{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,21]],"date-time":"2026-01-21T15:34:22Z","timestamp":1769009662582,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,1]],"date-time":"2025-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1764547200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,1]],"date-time":"2025-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1764547200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,12]],"date-time":"2025-05-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1747008000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Blockchain: Research and Applications"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.bcra.2025.100309","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,14]],"date-time":"2025-05-14T11:52:22Z","timestamp":1747223542000},"page":"100309","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["E-Guard: a vulnerability detection tool for smart contracts in electric power systems"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"6","author":[{"given":"Feng","family":"Du","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Junwei","family":"Ma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Liang","family":"Gu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Honglin","family":"Xue","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xiaowei","family":"Hao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xin","family":"Gong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rongsheng","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.bcra.2025.100309_br0010","series-title":"Proceedings of the 2017 IEEE International Congress on Big Data","first-page":"557","article-title":"An overview of blockchain technology: architecture, consensus, and future trends","author":"Zheng","year":"2017"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.bcra.2025.100309_br0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"352","DOI":"10.1504\/IJWGS.2018.095647","article-title":"Blockchain challenges and opportunities: a survey","volume":"14","author":"Zheng","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Web Grid Serv."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bcra.2025.100309_br0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"475","DOI":"10.1016\/j.future.2019.12.019","article-title":"An overview on smart contracts: challenges, advances and platforms","volume":"105","author":"Zheng","year":"2020","journal-title":"Future Gener. Comput. Syst."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bcra.2025.100309_br0040","series-title":"Proceedings of the 2022 6th IEEE Annual International Conference on Data Science and Business Analytics (ICDSBA)","first-page":"156","article-title":"Research on load aggregator trading strategy based on block chains","author":"Ma","year":"2022"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.bcra.2025.100309_br0050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.3390\/network1020007","article-title":"Can blockchain strengthen the energy internet?","volume":"1","author":"Yapa","year":"2021","journal-title":"Network"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bcra.2025.100309_br0060","series-title":"Proceedings of the 2023 IEEE International Electrical and Energy Conference (CIEEC)","first-page":"132","article-title":"Elastic clearing model of electricity spot market","author":"Ma","year":"2023"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bcra.2025.100309_br0070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1385","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apenergy.2018.07.012","article-title":"Energy demand side management within micro-grid networks enhanced by blockchain","volume":"228","author":"Noor","year":"2018","journal-title":"Appl. Energy"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bcra.2025.100309_br0080","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rser.2019.109488","article-title":"Exploring blockchain for the energy transition: opportunities and challenges based on a case study in Japan","volume":"117","author":"Ahl","year":"2020","journal-title":"Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bcra.2025.100309_br0090","author":"DeFillama"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bcra.2025.100309_br0100","first-page":"705","article-title":"Smart contract and defi security tools: do they meet the needs of practitioners?","author":"Chaliasos","year":"2023","journal-title":"IEEE Comput. Soc."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bcra.2025.100309_br0110","series-title":"Proceedings of the 2021 IEEE International Conference on Energy Internet (ICEI)","first-page":"191","article-title":"Pbft-based regional energy internet blockchain transaction consensus","author":"Wang","year":"2021"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bcra.2025.100309_br0120","series-title":"Proceedings of the 2022 IEEE International Conference on Blockchain Technology and Information Security (ICBCTIS)","first-page":"60","article-title":"Research on dynamic access control mechanism based on short-term token and user trust","author":"Yang","year":"2022"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bcra.2025.100309_br0130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13510","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2023.3240162","article-title":"Electric power audit text classification with multi-grained pre-trained language model","volume":"11","author":"Meng","year":"2023","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.bcra.2025.100309_br0140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"012119","DOI":"10.1088\/1755-1315\/675\/1\/012119","article-title":"Excessive consumption transaction of renewable energy based on blockchain smart contract","volume":"675","author":"Zhang","year":"2021","journal-title":"IOP Conf. Ser. Earth Environ. