Software Engineering for Blockchain","article-title":"Design principles for constructing GDPR-compliant blockchain solutions","author":"Molina","year":"2021"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bcra.2023.100129_bib27","series-title":"Internet Science: INSCI 2018 International Workshops, St. Petersburg, Russia","first-page":"203","article-title":"Distributed data protection and liability on blockchains","author":"Giannopoulou","year":"2018"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bcra.2023.100129_bib28","series-title":"Proceedings of the 2020 International Conference on Software Security and Assurance","article-title":"Medical blockchains and privacy in Austria - technical and legal aspects","author":"Kolan","year":"2020"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.bcra.2023.100129_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"393","DOI":"10.1017\/err.2021.35","article-title":"The digital network of networks: regulatory risk and policy challenges of vaccine passports","volume":"12","author":"Wilford","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur. J. Risk Regulat."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bcra.2023.100129_bib30","series-title":"EU Blockchain Observatory and Forum Workshop on GDPR, Data Policy and Compliance, Research Nodes 2018\/1","author":"Ferrari","year":"2018"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.bcra.2023.100129_bib31","first-page":"253","article-title":"The puzzle of squaring blockchain with the general data protection regulation","volume":"60","author":"Teperdjian","year":"2020","journal-title":"Jurimetrics J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bcra.2023.100129_bib32","series-title":"Cooperative Design, Visualization, and Engineering: 17th International Conference, CDVE 2020, Bangkok, Thailand","first-page":"81","article-title":"Blockchain vs GDPR in collaborative data governance","author":"Dutta","year":"2020"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bcra.2023.100129_bib33","series-title":"IEEE International Conference on Hot Information-Centric Networking","first-page":"223","article-title":"Towards using public blockchain in information-centric networks: challenges imposed by the European Union's general data protection regulation","author":"Schmelz","year":"2018"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bcra.2023.100129_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"I. Karasek-Wojciechowicz, Reconciliation of anti-money laundering instruments and European data protection requirements in permissionless blockchain spaces, J. Cybersecurity. 7 (1), doi:10.1093\/cybsec\/tyab004.","DOI":"10.1093\/cybsec\/tyab004"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.bcra.2023.100129_bib35","first-page":"79","article-title":"A\u00a0decentralized personal data store based on Ethereum: towards GDPR compliance","volume":"15","author":"Alessi","year":"2019","journal-title":"J.\u00a0Commun. Software.Syst."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bcra.2023.100129_bib36","series-title":"Blockchain and Applications: 2nd International Congress","first-page":"91","article-title":"Data protection compliance challenges for self-sovereign identity","author":"Giannopoulou","year":"2020"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bcra.2023.100129_bib37","series-title":"Blockchain and the European Union General Data Protection Regulation: the CNIL's Perspective","author":"Martin-Bariteau","year":"2018"},{"issue":"61","key":"10.1016\/j.bcra.2023.100129_bib38","first-page":"457","article-title":"Data protection in the blockchain environment: GDPR is not a hurdle to permissionless DLT solutions","volume":"19","author":"Rampone","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ciberspazio Dirit."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bcra.2023.100129_bib39","series-title":"Proceedings of the 53rd Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4023","DOI":"10.24251\/HICSS.2020.492","article-title":"How to develop a GDPR-compliant blockchain solution for cross-organizational workflow management: evidence from the German asylum procedure","author":"Guggenmos","year":"2020"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bcra.2023.100129_bib40","series-title":"6th International Conference on Advancements of Medicine and Health Care through Technology","first-page":"311","article-title":"New era for technology in healthcare powered by GDPR and blockchain","author":"Stan","year":"2019"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bcra.2023.100129_bib41","series-title":"Blockchain, Data Protection, and the GDPR","author":"Eichler","year":"2018"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bcra.2023.100129_bib42","series-title":"Proceedings of the 55th Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4631","DOI":"10.24251\/HICSS.2022.563","article-title":"Marrying blockchain applications with GDPR","author":"Schellinger","year":"2022"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.bcra.2023.100129_bib43","first-page":"23","article-title":"Managing gender change information on immutable blockchain in context of GDPR","volume":"3","author":"Shahaab","year":"2020","journal-title":"J.\u00a0Br. Blockchain Assoc."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.bcra.2023.100129_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.21552\/edpl\/2018\/1\/6","article-title":"Blockchains and data protection in the European union","volume":"4","author":"Finck","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur. Data Protect. Law Rev."