{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,2]],"date-time":"2026-07-02T18:11:50Z","timestamp":1783015910917,"version":"3.54.6"},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,1]],"date-time":"2025-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1740787200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,1]],"date-time":"2025-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1740787200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,10]],"date-time":"2024-12-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1733788800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000780","name":"European Commission","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000780","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100031478","name":"NextGenerationEU","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100031478","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Blockchain: Research and Applications"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,3]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.bcra.2024.100242","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,13]],"date-time":"2024-12-13T12:28:35Z","timestamp":1734092915000},"page":"100242","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["SSI-MedRx: A fraud-resilient healthcare system based on blockchain and SSI"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"6","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4566-1382","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Meriem","family":"Guerar","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mauro","family":"Migliardi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1077-2771","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Enrico","family":"Russo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Djamel","family":"Khadraoui","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2272-2376","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alessio","family":"Merlo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.bcra.2024.100242_br0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s40352-021-00149-3","article-title":"Fourteen years of manifestations and factors of health insurance fraud, 2006\u20132020: a scoping review","volume":"9","author":"Villegas-Ortega","year":"2021","journal-title":"Health & Justice"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.bcra.2024.100242_br0020","first-page":"479","article-title":"Investigating healthcare fraud: its scope, applicable laws, and regulations","volume":"11","author":"Stowell","year":"2020","journal-title":"William & Mary Bus. Law Rev."},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.bcra.2024.100242_br0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2021.15328","article-title":"Clinical knowledge and trends in physicians' prescribing of opioids for new onset back pain, 2009-2017","volume":"4","author":"Gray","year":"2021","journal-title":"JAMA Netw. Open"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.bcra.2024.100242_br0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1086","DOI":"10.1109\/TEM.2020.2971865","article-title":"A fraud-resilient blockchain-based solution for invoice financing","volume":"67","author":"Guerar","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Eng. Manag."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bcra.2024.100242_br0050","series-title":"Proceedings of the 23rd International Database Applications & Engineering Symposium, Ser. IDEAS '19","article-title":"Blockchain-based risk mitigation for invoice financing","author":"Guerar","year":"2019"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bcra.2024.100242_br0060","series-title":"Computational Science and Its Applications \u2013 ICCSA 2022 Workshops","first-page":"419","article-title":"Truthseekers chain: leveraging invisible cappcha, SSI and blockchain to combat disinformation on social media","author":"Guerar","year":"2022"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.bcra.2024.100242_br0070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"841","DOI":"10.1002\/spe.2983","article-title":"NovidChain: blockchain-based privacy-preserving platform for COVID-19 test\/vaccine certificates","volume":"52","author":"Abid","year":"2022","journal-title":"Softw. Pract. Exp."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.bcra.2024.100242_br0080","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"841","DOI":"10.1145\/3571509","article-title":"Harmonizing sensitive data exchange and double-spending prevention through blockchain and digital wallets: the case of e-prescription management","volume":"2","author":"Schlatt","year":"2023","journal-title":"Distrib. Ledger Technol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bcra.2024.100242_br0090","series-title":"Proceedings of the Italian Conference on Cybersecurity","article-title":"\u201cSafe prescription\u201d: a decentralized blockchain protocol to manage medical prescriptions","author":"Cilli","year":"2022"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.bcra.2024.100242_br0100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1089\/omi.2020.0085","article-title":"Digital health in physicians' and pharmacists' office: a comparative study of e-Prescription systems' architecture and digital security in eight countries","volume":"25","author":"Aldughayfiq","year":"2021","journal-title":"Omics. J. Integr. Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bcra.2024.100242_br0110","author":"IDX"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bcra.2024.100242_br0120","author":"Permanente"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.bcra.2024.100242_br0130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1186\/s12911-023-02152-0","article-title":"Health insurance fraud detection by using an attributed heterogeneous information network with a hierarchical attention mechanism","volume":"23","author":"Lu","year":"2023","journal-title":"BMC Med. Inform. Decis. Mak."