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bcra.2025.100309_br0150","series-title":"Proceedings of the 2019 IEEE PES Innovative Smart Grid Technologies Europe (ISGT-Europe)","first-page":"1","article-title":"Blockchain-powered applications for smart transactive grids","author":"Kouveliotis-Lysikatos","year":"2019"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bcra.2025.100309_br0160","series-title":"Proceedings of the 2019 IEEE Asia-Pacific Power and Energy Engineering Conference (APPEEC)","first-page":"1","article-title":"Research on micro-grid electric energy transaction mechanism based on master-slave smart contract","author":"Peng","year":"2019"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bcra.2025.100309_br0170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47047","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2020.2979051","article-title":"A blockchain-based load balancing in decentralized hybrid p2p energy trading market in smart grid","volume":"8","author":"Khalid","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.bcra.2025.100309_br0180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"012010","DOI":"10.1088\/1742-6596\/1346\/1\/012010","article-title":"Research on power data management based on sovereign blockchain technology","volume":"1346","author":"Wang","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Phys. Conf. Ser."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bcra.2025.100309_br0190","series-title":"Proceedings of the 2019 EDP Sciences E3S Web of Conferences, International Scientific Conference on Energy, Environmental and Construction Engineering (EECE)","first-page":"04009","article-title":"The Impact of Innovative Technologies on Consumers in the Power Supply Market","author":"Karuseva","year":"2019"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bcra.2025.100309_br0200","series-title":"Proceedings of the 2019 International Conference on Environment and Electrical Engineering and 2019 IEEE Industrial and Commercial Power Systems Europe (EEEIC\/I&CPS Europe)","first-page":"1","article-title":"Permissioned blockchains and virtual nodes for reinforcing trust between aggregators and prosumers in energy demand response scenarios","author":"Patsonakis","year":"2019"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bcra.2025.100309_br0210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijepes.2019.105643","article-title":"Cooperative energy management of a community of smart-buildings: a blockchain approach","volume":"117","author":"Van Cutsem","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Electr. Power Energy Syst."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bcra.2025.100309_br0220","series-title":"Proceedings of the 2019 IEEE North American Power Symposium (NAPS)","first-page":"1","article-title":"Small-scale microgrid energy market based on pilt-dao","author":"Gao","year":"2019"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bcra.2025.100309_br0230","series-title":"Proceedings of the 2019 IEEE Asia-Pacific Power and Energy Engineering Conference (APPEEC)","first-page":"1","article-title":"Decentralized electricity transaction mechanism in distribution network based on blockchain technology","author":"Meng","year":"2019"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bcra.2025.100309_br0440","series-title":"Proceedings of the 2019 IEEE 2nd International Workshop on Emerging Trends in Software Engineering for Blockchain","first-page":"8","article-title":"Slither: a static analysis framework for smart contracts","author":"Feist","year":"2019"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bcra.2025.100309_br0250","series-title":"Proceedings of the 2021 IJCAI Twenty-Ninth International Conference on International Joint Conferences on Artificial Intelligence","first-page":"3283","article-title":"Smart contract vulnerability detection using graph neural networks","author":"Zhuang","year":"2021"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bcra.2025.100309_br0260","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jss.2022.111550","article-title":"Combine sliced joint graph with graph neural networks for smart contract vulnerability detection","volume":"195","author":"Cai","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Syst. Softw."