{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,4]],"date-time":"2026-07-04T20:51:50Z","timestamp":1783198310744,"version":"3.54.6"},"reference-count":125,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,1]],"date-time":"2025-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1756684800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,1]],"date-time":"2025-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1756684800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,27]],"date-time":"2025-03-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1743033600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Blockchain: Research and Applications"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,9]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.bcra.2025.100286","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,8]],"date-time":"2025-04-08T11:33:04Z","timestamp":1744111984000},"page":"100286","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":26,"title":["Towards blockchain interoperability: a comprehensive survey on cross-chain solutions"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"6","author":[{"given":"Wenqing","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7981-9873","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zhenguang","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jianhai","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhe","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qinming","family":"He","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.bcra.2025.100286_br0010","author":"Nakamoto"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bcra.2025.100286_br0020","author":"Buterin"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bcra.2025.100286_br0030","series-title":"Proceedings of the 2016 IEEE 18th International Conference on e-Health Networking, Applications and Services (Healthcom)","first-page":"1","article-title":"Blockchain technology in healthcare: the revolution starts here","author":"Mettler","year":"2016"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bcra.2025.100286_br0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.iot.2019.100081","article-title":"Blockchain for the iot and industrial iot: a review","volume":"10","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Internet of Things"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.bcra.2025.100286_br0050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1109\/MC.2018.3620971","article-title":"AI and blockchain: a disruptive integration","volume":"51","author":"Dinh","year":"2018","journal-title":"Computer"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bcra.2025.100286_br0060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"122","DOI":"10.1109\/OJCS.2022.3188249","article-title":"Fusing blockchain and AI with metaverse: a survey","volume":"3","author":"Yang","year":"2022","journal-title":"IEEE Open J. Comput. Soc."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bcra.2025.100286_br1480","series-title":"Des. Sci. Res. Cases","first-page":"1","article-title":"Introduction to design science research","author":"Vom Brocke","year":"2020"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bcra.2025.100286_br0080","first-page":"1","article-title":"Chain interoperability","volume":"9","author":"Buterin","year":"2016","journal-title":"R3 Res. Pap."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bcra.2025.100286_br0090","series-title":"Proceedings of the ArabWIC 6th Annual International Conference Research Track","first-page":"1","article-title":"Inter blockchain communication: a survey","author":"Qasse","year":"2019"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bcra.2025.100286_br0100","series-title":"Proceedings of the 2020 International Conference on Smart Technologies in Computing, Electrical and Electronics (ICSTCEE)","first-page":"381","article-title":"Interoperability solutions for blockchain","author":"Bhatia","year":"2020"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bcra.2025.100286_br0110","series-title":"Proceedings of the 2021 13th International Conference on Measuring Technology and Mechatronics Automation (ICMTMA)","first-page":"357","article-title":"Overview of block chain cross chain technology","author":"Lin","year":"2021"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bcra.2025.100286_br0120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109378","DOI":"10.1016\/j.comnet.2022.109378","article-title":"An overview on cross-chain: mechanism, platforms, challenges and advances","volume":"218","author":"Ou","year":"2022","journal-title":"Comput. Netw."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bcra.2025.100286_br0130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jnca.2019.102471","article-title":"Sidechain technologies in blockchain networks: an examination and state-of-the-art review","volume":"149","author":"Singh","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Netw. Comput. Appl."