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bcra.2024.100242_br0140","author":"U.S. Department of Justice"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bcra.2024.100242_br0150","author":"Fresques"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bcra.2024.100242_br0160","author":"U.S. Department of Justice"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.bcra.2024.100242_br0170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"536","DOI":"10.1332\/174426421X16856230946027","article-title":"Issues arising from the study design, conduct, and promotion of clinical trials funded by opioid manufacturers: a review of internal pharmaceutical industry documents","volume":"19","author":"Gac","year":"2023","journal-title":"Evidence & Policy"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.bcra.2024.100242_br0180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.4018\/IJISSC.2019040104","article-title":"OpTrak: tracking opioid prescriptions via distributed ledger technology","volume":"10","author":"Zhang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Inf. Syst. Soc. Change"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.bcra.2024.100242_br0190","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1456","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jiph.2020.06.035","article-title":"Prescription drug monitoring programs in the US: a systematic literature review on its strength and weakness","volume":"13","author":"Alogaili","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Inf. Public Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bcra.2024.100242_br0570","author":"PWC"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bcra.2024.100242_br0210","author":"Kost"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.bcra.2024.100242_br0220","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.2196\/22269","article-title":"Ethical issues in patient data ownership","volume":"10","author":"Chiruvella","year":"2021","journal-title":"Interact. J. Med. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bcra.2024.100242_br0230","series-title":"Proceedings of the 2019 IEEE 28th International Conference on Enabling Technologies: Infrastructure for Collaborative Enterprises (WETICE)","first-page":"327","article-title":"2GesturePIN: securing PIN-based authentication on smartwatches","author":"Guerar","year":"2019"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.bcra.2024.100242_br0240","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.3233\/JHS-160545","article-title":"Color wheel pin: usable and resilient ATM authentication","volume":"22","author":"Guerar","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. High Speed Netw."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.bcra.2024.100242_br0250","first-page":"64","article-title":"Clickpattern: a pattern lock system resilient to smudge and side-channel attacks","volume":"8","author":"Guerar","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Wirel. Mob. Netw. Ubiquitous Comput. Dependable Appl."},{"issue":"18","key":"10.1016\/j.bcra.2024.100242_br0260","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/cpe.5549","article-title":"Securing pin-based authentication in smartwatches with just two gestures","volume":"32","author":"Guerar","year":"2020","journal-title":"Concurr. Comput. Pract. Exp."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.bcra.2024.100242_br0270","first-page":"621","article-title":"Using screen brightness to improve security in mobile social network access","volume":"15","author":"Guerar","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Dependable Secure Comput."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.bcra.2024.100242_br0280","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1145\/3365995","article-title":"CirclePIN: a novel authentication mechanism for smartwatches to prevent unauthorized access to IoT devices","volume":"4","author":"Guerar","year":"2020","journal-title":"ACM Trans. Cyber-Phys. Syst."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bcra.2024.100242_br0290","author":"Yasuda"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bcra.2024.100242_br0300","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijmedinf.2020.104205","article-title":"The state of national electronic prescription systems in the EU in 2018 with special consideration given to interoperability issues","volume":"141","author":"Bruthans","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Med. Inform."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bcra.2024.100242_br0310","author":"Docker"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bcra.2024.100242_br0330","author":"NGINX"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bcra.2024.100242_br0350","author":"Nuxt"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bcra.2024.100242_br0370","author":"Metamask"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.bcra.2024.100242_br0380","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ipm.2020.102460","article-title":"Amanuensis: information provenance for health-data systems","volume":"58","author":"Hardin","year":"2021","journal-title":"Inf. Process. Manag."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bcra.2024.100242_br0390","author":"Yin"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bcra.2024.100242_br0400","author":"Sam Curren"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.bcra.2024.100242_br0410","first-page":"1","article-title":"RxBlock: towards the design of a distributed immutable electronic prescription system","volume":"9","author":"Thatcher","year":"2020","journal-title":"Netw. Model. Anal. Health Inf. Bioinform."