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bcra.2025.100309_br0270","author":"Huang"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bcra.2025.100309_br0280","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32595","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2022.3162065","article-title":"Codenet: code-targeted convolutional neural network architecture for smart contract vulnerability detection","volume":"10","author":"Hwang","year":"2022","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bcra.2025.100309_br0290","series-title":"Proceedings of the 2024 IEEE\/ACM 46th International Conference on Software Engineering","first-page":"1","article-title":"Gptscan: detecting logic vulnerabilities in smart contracts by combining gpt with program analysis","author":"Sun","year":"2024"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bcra.2025.100309_br0300","author":"Liu"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bcra.2025.100309_br0310","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jnca.2024.103858","article-title":"AI-enhanced blockchain technology: a review of advancements and opportunities","volume":"225","author":"Ressi","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Netw. Comput. Appl."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bcra.2025.100309_br0320","series-title":"Proceedings of the 2023 32nd ACM SIGSOFT International Symposium on Software Testing and Analysis","first-page":"1257","article-title":"Toward automated detecting unanticipated price feed in smart contract","author":"Mo","year":"2023"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bcra.2025.100309_br0330","series-title":"Proceedings of the 2021 IEEE Symposium on Security and Privacy","first-page":"428","article-title":"High-frequency trading on decentralized on-chain exchanges","author":"Zhou","year":"2021"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bcra.2025.100309_br0340","series-title":"Proceedings of the 2018 IEEE International Conference on New Technologies, Mobility and Security (NTMS)","first-page":"1","article-title":"Security assurance for smart contract","author":"Zhou","year":"2018"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bcra.2025.100309_br0350","series-title":"Proceedings of the 2018 IEEE International Workshop on Emerging Trends in Software Engineering for Blockchain","first-page":"9","article-title":"Smartcheck: static analysis of ethereum smart contracts","author":"Tikhomirov","year":"2018"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bcra.2025.100309_br0360","series-title":"Proceedings of the 2019 IEEE Asia-Pacific Software Engineering Conference (APSEC)","first-page":"482","article-title":"Solanalyser: a framework for analysing and testing smart contracts","author":"Akca","year":"2019"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bcra.2025.100309_br0370","series-title":"Proceedings of the 29th USENIX Conference on Security Symposium (USENIX Security)","first-page":"2775","article-title":"{TXSPECTOR}: uncovering attacks in ethereum from transactions","author":"Zhang","year":"2020"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.bcra.2025.100309_br0380","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2065","DOI":"10.1002\/spe.2745","article-title":"Neucheck: a more practical ethereum smart contract security analysis tool","volume":"51","author":"Lu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Softw. Pract. Exp."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bcra.2025.100309_br0390","series-title":"Proceedings of the 2023 Springer International Conference on Computational Science and Its Applications","first-page":"584","article-title":"Smartgraph: static analysis tool for solidity smart contracts","author":"Zhukov","year":"2023"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bcra.2025.100309_br0400","series-title":"Proceedings of the 2020 ACM SIGPLAN Conference on Programming Language Design and Implementation","first-page":"454","article-title":"Ethainter: a smart contract security analyzer for composite vulnerabilities","author":"Brent","year":"2020"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.bcra.2025.100309_br0410","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1007\/s10664-022-10218-2","article-title":"Smartfast: an accurate and robust formal analysis tool for ethereum smart contracts","volume":"27","author":"Li","year":"2022","journal-title":"Empir. Softw. Eng."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bcra.2025.100309_br0430","series-title":"Proceedings of the 2023 32nd ACM SIGSOFT International Symposium on Software Testing and Analysis","first-page":"1144","article-title":"Defitainter: detecting price manipulation vulnerabilities in defi protocols","author":"Kong","year":"2023"}],"container-title":["Blockchain: Research and Applications"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S2096720925000363?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S2096720925000363?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,21]],"date-time":"2026-01-21T00:17:17Z","timestamp":1768954637000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S2096720925000363"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]},"references-count":42,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]}},"alternative-id":["S2096720925000363"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.bcra.2025.100309","relation":{},"ISSN":["2096-7209"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2096-7209","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"E-Guard: a vulnerability detection tool for smart contracts in electric power systems","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Blockchain: Research and Applications","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.bcra.2025.100309","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2025 THE AUTHORS. Published by Elsevier B.V. on behalf of Zhejiang University Press.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"100309"}}