{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,29]],"date-time":"2026-06-29T11:46:36Z","timestamp":1782733596204,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":60,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,1]],"date-time":"2026-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780272000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,1]],"date-time":"2026-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780272000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,29]],"date-time":"2025-07-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1753747200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Blockchain: Research and Applications"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,6]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.bcra.2025.100351","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,5]],"date-time":"2025-08-05T23:22:50Z","timestamp":1754436170000},"page":"100351","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["A distributed, scalable cross-chain state channel scheme based on recursive state synchronization"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"7","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-7082-5431","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xinyu","family":"Liang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-5232-4300","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ruiying","family":"Du","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jing","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yu","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Meng","family":"Jia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shuangxi","family":"Cao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yufeng","family":"Wei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shixiong","family":"Yao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.bcra.2025.100351_br0010","series-title":"Bitcoin: a peer-to-peer electronic cash system","author":"Nakamoto","year":"2008"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bcra.2025.100351_br0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpdc.2019.12.019","article-title":"Blockchain 3.0 applications survey","volume":"138","author":"Maesa","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Parallel Distrib. Comput."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bcra.2025.100351_br0030","series-title":"Ethereum Project Yellow Paper, vol. 151","first-page":"1","article-title":"Ethereum: a secure decentralised generalised transaction ledger","author":"Wood","year":"2014"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bcra.2025.100351_br0040","series-title":"Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on e-Health Networking, Applications and Services (Healthcom)","first-page":"1","article-title":"Blockchain technology in healthcare: the revolution starts here","author":"Mettler","year":"2016"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bcra.2025.100351_br0050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1108\/SCM-03-2018-0143","article-title":"Blockchain and supply chain management integration: a systematic review of the literature","volume":"25","author":"Queiroz","year":"2020","journal-title":"Supply Chain Manag."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bcra.2025.100351_br0060","first-page":"276","article-title":"A blockchain-based model for cloud service quality monitoring","volume":"13","author":"Taghavi","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Serv. Comput."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bcra.2025.100351_br0070","series-title":"Chain interoperability","author":"Buterin","year":"2016"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bcra.2025.100351_br0080","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.irfa.2021.101845","article-title":"Decentralized exchanges: the \u201cwild west\u201d of cryptocurrency trading","volume":"77","author":"Aspris","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. Rev. Financ. Anal."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bcra.2025.100351_br0090","series-title":"Proceedings of the 2018 ACM Symposium on Principles of Distributed Computing (PODC)","first-page":"245","article-title":"Atomic cross-chain swaps","author":"Herlihy","year":"2018"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bcra.2025.100351_br0100","series-title":"Proceedings of the 2021 IEEE Symposium on Security and Privacy (SP)","first-page":"1230","article-title":"Mad-htlc: because htlc is crazy-cheap to attack","author":"Tsabary","year":"2021"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bcra.2025.100351_br0110","series-title":"Enabling blockchain innovations with pegged sidechains","author":"Back","year":"2014"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bcra.2025.100351_br0120","year":"2017"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bcra.2025.100351_br0130","series-title":"Proceedings of the 2019 IEEE Symposium on Security and Privacy (SP)","first-page":"193","article-title":"Xclaim: trustless, interoperable, cryptocurrency-backed assets","author":"Zamyatin","year":"2019"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bcra.2025.100351_br0140","series-title":"Proceedings of the 2022 ACM SIGSAC Conference on Computer and Communications Security (CCS)","first-page":"3003","article-title":"zkbridge: trustless cross-chain bridges made practical","author":"Xie","year":"2022"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bcra.2025.100351_br0150","author":"Burdges"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bcra.2025.100351_br0160","series-title":"Cosmos whitepaper","author":"Kwon","year":"2020"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bcra.2025.100351_br0170","first-page":"1","article-title":"Xpull: a relay-based blockchain intercommunication framework achieving cross-chain state pulling","volume":"33","author":"Liang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Chin. J. Electron."