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.bcra.2023.100129_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"182","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clsr.2018.12.003","article-title":"Bitcoin and the GDPR: allocating responsibility in distributed networks","volume":"35","author":"Buocz","year":"2019","journal-title":"Comput. Law Secur. Rep."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.bcra.2023.100129_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.9785\/cri-2019-200202","article-title":"Call for action on the EDPB to provide guidance concerning GDPR and blockchain: is public blockchain sustainable under the GDPR?","volume":"20","author":"Dekhuijzen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Comp. Law Rev. Int."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bcra.2023.100129_bib47","series-title":"Advances in Information and Communication: Proceedings of the 2020 Future of Information and Communication Conference (FICC)","first-page":"113","article-title":"Towards blockchain-based GDPR-compliant online social networks: challenges, opportunities and way forward","volume":"vol. 1","author":"Ahmed","year":"2020"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bcra.2023.100129_bib48","author":"Jaccard"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bcra.2023.100129_bib49","series-title":"Proceedings of the 36th Annual ACM Symposium on Applied Computing","first-page":"1746","article-title":"A\u00a0blockchain-based marketplace platform for circular economy","author":"Koscina","year":"2021"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bcra.2023.100129_bib50","author":"Wiki"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bcra.2023.100129_bib51","series-title":"Lightweight node","author":"Wiki","year":"2018"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bcra.2023.100129_bib52","series-title":"Proceedings of the 2017 International Conference on Internet of Things for the Global Community","article-title":"The Internet of Things ecosystem: the blockchain and privacy issues. The challenge for a global privacy standard","author":"Fabiano","year":"2017"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bcra.2023.100129_bib53","series-title":"Proceedings of the 12th International Conference on Theory and Practice of Electronic Governance","first-page":"342","article-title":"Privacy and data protection concerns regarding the use of blockchains in smart cities","author":"Ramos","year":"2019"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.bcra.2023.100129_bib54","first-page":"215","article-title":"Conceptualizations of the controller in permissionless blockchains","volume":"11","author":"Schellekens","year":"2020","journal-title":"J.\u00a0Intellectual Property, Info. Technol. E-Comm. Law."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bcra.2023.100129_bib55","series-title":"On blockchains and the general data protection regulation, project report","author":"Ib\u00e1\u00f1ez","year":"2018"},{"issue":"1\/2","key":"10.1016\/j.bcra.2023.100129_bib56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"240","DOI":"10.1108\/RMJ-12-2018-0045","article-title":"The margin between the edge of the world and infinite possibility\u201d: blockchain, GDPR and information governance","volume":"29","author":"Hofman","year":"2019","journal-title":"Record Manag. J."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.bcra.2023.100129_bib57","first-page":"8","article-title":"Regulating disruption: blockchain, GDPR, and questions of data sovereignty","volume":"22","author":"Herian","year":"2018","journal-title":"J.\u00a0Internet Law"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bcra.2023.100129_bib58","series-title":"Proceedings of the 2017 IEEE International Conference on Internet of Things, IEEE Green Computing and Communications, IEEE Cyber, Physical and Social Computing","first-page":"727","article-title":"Internet of Things and blockchain: legal issues and privacy. The challenge for a privacy standard","author":"Fabiano","year":"2017"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.bcra.2023.100129_bib59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1109\/MSEC.2020.3012059","article-title":"Privacy regulations, smart roads, blockchain, and liability insurance: putting technologies to work","volume":"19","author":"Campanile","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Secur. Privacy."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bcra.2023.100129_bib60","series-title":"Computational Science and its Applications \u2013 ICCSA 2021: 21st International Conference, Cagliari, Italy, September 13\u201316, 2021, Proceedings, Part VIII","first-page":"3","article-title":"Risk analysis of a GDPR-compliant deletion technique for consortium blockchains based on pseudonymization","author":"Campanile","year":"2021"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bcra.2023.100129_bib61","article-title":"Law versus technology: blockchain, GDPR, and tough tradeoffs","volume":"38","author":"Tatar","year":"2020","journal-title":"Comput. Law Secur. Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bcra.2023.100129_bib62","series-title":"Legal Tech, Smart Contracts and Blockchain","first-page":"221","article-title":"When people just click\u201d: addressing the difficulties of controller\/processor agreements online","author":"Wrigley","year":"2019"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bcra.2023.100129_bib63","series-title":"Proceedings of the 35th Annual ACM Symposium on Applied Computing","first-page":"342","article-title":"Self-sovereign identity on public blockchains and the GDPR","author":"Kondova","year":"2020"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.bcra.2023.100129_bib64","first-page":"276","article-title":"Privacy law issues in blockchains: an analysis of PIPEDA, the GDPR, and proposals for compliance","volume":"17","author":"Walters","year":"2019","journal-title":"Can. J. Law Technol."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.bcra.2023.100129_bib65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"843","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clsr.2018.06.006","article-title":"Blockchain and law: incompatible codes?","volume":"34","author":"Millard","year":"2018","journal-title":"Comput. Law Secur. Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bcra.2023.100129_bib66","article-title":"Blockchain GDPR privacy by design: how decentralized blockchain Internet will comply with GDPR data privacy","author":"Lima","year":"2018","journal-title":"Tech. Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bcra.2023.100129_bib67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"G. M. Riva, What happens in blockchain stays in blockchain. A legal solution to conflicts between digital ledgers and privacy rights, Front. Blockchain. doi:10.3389\/fbloc.2020.00036.","DOI":"10.3389\/fbloc.2020.00036"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bcra.2023.100129_bib68","series-title":"Solutions for a responsible use of the blockchain in the context of personal data, Technical Report","year":"2018"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bcra.2023.100129_bib69","series-title":"The opinion of the Hungarian national authority for data protection and freedom of information on blockchain technology in the context of data protection","year":"2018"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.bcra.2023.100129_bib70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"825","DOI":"10.54648\/ERPL2018057","article-title":"Blockchain & data protection \u2026and why they are not on a collision course","volume":"26","author":"Moerel","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur. Rev. Priv. Law"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bcra.2023.100129_bib71","series-title":"Proceedings of the 2014 ACM SIGSAC Conference on Computer and Communications Security","first-page":"15","article-title":"Deanonymisation of clients in Bitcoin P2P network","author":"Biryukov","year":"2014"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bcra.2023.100129_bib72","series-title":"Proceedings of the 2013 Internet Measurement Conference","first-page":"127","article-title":"A\u00a0fistful of bitcoins: characterizing payments among men with No names","author":"Meiklejohn","year":"2013"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bcra.2023.100129_bib73","series-title":"Blockchain: the Advent of Disintermediation","author":"Quiniou","year":"2019"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bcra.2023.100129_bib74","series-title":"GDPR Compliance for Blockchain Applications in Healthcare","author":"Hasselgren","year":"2020"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bcra.2023.100129_bib75","series-title":"A\u00a0Blockchain Based and GDPR-Compliant Design of a System for Digital Education Certificates","author":"Molina","year":"2020"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bcra.2023.100129_bib76","series-title":"Proceedings of the 2019 International Conference on Electromechanical and Energy Systems","article-title":"Applying blockchain technologies in funding of electrical engineering industry applications","author":"Damian","year":"2019"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.bcra.2023.100129_bib77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"421","DOI":"10.21552\/edpl\/2019\/3\/18","article-title":"Practitioner's corner \u2022 GDPR and blockchain: a compliance approach","volume":"5","author":"Mannan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur. Data Protect. Law Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bcra.2023.100129_bib78","series-title":"Legal Knowledge and Information Systems","first-page":"81","article-title":"Chronicle of a clash foretold: blockchains and the GDPR's right to erasure","author":"Pagallo","year":"2018"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.bcra.2023.100129_bib79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"388","DOI":"10.21552\/edpl\/2021\/3\/7","article-title":"Putting data protection by design on the blockchain","volume":"7","author":"Giannopoulou","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur. Data Protect. Law Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bcra.2023.100129_bib80","series-title":"Proceedings of the IEEE 5th International Conference on Cryptography, Security and Privacy","first-page":"38","article-title":"Investigating the compliance of the GDPR: processing personal data on a blockchain","author":"Poelman","year":"2021"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bcra.2023.100129_bib81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"S. Schwerin, Blockchain and privacy protection in the case of the European general data protection regulation (GDPR): a delphi study, J. Br. Blockchain Assoc. 