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.bcra.2024.100242_br0420","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.4018\/IJISSC.2019040104","article-title":"OpTrak: tracking opioid prescriptions via distributed ledger technology","volume":"10","author":"Zhang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Inf. Syst. Soc. Change"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bcra.2024.100242_br0430","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25973","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2022.3156015","article-title":"VigilRx: a scalable and interoperable prescription management system using blockchain","volume":"10","author":"Taylor","year":"2022","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.bcra.2024.100242_br0440","first-page":"1147","article-title":"Blockchain-enabled secure privacy-preserving system for public health-center data","volume":"14","author":"Islam","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int. J. Adv. Comput. Sci. Appl."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bcra.2024.100242_br0450","series-title":"Proceedings of the 2022 IEEE International Conference on Blockchain and Cryptocurrency (ICBC)","first-page":"1","article-title":"A blockchain-based data governance with privacy and provenance: a case study for e-prescription","author":"Garcia","year":"2022"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bcra.2024.100242_br0460","series-title":"Proceedings of the 2019 IEEE International Conference on Bioinformatics and Biomedicine (BIBM)","first-page":"1087","article-title":"SHAREChain: healthcare data sharing framework using blockchain-registry and FHIR","author":"Lee","year":"2019"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bcra.2024.100242_br0470","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79606","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2022.3194569","article-title":"Blockchain and AI-empowered healthcare insurance fraud detection: an analysis, architecture, and future prospects","volume":"10","author":"Kapadiya","year":"2022","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.bcra.2024.100242_br0480","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.2196\/18623","article-title":"Combating health care fraud and abuse: conceptualization and prototyping study of a blockchain antifraud framework","volume":"22","author":"Mackey","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Med. Internet Res."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.bcra.2024.100242_br0490","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"563","DOI":"10.1007\/s10586-023-03973-4","article-title":"An extended lightweight blockchain based collaborative healthcare system for fraud prevention","volume":"27","author":"Settipalli","year":"2023","journal-title":"Clust. Comput."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.bcra.2024.100242_br0500","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1109\/MITP.2021.3071534","article-title":"Healthcare insurance frauds: taxonomy and blockchain-based detection framework (Block-HI)","volume":"23","author":"Ismail","year":"2021","journal-title":"IT Prof."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bcra.2024.100242_br0510","series-title":"Proceedings of the 2020 Seventh International Conference on Software Defined Systems (SDS)","first-page":"145","article-title":"Health care insurance fraud detection using blockchain","author":"Saldamli","year":"2020"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bcra.2024.100242_br0520","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"222093","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2020.3043350","article-title":"Blockchain-based solution for COVID-19 digital medical passports and immunity certificates","volume":"8","author":"Hasan","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bcra.2024.100242_br0530","article-title":"Technical design and development of a self-sovereign identity management platform for patient-centric health care using blockchain technology","volume":"5","author":"Harrell","year":"2022","journal-title":"Blockchain Healthc. Today"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bcra.2024.100242_br0540","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fbloc.2023.1075083","article-title":"Health passport: a blockchain-based PHR-integrated self-sovereign identity system","volume":"6","author":"George","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front. Blockchain"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bcra.2024.100242_br0550","author":"Leffew"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bcra.2024.100242_br0560","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"148","DOI":"10.1109\/OJEMB.2020.2999214","article-title":"COVID-19 antibody test\/vaccination certification: there's an app for that","volume":"1","author":"Eisenstadt","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Open J. Eng. Med. Biol."}],"container-title":["Blockchain: Research and Applications"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S2096720924000551?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S2096720924000551?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,8]],"date-time":"2025-11-08T11:16:22Z","timestamp":1762600582000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S2096720924000551"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,3]]},"references-count":53,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,3]]}},"alternative-id":["S2096720924000551"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.bcra.2024.100242","relation":{"has-preprint":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.36227\/techrxiv.172055493.30957383\/v1","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["2096-7209"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2096-7209","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,3]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"SSI-MedRx: A fraud-resilient healthcare system based on blockchain and SSI","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Blockchain: Research and Applications","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.bcra.2024.100242","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2024 THE AUTHORS. Published by Elsevier B.V. on behalf of Zhejiang University Press.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"100242"}}