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bcra.2025.100351_br0180","series-title":"Global crypto industry overview and trends","author":"Li","year":"2022"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bcra.2025.100351_br0190","series-title":"The bitcoin lightning network: Scalable off-chain instant payments","author":"Poon","year":"2016"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bcra.2025.100351_br0200","series-title":"Proceedings of the 2017 ACM SIGSAC Conference on Computer and Communications Security (CCS)","first-page":"455","article-title":"Concurrency and privacy with payment-channel networks","author":"Malavolta","year":"2017"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bcra.2025.100351_br0210","series-title":"Proceedings of the 2019 ACM SIGSAC Conference on Computer and Communications Security (CCS)","first-page":"801","article-title":"Atomic multi-channel updates with constant collateral in bitcoin-compatible payment-channel networks","author":"Egger","year":"2019"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bcra.2025.100351_br0220","series-title":"Proceedings of the 2022 ACM SIGSAC Conference on Computer and Communications Security (CCS)","first-page":"165","article-title":"Thora: atomic and privacy-preserving multi-channel updates","author":"Aumayr","year":"2022"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bcra.2025.100351_br0230","series-title":"Proceedings of the 2022 ACM SIGSAC Conference on Computer and Communications Security (CCS)","first-page":"179","article-title":"Sleepy channels: bi-directional payment channels without watchtowers","author":"Aumayr","year":"2022"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bcra.2025.100351_br0240","series-title":"Proceedings of the 2022 IEEE Conference on Computer Communications (INFOCOM)","first-page":"900","article-title":"Payment channel networks: single-hop scheduling for throughput maximization","author":"Papadis","year":"2022"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bcra.2025.100351_br0250","series-title":"Proceedings of the 2019 IEEE Symposium on Security and Privacy (SP)","first-page":"106","article-title":"Perun: virtual payment hubs over cryptocurrencies","author":"Dziembowski","year":"2019"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bcra.2025.100351_br0260","series-title":"Proceedings of the Annual International Conference on the Theory and Application of Cryptographic Techniques (EUROCRYPT)","first-page":"625","article-title":"Multi-party virtual state channels","author":"Dziembowski","year":"2019"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bcra.2025.100351_br0270","series-title":"Proceedings of the 2021 IEEE Symposium on Security and Privacy (SP)","first-page":"901","article-title":"Bitcoin-compatible virtual channels","author":"Aumayr","year":"2021"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bcra.2025.100351_br0280","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3401","DOI":"10.1109\/TIFS.2023.3281064","article-title":"Cross-chain virtual payment channels","volume":"18","author":"Jia","year":"2023","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Inf. Forensics Secur."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bcra.2025.100351_br0290","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3231","DOI":"10.1109\/TC.2023.3288765","article-title":"Cross-channel: scalable off-chain channels supporting fair and atomic cross-chain operations","volume":"72","author":"Guo","year":"2023","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Comput."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bcra.2025.100351_br0300","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"649","DOI":"10.1109\/TDSC.2024.3411820","article-title":"Crosschannel: efficient and scalable cross-chain transactions through cross-and-off-blockchain micropayment channel","volume":"22","author":"Luo","year":"2024","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Dependable Secure Comput."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bcra.2025.100351_br0310","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1145\/3573896","article-title":"A survey on cross-chain technologies","volume":"2","author":"Han","year":"2023","journal-title":"Distrib. Ledger Technol. Res. Pract."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bcra.2025.100351_br0320","series-title":"Proceedings of the 44th International Conference on Distributed Computing Systems (ICDCS)","first-page":"345","article-title":"Cubechain: generalized query framework for intra- and cross-chain scenarios","author":"Ren","year":"2024"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bcra.2025.100351_br0330","author":"Chen"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bcra.2025.100351_br0340","article-title":"Towards blockchain interoperability: a comprehensive survey on cross-chain solutions","volume":"6","author":"Li","year":"2025","journal-title":"Blockchain Res. Appl."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bcra.2025.100351_br0350","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1145\/3696429","article-title":"Blockchain cross-chain bridge security: challenges, solutions, and future outlook","volume":"4","author":"Li","year":"2025","journal-title":"Distrib. Ledger Technol. Res. Pract."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bcra.2025.100351_br0360","author":"Montiel"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bcra.2025.100351_br0370","author":"Belchior"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bcra.2025.100351_br0380","article-title":"Unlocking the potential of interconnected blockchains: a comprehensive study of Cosmos blockchain interoperability","volume":"4","author":"Peelam","year":"2024","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bcra.2025.100351_br0390","series-title":"Proceedings of the 2024 IEEE International Conference on Decentralized Applications and Infrastructures (DAPPS)","first-page":"51","article-title":"Characterizing polkadot's transactions ecosystem: methodology, tools, and insights","author":"Caprolu","year":"2024"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bcra.2025.100351_br0400","series-title":"Proceedings of the 2018 ACM SIGSAC Conference on Computer and Communications Security (CCS)","first-page":"949","article-title":"General state channel networks","author":"Dziembowski","year":"2018"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bcra.2025.100351_br0410","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3286","DOI":"10.1109\/TDSC.2021.3092365","article-title":"Delia: distributed efficient log integrity audit based on hierarchical multi-party state channel","volume":"19","author":"Chen","year":"2021","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Dependable Secure Comput."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bcra.2025.100351_br0420","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12066","DOI":"10.1109\/JIOT.2021.3130116","article-title":"Federated learning meets blockchain: state channel based distributed data sharing trust supervision mechanism","volume":"10","author":"Zhang","year":"2021","journal-title":"IEEE Internet Things J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bcra.2025.100351_br0430","first-page":"661","article-title":"Video streaming based on blockchain state channel with IoT camera","volume":"21","author":"Jeong","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Web Eng."