1 (1), doi:10.31585\/jbba-1-1-(4)2018.","DOI":"10.31585\/jbba-1-1-(4)2018"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.bcra.2023.100129_bib82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.33166\/AETiC.2019.05.005","article-title":"Privacy laws in the blockchain environment","volume":"3","author":"de la Cruz","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ann. Emerg. Technol. Comput.(AETiC)."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bcra.2023.100129_bib83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"N. D. Sarier, Comments on biometric-based non-transferable credentials and their application in blockchain-based identity management, Comput. Secur. 105, doi:10.1016\/j.cose.2021.102243.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cose.2021.102243"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bcra.2023.100129_bib84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"N. D. Sarier, Efficient biometric-based identity management on the Blockchain for smart industrial applications, Pervasive Mob. Comput. 71, doi:10.1016\/j.pmcj.2020.101322.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pmcj.2020.101322"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.bcra.2023.100129_bib85","first-page":"497","article-title":"The GDPR: the biggest threat to the implementation of blockchain technology in global supply chains","volume":"88","author":"Peel","year":"2019","journal-title":"UMKC Law Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bcra.2023.100129_bib86","series-title":"Proceedings of the 2020 IEEE Symposium on Computers and Communications","article-title":"On the efficiency of decentralized file storage for personal information management systems","author":"Zichichi","year":"2020"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bcra.2023.100129_bib87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"164908","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2019.2950872","article-title":"Privacy-preserving solutions for blockchain: review and challenges","volume":"7","author":"Bernabe","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bcra.2023.100129_bib88","series-title":"Proceedings of the 2018 IEEE 20th International Conference on E-Health Networking, Applications and Services","article-title":"Blockchain-based personal health data sharing system using cloud storage","author":"Zheng","year":"2018"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bcra.2023.100129_bib89","series-title":"Proceedings of the 2018 15th International Symposium on Pervasive Systems, Algorithms and Networks","first-page":"72","article-title":"Nudging data privacy management of open banking based on blockchain","author":"Ma","year":"2018"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bcra.2023.100129_bib90","first-page":"96","article-title":"Concepts for GDPR-compliant processing of personal data on blockchain: a literature review","volume":"10","author":"Zemler","year":"2019","journal-title":"Anwendungen und Konzepte der Wirtschaftsinformatik"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.bcra.2023.100129_bib91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"422","DOI":"10.21552\/EDPL\/2016\/3\/21","article-title":"Practitioner's corner \u2022 blockchain technology and the GDPR \u2013 how to reconcile privacy and distributed ledgers?","volume":"2","author":"Berberich","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eur. Data Prot. L. Rev."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.bcra.2023.100129_bib92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"531","DOI":"10.21552\/edpl\/2018\/4\/18","article-title":"Practitioner's corner \u2022 blockchain and the GDPR: the EU blockchain observatory report","volume":"4","author":"Van Eecke","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur. Data Protect. Law Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bcra.2023.100129_bib93","series-title":"Proceedings of the 18th IEEE International Symposium on Computational Intelligence and Informatics","first-page":"211","article-title":"Security issues in the blockchain(ed) world","author":"Kadena","year":"2018"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bcra.2023.100129_bib94","series-title":"Proceedings of the 40th IEEE International Conference on Distributed Computing Systems","first-page":"1249","article-title":"Selective deletion in a blockchain","author":"Hillmann","year":"2020"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bcra.2023.100129_bib95","series-title":"Proceedings of the 52nd Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6855","DOI":"10.24251\/HICSS.2019.821","article-title":"BPDIMS: a blockchain-based personal data and identity management system","author":"Faber","year":"2019"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bcra.2023.100129_bib96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"I. Makhdoom, I. Zhou, M. Abolhasan, J. Lipman, W. Ni, PrivySharing: a blockchain-based framework for privacy-preserving and secure data sharing in smart cities, Comput. Secur. 88, doi:10.1016\/j.cose.2019.101653.