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bcra.2025.100286_br0140","series-title":"Towards atomic cross-chain token transfers: State of the art and open questions within tast","author":"Borkowski","year":"2018"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bcra.2025.100286_br1490","series-title":"Business Process Management: Blockchain and Central and Eastern Europe Forum","first-page":"3","article-title":"Towards blockchain interoperability","author":"Schulte","year":"2019"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bcra.2025.100286_br0160","series-title":"Innovative Technology at the Interface of Finance and Operations","first-page":"1","article-title":"Blockchain intra- and interoperability","author":"Lipton","year":"2022"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.bcra.2025.100286_br0170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.3390\/info13010006","article-title":"Wrapping trust for interoperability: a preliminary study of wrapped tokens","volume":"13","author":"Caldarelli","year":"2021","journal-title":"Information"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bcra.2025.100286_br0180","series-title":"Proceedings of the International Conference on Evaluation and Assessment in Software Engineering 2022","first-page":"347","article-title":"Security and privacy challenges in blockchain interoperability-a multivocal literature review","author":"Haugum","year":"2022"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bcra.2025.100286_br0190","series-title":"Financial Cryptography and Data Security","first-page":"3","article-title":"SoK: communication across distributed ledgers","author":"Zamyatin","year":"2021"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bcra.2025.100286_br0200","author":"Wang"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bcra.2025.100286_br0210","series-title":"Datenbanksysteme in Business, Technologie und Web, 11. Fachtagung des GIFachbereichs \u201cDatenbanken und Informationssysteme\u201d(DBIS)","first-page":"2","article-title":"Dbms architecture\u2013still an open problem","author":"H\u00e4rder","year":"2005"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bcra.2025.100286_br0220","series-title":"Proceedings of 11th USENIX Symposium on Operating Systems Design and Implementation","first-page":"495","article-title":"Salt: combining {ACID} and {BASE} in a distributed database","author":"Xie","year":"2014"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.bcra.2025.100286_br0230","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1145\/3471140","article-title":"A survey on blockchain interoperability: past, present, and future trends","volume":"54","author":"Belchior","year":"2021","journal-title":"ACM Comput. Surv."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bcra.2025.100286_br0240","series-title":"Enterprise, Business-Process and Information Systems Modeling","first-page":"367","article-title":"The architecture of the archimate language","author":"Lankhorst","year":"2009"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.bcra.2025.100286_br0250","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1145\/3460287","article-title":"Towards interconnected blockchains: a comprehensive review of the role of interoperability among disparate blockchains","volume":"54","author":"Lohachab","year":"2021","journal-title":"ACM Comput. Surv."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bcra.2025.100286_br0270","series-title":"Proceedings of the 53rd Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5298","DOI":"10.24251\/HICSS.2020.652","article-title":"Bridges between islands: Cross-chain technology for distributed ledger technology","author":"Kannengie\u00dfer","year":"2020"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.bcra.2025.100286_br0280","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.19153\/cleiej.25.3.4","article-title":"Blockchain interoperability: a feature-based classification framework and challenges ahead","volume":"25","author":"Llambias","year":"2022","journal-title":"CLEI Electron. J."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.bcra.2025.100286_br0290","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"148","DOI":"10.23919\/JCC.2023.00.026","article-title":"A study on the challenges and solutions of blockchain interoperability","volume":"20","author":"Zhu","year":"2023","journal-title":"China Commun."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bcra.2025.100286_br0260","series-title":"Proceedings of 2018 IEEE 38th International Conference on Distributed Computing Systems (ICDCS)","first-page":"1203","article-title":"Towards a novel architecture for enabling interoperability amongst multiple blockchains","author":"Jin","year":"2018"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.bcra.2025.100286_br0300","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12750","DOI":"10.1109\/TKDE.2023.3275220","article-title":"Interoperability in blockchain: a survey","volume":"35","author":"Ren","year":"2023","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Knowl. Data Eng."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bcra.2025.100286_br0310","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pmcj.2019.101079","article-title":"Assessing interoperability solutions for distributed ledgers","volume":"59","author":"Koens","year":"2019","journal-title":"Pervasive Mob. Comput."