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bcra.2025.100351_br0440","series-title":"Proceedings of the Conference on the Theory and Application of Cryptographic Techniques (CRYPTO)","first-page":"369","article-title":"A digital signature based on a conventional encryption function","author":"Merkle","year":"1987"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bcra.2025.100351_br0450","series-title":"Proceedings of the Workshop on the Theory and Application of Cryptographic Techniques (EUROCRYPT)","first-page":"274","article-title":"One-way accumulators: a decentralized alternative to digital signatures","author":"Benaloh","year":"1993"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bcra.2025.100351_br0460","series-title":"Proceedings of the International Conference on the Theory and Applications of Cryptographic Techniques (EUROCRYPT)","first-page":"480","article-title":"Collision-free accumulators and fail-stop signature schemes without trees","author":"Bari\u0107","year":"1997"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bcra.2025.100351_br0470","series-title":"Proceedings of the Annual International Cryptology Conference (CRYPTO)","first-page":"61","article-title":"Dynamic accumulators and application to efficient revocation of anonymous credentials","author":"Camenisch","year":"2002"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bcra.2025.100351_br0480","series-title":"Proceedings of the Annual International Cryptology Conference (CRYPTO)","first-page":"561","article-title":"Batching techniques for accumulators with applications to IOPS and stateless blockchains","author":"Boneh","year":"2019"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bcra.2025.100351_br0490","series-title":"Proceedings of the 2013 IEEE Symposium on Security and Privacy (SP)","first-page":"397","article-title":"Zerocoin: anonymous distributed e-cash from bitcoin","author":"Miers","year":"2013"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bcra.2025.100351_br0500","series-title":"Proceedings of the 2014 IEEE Symposium on Security and Privacy (SP)","first-page":"459","article-title":"Zerocash: decentralized anonymous payments from bitcoin","author":"Sasson","year":"2014"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bcra.2025.100351_br0510","series-title":"Proceedings of the 2016 IEEE 36th International Conference on Distributed Computing Systems Workshops (ICDCSW)","first-page":"168","article-title":"What's so different about blockchain?\u2014blockchain is a probabilistic state machine","author":"Saito","year":"2016"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bcra.2025.100351_br0520","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"397","DOI":"10.1007\/s12083-015-0347-x","article-title":"Difficulty control for blockchain-based consensus systems","volume":"9","author":"Kraft","year":"2016","journal-title":"Peer-to-Peer Netw. Appl."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bcra.2025.100351_br0530","series-title":"Proceedings of the Annual International Cryptology Conference (CRYPTO)","first-page":"357","article-title":"Ouroboros: a provably secure proof-of-stake blockchain protocol","author":"Kiayias","year":"2017"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bcra.2025.100351_br0540","series-title":"Proceedings of the 2021 ACM SIGSAC Conference on Computer and Communications Security (CCS)","first-page":"3502","article-title":"Randpiper\u2013reconfiguration-friendly random beacons with quadratic communication","author":"Bhat","year":"2021"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bcra.2025.100351_br0550","series-title":"Proceedings of the Annual International Cryptology Conference (CRYPTO)","first-page":"359","article-title":"Nova: recursive zero-knowledge arguments from folding schemes","author":"Kothapalli","year":"2022"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bcra.2025.100351_br0560","series-title":"Proceedings of the 24th USENIX Security Symposium (USENIX Security 15)","first-page":"129","article-title":"Eclipse attacks on bitcoin's peer-to-peer network","author":"Heilman","year":"2015"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bcra.2025.100351_br0570","series-title":"Proceedings of the International Conference on Distributed Computing Systems (ICDCS)","first-page":"339","article-title":"Efficient search in peer-to-peer networks","author":"Yang","year":"2002"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bcra.2025.100351_br0580","series-title":"Proceedings of the 2016 ACM SIGSAC Conference on Computer and Communications Security (CCS)","first-page":"3","article-title":"On the security and performance of proof of work blockchains","author":"Gervais","year":"2016"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bcra.2025.100351_br0590","series-title":"Proceedings of the Annual International Conference on the Theory and Applications of Cryptographic Techniques (EUROCRYPT)","first-page":"281","article-title":"The bitcoin backbone protocol: analysis and applications","author":"Garay","year":"2015"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bcra.2025.100351_br0600","year":"2023"}],"container-title":["Blockchain: Research and Applications"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S2096720925000788?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S2096720925000788?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,29]],"date-time":"2026-06-29T11:19:30Z","timestamp":1782731970000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S2096720925000788"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,6]]},"references-count":60,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,6]]}},"alternative-id":["S2096720925000788"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.bcra.2025.100351","relation":{},"ISSN":["2096-7209"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2096-7209","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,6]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"A distributed, scalable cross-chain state channel scheme based on recursive state synchronization","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Blockchain: Research and Applications","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.bcra.2025.100351","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2025 THE AUTHORS. Published by Elsevier B.V. on behalf of Zhejiang University Press.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"100351"}}