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cose.2019.101653"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.bcra.2023.100129_bib97","first-page":"149","article-title":"Consent by GDPR vs. Blockchain, revista acad\u00eamica escola superior do minist\u00e9rio p\u00fablico do","volume":"12","author":"Moslavac","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cear\u00e1"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bcra.2023.100129_bib98","series-title":"Policing in the Era of AI and Smart Societies","first-page":"97","article-title":"Securing transparency and governance of organ supply chain through blockchain","author":"Chavez","year":"2020"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bcra.2023.100129_bib99","series-title":"Proceedings of the 2020 7th International Conference on Behavioural and Social Computing","article-title":"Your identity is yours: take back control of Your identity using GDPR compatible self-sovereign identity","author":"Naik","year":"2020"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bcra.2023.100129_bib100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4737","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2019.2962017","article-title":"Immutability and decentralized storage: an analysis of emerging threats","volume":"8","author":"Casino","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bcra.2023.100129_bib101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"D. Rotondi, M. Saltarella, G. Giordano, F. Pellecchia, Distributed ledger technology and European Union General Data Protection Regulation compliance in a flexible working context, Internet Technol. Lett. 2 (5), doi:10.1002\/itl2.127.","DOI":"10.1002\/itl2.127"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.bcra.2023.100129_bib102","first-page":"255","article-title":"The right to be forgotten in post-google Spain case law: an example of legal interpretivism in action?","volume":"26","author":"Wulff","year":"2020","journal-title":"Comparative Law Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bcra.2023.100129_bib103","series-title":"Proceedings of the 2021 IEEE 5th International Conference on Cryptography, Security and Privacy","first-page":"68","article-title":"Lightweight blockchain-based platform for GDPR-compliant personal data management","author":"Daud\u00e9n-Esmel","year":"2021"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bcra.2023.100129_bib104","series-title":"Proceedings of the 12th IEEE\/ACM International Conference on Utility and Cloud Computing","first-page":"133","article-title":"Developing GDPR compliant user data policies for Internet of Things","author":"Barati","year":"2019"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bcra.2023.100129_bib105","series-title":"Proceedings of EASE 2021: Evaluation and Assessment in Software Engineering","first-page":"313","article-title":"GDPR-compliant use of blockchain for secure usage logs","author":"Zieglmeier","year":"2021"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bcra.2023.100129_bib106","series-title":"ICIST 2019 Proceedings","first-page":"171","article-title":"Using blockchain to decentralize and protect user privacy in compliance with GDPR","author":"Dejanovic","year":"2019"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.bcra.2023.100129_bib107","first-page":"237","article-title":"Examining how GDPR challenges emerging technologies","volume":"10","author":"El-Gazzar","year":"2020","journal-title":"J.\u00a0Info. Pol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bcra.2023.100129_bib108","series-title":"Proceedings of the 52nd Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7087","DOI":"10.24251\/HICSS.2019.850","article-title":"Design of a forgetting blockchain: a possible way to accomplish GDPR compatibility","author":"Farshid","year":"2019"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bcra.2023.100129_bib109","series-title":"Security and Privacy in Communication Systems: 13th International Conference, SecureComm 2017, Niagara Falls, ON, Canada, October 22\u201325, 2017, Proceedings","first-page":"108","article-title":"Twisting lattice and graph techniques to compress transactional ledgers","author":"G\u00e9raud","year":"2017"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bcra.2023.100129_bib110","series-title":"Proceedings of the 2017 IEEE European Symposium on Security and Privacy","first-page":"111","article-title":"Redactable blockchain \u2013 or \u2013 rewriting history in Bitcoin and friends","author":"Ateniese","year":"2017"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bcra.2023.100129_bib111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173571","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2019.2956628","article-title":"Modifiable public blockchains using truncated hashing and sidechains","volume":"7","author":"Lee","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bcra.2023.100129_bib112","series-title":"Proceedings of the 2019 IEEE Conference on Application, Information and Network Security","first-page":"30","article-title":"Blockchain for identity management: the implications to personal data protection","author":"Sim","year":"2019"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bcra.2023.100129_bib113","first-page":"240","article-title":"GDPR, blockchain and the French data protection authority: many answers but some remaining questions","volume":"2","author":"Daoui","year":"2019","journal-title":"Stanford J. Blockchain Law. Pol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bcra.2023.100129_bib114","unstructured":"ICO, UK, Right to data portability, URL https:\/\/ico.org.uk\/for-organisations\/guide-to-data-protection\/guide-to-the-general-data-protection-regulation-gdpr\/individual-rights\/right-to-data-portability\/, (????)