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bcra.2025.100286_br0320","author":"Kazemi"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bcra.2025.100286_br0330","series-title":"A framework to evaluate blockchain interoperability solutions","author":"Mihaiu","year":"2021"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.bcra.2025.100286_br0340","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"352","DOI":"10.1504\/IJWGS.2018.095647","article-title":"Blockchain challenges and opportunities: a survey","volume":"14","author":"Zheng","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Web Grid Serv."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bcra.2025.100286_br0350","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbvi.2019.e00151","article-title":"Blockchain disruption and decentralized finance: the rise of decentralized business models","volume":"13","author":"Chen","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Bus. Venturing Insights"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bcra.2025.100286_br0360","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tre.2020.102067","article-title":"Blockchain technology in supply chain operations: applications, challenges and research opportunities","volume":"142","author":"Dutta","year":"2020","journal-title":"Transp. Res., Part E, Logist. Transp. Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bcra.2025.100286_br0370","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1016\/j.comcom.2019.01.006","article-title":"Survey on blockchain for Internet of things","volume":"136","author":"Wang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Comput. Commun."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bcra.2025.100286_br0380","author":"IBM"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bcra.2025.100286_br0390","series-title":"Blockchain for Distributed Systems Security","first-page":"193","article-title":"Permissioned and permissionless blockchains","author":"Miller","year":"2019"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bcra.2025.100286_br0400","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2020.114384","article-title":"A taxonomy of blockchain consensus protocols: a survey and classification framework","volume":"168","author":"Bouraga","year":"2021","journal-title":"Expert Syst. Appl."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bcra.2025.100286_br0410","series-title":"Concurrency Control and Recovery in Database Systems","author":"Bernstein","year":"1987"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bcra.2025.100286_br0420","first-page":"147","article-title":"Understanding non-blocking atomic commitment","author":"Babaoglu","year":"1993","journal-title":"Distrib. Syst."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bcra.2025.100286_br0430","first-page":"57","article-title":"Caught in chains: claim-first transactions for cross-blockchain asset transfers","volume":"vol. 56","author":"Borkowski","year":"2018"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bcra.2025.100286_br0440","author":"Borkowski"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bcra.2025.100286_br0450","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ipl.2020.105976","article-title":"About blockchain interoperability","volume":"161","author":"Lafourcade","year":"2020","journal-title":"Inf. Process. Lett."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bcra.2025.100286_br0460","series-title":"Proceedings of 2018 IEEE International Conference on Internet of Things (IThings) and IEEE Green Computing and Communications (GreenCom) and IEEE Cyber, Physical and Social Computing (CPSCom) and IEEE Smart Data (SmartData)","first-page":"1574","article-title":"Internet of blockchains: techniques and challenges ahead","author":"Vo","year":"2018"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bcra.2025.100286_br0470","series-title":"Proceedings of the 2018 ACM Symposium on Principles of Distributed Computing","first-page":"245","article-title":"Atomic cross-chain swaps","author":"Herlihy","year":"2018"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bcra.2025.100286_br1500","series-title":"Fairness in electronic commerce","author":"Asokan","year":"1998"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bcra.2025.100286_br0490","author":"NIFO"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bcra.2025.100286_br0500","series-title":"System of systems interoperability (sosi)","author":"Morris","year":"2004"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bcra.2025.100286_br0510","series-title":"Proceedings of the 2003 Fall Simulation Interoperability Workshop","first-page":"1","article-title":"The levels of conceptual interoperability model","author":"Tolk","year":"2003"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.bcra.2025.100286_br0520","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1145\/3564532","article-title":"Do you need a distributed ledger technology interoperability solution?","volume":"2","author":"Belchior","year":"2023","journal-title":"Distrib. Ledger Technol.: Res. Pract."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.bcra.2025.100286_br0530","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1145\/3638045","article-title":"Cross-chain smart contract invocations: a systematic multi-vocal literature review","volume":"56","author":"Falazi","year":"2024","journal-title":"ACM Comput. Surv."