."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bcra.2023.100129_bib115","series-title":"Open Identity Summit 2020","first-page":"49","article-title":"Criteria for trustworthy digital transactions - blockchain\/DLT between eI-DAS, GDPR, data and evidence preservation","author":"Kusber","year":"2020"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bcra.2023.100129_bib116","series-title":"MEDINFO 2019: Health and Wellbeing E-Networks for All","first-page":"596","article-title":"Possible usages of smart contracts (blockchain) in healthcare and why No one is using them","author":"Giordanengo","year":"2019"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bcra.2023.100129_bib117","series-title":"Proceedings of the 15th International Joint Conference on E-Business and Telecommunications","first-page":"572","article-title":"Blockchain-based consents management for personal data processing in the IoT ecosystem","author":"Rantos","year":"2018"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bcra.2023.100129_bib118","series-title":"Advanced Microsystems for Automotive Applications 2018: Smart Systems for Clean, Safe and Shared Road Vehicles (Proceedings of the AMAA 2018 Conference)","first-page":"111","article-title":"Towards a privacy-preserving way of vehicle data sharing \u2013 a case for blockchain technology?","author":"Kaiser","year":"2018"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bcra.2023.100129_bib119","series-title":"Privacy and Identity Management. The Smart Revolution: 12th IFIP WG 9.2, 9.5, 9.6\/11.7, 11.6\/SIG 9.2.2 International Summer School, Ispra, Italy","first-page":"237","article-title":"Blockchain-based identity management and data usage control (extended abstract)","author":"Neisse","year":"2018"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bcra.2023.100129_bib120","series-title":"Proceedings of the 2020 12th International Conference on Communication Systems & Networks","article-title":"Blockchain-based interoperable healthcare using zero-knowledge proofs and proxy Re-encryption","author":"Sharma","year":"2020"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bcra.2023.100129_bib121","series-title":"Public Health and Informatics: Proceedings of MIE 2021","first-page":"208","article-title":"A\u00a0blockchain-based healthcare platform for secure personalised data sharing","volume":"vol. 281","author":"Bowles","year":"2021"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bcra.2023.100129_bib122","series-title":"Service-Oriented Computing: 18th International Conference, ICSOC 2020, Dubai, United Arab Emirates, December 14\u201317, 2020, Proceedings","first-page":"121","article-title":"PATRIoT: a data sharing platform for IoT using a service-oriented approach based on blockchain","author":"Loukil","year":"2020"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bcra.2023.100129_bib123","series-title":"Proceedings of the 2021 IEEE 24th International Conference on Computer Supported Cooperative Work in Design","first-page":"329","article-title":"Where is our data? A blockchain-based information chain of custody model for privacy improvement","author":"Silva","year":"2021"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bcra.2023.100129_bib124","series-title":"2019 Sixth HCT Information Technology Trends (ITT)","first-page":"234","article-title":"EPPR: using blockchain for sharing educational records","author":"Alkouz","year":"2019"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bcra.2023.100129_bib125","series-title":"Proceedings of the 12th International Conference on Availability, Reliability and Security","article-title":"A\u00a0blockchain-based approach for data accountability and provenance tracking","author":"Neisse","year":"2017"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.bcra.2023.100129_bib126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4808","DOI":"10.1109\/TII.2021.3100152","article-title":"Privacy-aware cloud auditing for GDPR compliance verification in online healthcare","volume":"18","author":"Barati","year":"2021","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Ind. Inf."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bcra.2023.100129_bib127","series-title":"Blockchain and Trustworthy Systems: First International Conference, BlockSys 2019, Guangzhou, China, December 7\u20138, 2019, Proceedings","first-page":"322","article-title":"Enhancing user privacy in IoT: integration of GDPR and blockchain","author":"Barati","year":"2019"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bcra.2023.100129_bib128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119697","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2020.3005509","article-title":"GDPR compliance verification in Internet of Things","volume":"8","author":"Barati","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bcra.2023.100129_bib129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"M. Barati, O. Rana, Privacy-aware cloud ecosystems: architecture and performance, Concurrency Comput. Pract. Ex. 33 (23), doi:10.1002\/cpe.5852.","DOI":"10.1002\/cpe.5852"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bcra.2023.100129_bib130","series-title":"Proceedings of the 2021 IEEE International Conference on Service-Oriented System Engineering","first-page":"11","article-title":"Privacy & cloud services: are we