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.bcra.2025.100286_br0540","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3489","DOI":"10.1007\/s12083-024-01762-3","article-title":"Temporary relay: a more flexible way to cross chains","volume":"17","author":"Wang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Peer-to-Peer Netw. Appl."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bcra.2025.100286_br0550","first-page":"448","article-title":"Inter-blockchain communication","author":"Chen","year":"2017","journal-title":"DEStech Trans. Comput. Sci. Eng."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bcra.2025.100286_br0560","series-title":"Analysis of bridge-solutions for public blockchains","author":"Cuesta Arcos","year":"2023"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bcra.2025.100286_br0570","series-title":"Peer-to-Peer: Harnessing the Power of Disruptive Technologies","author":"Oram","year":"2001"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bcra.2025.100286_br0580","series-title":"Peer-to-Peer Systems IV","first-page":"205","article-title":"The bittorrent p2p file-sharing system: measurements and analysis","author":"Pouwelse","year":"2005"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bcra.2025.100286_br0590","series-title":"Proceedings of IEEE Workshop on Hot Topics in Web Systems and Technologies (HOTWEB'06)","first-page":"1","article-title":"Optimal peer-assisted file distribution: single and multi-class problems","author":"Kumar","year":"2006"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bcra.2025.100286_br0600","series-title":"Advances in Cryptology CRYPTO 87","first-page":"369","article-title":"A digital signature based on a conventional encryption function","author":"Merkle","year":"1988"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.bcra.2025.100286_br0610","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1145\/279227.279229","article-title":"The part-time Parliament","volume":"16","author":"Lamport","year":"1998","journal-title":"ACM Trans. Comput. Syst."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.bcra.2025.100286_br0620","first-page":"51","article-title":"Paxos made simple","volume":"32","author":"Lamport","year":"2001","journal-title":"ACM SIGACT News (Distributed Computing Column)"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.bcra.2025.100286_br0630","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1007\/s00446-006-0005-x","article-title":"Fast paxos","volume":"19","author":"Lamport","year":"2006","journal-title":"Distrib. Comput."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bcra.2025.100286_br0640","series-title":"Proceedings of 2014 USENIX Annual Technical Conference (Usenix ATC 14)","first-page":"305","article-title":"In search of an understandable consensus algorithm","author":"Ongaro","year":"2014"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.bcra.2025.100286_br0650","first-page":"28","article-title":"Smart contracts: building blocks for digital markets","volume":"18","author":"Szabo","year":"1996","journal-title":"EXTROPY: J. Transhumanist Thought"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bcra.2025.100286_br0660","author":"Wood"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bcra.2025.100286_br0670","series-title":"Proceedings of the Thirteenth EuroSys Conference","first-page":"1","article-title":"Hyperledger fabric: a distributed operating system for permissioned blockchains","author":"Androulaki","year":"2018"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.bcra.2025.100286_br0680","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1298","DOI":"10.1109\/TEM.2019.2920154","article-title":"Toward an interoperability architecture for blockchain autonomous systems","volume":"67","author":"Hardjono","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Eng. Manag."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bcra.2025.100286_br0690","series-title":"Proceedings of the 6th International Conference on Informatics, Environment, Energy and Applications","first-page":"94","article-title":"Blockchain router: a cross-chain communication protocol","author":"Wang","year":"2017"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.bcra.2025.100286_br0700","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.2307\/25148625","article-title":"Design science in information systems research","volume":"28","author":"Hevner","year":"2008","journal-title":"Manag. Inf. Syst. Q."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.bcra.2025.100286_br0710","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.2753\/MIS0742-1222240302","article-title":"A design science research methodology for information systems research","volume":"24","author":"Peffers","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Manag. Inf. Syst."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bcra.2025.100286_br0720","author":"Garoffolo"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bcra.2025.100286_br0730","series-title":"Cryptology ePrint Archive","article-title":"Rsk: a bitcoin sidechain with stateful smart-contracts","author":"Lerner","year":"2022"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bcra.2025.100286_br0750","author":"Axelar"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bcra.2025.100286_br0780","author":"Matthew Spoke"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bcra.2025.100286_br0790","author":"Min Kim"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bcra.2025.100286_br0740","author":"Thomas"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bcra.2025.100286_br0760","author":"Kwon"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bcra.2025.100286_br0770","first-page":"2327","article-title":"Polkadot: vision for a heterogeneous multi-chain framework","volume":"21","author":"Wood","year":"2016","journal-title":"White Pap."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bcra.2025.100286_br0800","author":"Nolan"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bcra.2025.100286_br0810","author":"Polygon"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bcra.2025.100286_br1510","author":"Lerner"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bcra.2025.100286_br0830","author":"Sztorc"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bcra.2025.100286_br0840","series-title":"2019 IEEE Symposium on Security and Privacy (SP)","first-page":"193","article-title":"Xclaim: trustless, interoperable, cryptocurrency-backed assets","author":"Zamyatin","year":"2019"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bcra.2025.100286_br0850","author":"Nick"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bcra.2025.100286_br0860","author":"EherDelta"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.bcra.2025.100286_br0870","first-page":"1","article-title":"An analysis of uniswap markets","volume":"1","author":"Angeris","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cryptoeconomic Syst."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bcra.2025.100286_br0880","author":"Warren"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bcra.2025.100286_br1360","author":"Wiki"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bcra.2025.100286_br0890","series-title":"Financial Cryptography and Data Security","first-page":"156","article-title":"The arwen trading protocols","author":"Heilman","year":"2020"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bcra.2025.100286_br0900","author":"LTD"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bcra.2025.100286_br0910","author":"Coinbase"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bcra.2025.100286_br0920","author":"kraken"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bcra.2025.100286_br0940","series-title":"Provable security for cryptocurrencies","author":"Miller","year":"2016"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.bcra.2025.100286_br0950","first-page":"153","article-title":"Decentralized finance: on blockchain- and smart contract-based financial markets","volume":"103","author":"Sch\u00e4r","year":"2021","journal-title":"FRB of St. Louis Review"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bcra.2025.100286_br0960","author":"Nolan"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bcra.2025.100286_br0970","series-title":"Proceedings of 2020 25th International Conference on Engineering of Complex Computer Systems (ICECCS)","first-page":"119","article-title":"The burn-to-claim cross-blockchain asset transfer protocol","author":"Pillai","year":"2020"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bcra.2025.100286_br0980","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.comnet.2021.108495","article-title":"Burn-to-claim: an asset transfer protocol for blockchain interoperability","volume":"200","author":"Pillai","year":"2021","journal-title":"Comput. Netw."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bcra.2025.100286_br0990","series-title":"Proceedings of the 2020 IEEE 40th International Conference on Distributed Computing Systems (ICDCS)","first-page":"1257","article-title":"Zendoo: a zk-snark verifiable cross-chain transfer protocol enabling decoupled and decentralized sidechains","author":"Garoffolo","year":"2020"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bcra.2025.100286_br1000","author":"Gluchowski"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bcra.2025.100286_br1010","author":"Network"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bcra.2025.100286_br1020","author":"Polygon"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bcra.2025.100286_br1030","series-title":"Proceedings of the 2019 ACM SIGSAC Conference on Computer and Communications Security","first-page":"549","article-title":"Hyperservice: interoperability and programmability across heterogeneous blockchains","author":"Liu","year":"2019"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bcra.2025.100286_br1520","author":"Verdian"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bcra.2025.100286_br1050","series-title":"Proceedings of 2019 IEEE 44th Conference on Local Computer Networks (LCN)","first-page":"332","article-title":"Bifr\u00f6st: a modular blockchain interoperability api","author":"Scheid","year":"2019"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bcra.2025.100286_br1060","author":"Sheehan"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bcra.2025.100286_br1070","series-title":"Financial Cryptography and Data Security","first-page":"523","article-title":"Proof-of-burn","author":"Karantias","year":"2020"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bcra.2025.100286_br1080","author":"Sztorc"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bcra.2025.100286_br1530","series-title":"Financial Cryptography and