there yet?","author":"Marikyan","year":"2021"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bcra.2023.100129_bib131","series-title":"Proceedings of the 2020 International Conference on Blockchain and Cryptocurrency","article-title":"Put Your money where Your mouth is \u2013 towards blockchain-based consent violation detection","author":"Heiss","year":"2020"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bcra.2023.100129_bib132","series-title":"Ambient Intelligence \u2013 Software and Applications \u2013, 9th International Symposium on Ambient Intelligence","first-page":"314","article-title":"On the feasibility of blockchain for online surveys with reputation and informed consent support","author":"de Sousa","year":"2018"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bcra.2023.100129_bib133","series-title":"Blockchain and Applications: International Congress","first-page":"54","article-title":"Blockchain based informed consent with reputation support","author":"de Sousa","year":"2019"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bcra.2023.100129_bib134","series-title":"Proceedings of the 2020 10th Annual Computing and Communication Workshop and Conference","first-page":"500","article-title":"UDPP: blockchain based open platform as a privacy enabler","author":"Pei","year":"2020"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bcra.2023.100129_bib135","unstructured":"ICO, UK, Legitimate interests, URL https:\/\/ico.org.uk\/for-organisations\/guide-to-data-protection\/guide-to-the-general-data-protection-regulation-gdpr\/lawful-basis-for-processing\/legitimate-interests\/, (????)."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bcra.2023.100129_bib136","series-title":"Law 4.0 \u2013 Challenges of the Digital Age","first-page":"76","article-title":"The conflict of blockchain and the EU general data protection regulation in the area of business law","author":"Labancz","year":"2019"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bcra.2023.100129_bib137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"H. Subramanian, K. Cousins, L. B. Bouyad, A. Sheth, D. Conway, Blockchain regulations and decentralized applications: panel report from AMCIS 2018, Commun. Assoc. Inf. Syst. 47 (1), doi:10.17705\/1CAIS.04709.","DOI":"10.17705\/1CAIS.04709"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.bcra.2023.100129_bib138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.17705\/2msqe.00010","article-title":"A\u00a0ten-step decision path to determine when to use blockchain technologies","volume":"18","author":"Pedersen","year":"2019","journal-title":"MIS Q. Exec."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bcra.2023.100129_bib139","unstructured":"N. D'Agostini, GDPR and Blockchain: What does this Mean for In-house Counsel?, Int. In-house Counsel J. 11 (45), URL https:\/\/www.iicj.net\/subscribersonly\/18october\/iicj4oct-privacy-NataliaDAgostini-icare.-australia.pdf."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.bcra.2023.100129_bib140","first-page":"477","article-title":"Blockchain and eHealth: seeking compliance with the general data protection regulation","author":"Arisi","year":"2020","journal-title":"BioLaw J.: Rivista di BioDiritto"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bcra.2023.100129_bib141","series-title":"Proceedings of the 2020 3rd International Conference on Information and Computer Technologies","first-page":"284","article-title":"Securing the rights of data subjects with blockchain technology","author":"Schmelz","year":"2020"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bcra.2023.100129_bib142","series-title":"Proceedings of the 2019 Portland International Conference on Management of Engineering and Technology","article-title":"Blockchain and GDPR: application scenarios and compliance requirements","author":"Zemler","year":"2019"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.bcra.2023.100129_bib143","first-page":"112","article-title":"Blockchain and data protection: the value of personal data","volume":"6","author":"Fabiano","year":"2018","journal-title":"J.\u00a0System. Cybernet. Informat."}],"container-title":["Blockchain: Research and Applications"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S2096720923000040?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S2096720923000040?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,31]],"date-time":"2025-10-31T00:16:15Z","timestamp":1761869775000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S2096720923000040"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,6]]},"references-count":141,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,6]]}},"alternative-id":["S2096720923000040"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.bcra.2023.100129","relation":{},"ISSN":["2096-7209"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2096-7209","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,6]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"A systematic literature review of the tension between the GDPR and public blockchain systems","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Blockchain: Research and Applications","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.bcra.2023.100129","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2023 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. on behalf of Zhejiang University Press.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"100129"}}