Data Security","first-page":"21","article-title":"Proof-of-work sidechains","author":"Kiayias","year":"2020"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bcra.2025.100286_br1100","series-title":"Proceedings of the 1982 ACM SIGMOD International Conference on Management of Data","first-page":"128","article-title":"Horizontal data partitioning in database design","author":"Ceri","year":"1982"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bcra.2025.100286_br1110","author":"Mat"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.bcra.2025.100286_br1120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"525","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2575.2009.00330.x","article-title":"Griefing in virtual worlds: causes, casualties and coping strategies","volume":"19","author":"Chesney","year":"2009","journal-title":"Inf. Syst. J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bcra.2025.100286_br1130","series-title":"Proceedings of the 2021 IEEE Symposium on Security and Privacy (SP)","first-page":"1834","article-title":"A2l: anonymous atomic locks for scalability and interoperability in payment channel hubs","author":"Tairi","year":"2021"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bcra.2025.100286_br1140","series-title":"Financial Cryptography and Data Security: FC 2016 International Workshops","first-page":"61","article-title":"Proofs of proofs of work with sublinear complexity","author":"Kiayias","year":"2016"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bcra.2025.100286_br1150","series-title":"Financial Cryptography and Data Security: 24th International Conference","first-page":"505","article-title":"Non-interactive proofs of proof-of-work","author":"Kiayias","year":"2020"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bcra.2025.100286_br1160","author":"Back"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bcra.2025.100286_br1170","series-title":"Automata, Languages and Programming: 33rd International Colloquium, ICALP 2006","first-page":"1","article-title":"Differential privacy","author":"Dwork","year":"2006"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bcra.2025.100286_br1180","series-title":"Financial Cryptography and Data Security: 18th International Conference, FC 2014","first-page":"486","article-title":"Mixcoin: anonymity for bitcoin with accountable mixes","author":"Bonneau","year":"2014"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bcra.2025.100286_br1190","author":"Maxwell"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bcra.2025.100286_br1200","author":"Poon"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.bcra.2025.100286_br1210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"482","DOI":"10.1109\/49.668972","article-title":"Anonymous connections and onion routing","volume":"16","author":"Reed","year":"1998","journal-title":"IEEE J. Sel. Areas Commun."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bcra.2025.100286_br1540","series-title":"Peer-to-Peer Systems: First InternationalWorkshop, IPTPS 2002","first-page":"251","article-title":"The sybil attack","author":"Douceur","year":"2022"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bcra.2025.100286_br1230","series-title":"Proceedings of the 2019 ACM SIGSAC Conference on Computer and Communications Security","first-page":"1521","article-title":"Tesseract: real-time cryptocurrency exchange using trusted hardware","author":"Bentov","year":"2019"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bcra.2025.100286_br1240","series-title":"Financial Cryptography and Data Security","first-page":"170","article-title":"Sok: transparent dishonesty: front-running attacks on blockchain","author":"Eskandari","year":"2020"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bcra.2025.100286_br1250","series-title":"2020 IEEE Symposium on Security and Privacy (SP)","first-page":"910","article-title":"Flash boys 2.0: frontrunning in decentralized exchanges, miner extractable value, and consensus instability","author":"Daian","year":"2020"}],"container-title":["Blockchain: Research and Applications"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S2096720925000132?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S2096720925000132?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,1]],"date-time":"2025-10-01T21:00:59Z","timestamp":1759352459000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S2096720925000132"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,9]]},"references-count":125,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,9]]}},"alternative-id":["S2096720925000132"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.bcra.2025.100286","relation":{},"ISSN":["2096-7209"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2096-7209","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,9]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Towards blockchain interoperability: a comprehensive survey on cross-chain solutions","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Blockchain: Research and Applications","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.bcra.2025.100286","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2025 THE AUTHORS. Published by Elsevier B.V. on behalf of Zhejiang University Press.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"100286"}}