{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,19]],"date-time":"2026-05-19T20:09:32Z","timestamp":1779221372476,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,1]],"date-time":"2026-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1775001600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,1]],"date-time":"2026-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1775001600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,3]],"date-time":"2026-02-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1770076800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004242","name":"Princess Nourah Bint Abdulrahman University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004242","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100022230","name":"Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University Deanship of Scientific Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PNURSP2025R97"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PNURSP2025R97"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100022230","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100009100","name":"Universiti Brunei Darussalam","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100009100","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Blockchain: Research and Applications"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,4]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.bcra.2026.100456","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,7]],"date-time":"2026-02-07T16:32:04Z","timestamp":1770481924000},"page":"100456","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Extending ERC721: Design and implementation of a novel secure NFT framework for IoT asset authentication in cyber-physical systems"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"7","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8550-1557","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Usman","family":"Khalil","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1919-3407","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mueen","family":"Uddin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Maha","family":"Abdelhaq","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Homam","family":"ElTaj","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-8585-2232","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hashem","family":"Alaidaros","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0681-0701","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Abdulhalim","family":"Dandoush","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Raed","family":"Alsaqour","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.bcra.2026.100456_bib0001","series-title":"Non-Fungible Tokens (NFTs) in Smart Cities: Advancements and Security Challenges","first-page":"61","article-title":"Cyber-physical systems and security in smart cities","author":"Khalil","year":"2026"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bcra.2026.100456_bib0002","series-title":"Non-Fungible Tokens (NFTs) in Smart Cities: Advancements and Security Challenges","first-page":"1","article-title":"Introduction to smart city infrastructure and non-fungible token applications","author":"Khalil","year":"2025"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bcra.2026.100456_bib0003","first-page":"89","article-title":"Non-Fungible Tokens (NFTs) in Smart Cities: Advancements and Security Challenges","author":"Khalil","year":"2025","journal-title":"IGI Glob. Sci. Publ."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bcra.2026.100456_bib0004","series-title":"Proceedings of the 2022 7th International Conference on Cloud Computing and Internet of Things, ACM","first-page":"38","article-title":"Decentralized smart city of things: a blockchain tokenization-enabled architecture for digitization and authentication of assets in smart cities","author":"Khalil","year":"2022"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bcra.2026.100456_bib0005","series-title":"Proceeding of IEEE International Conference on Internet of Things (iThings) and IEEE Green Computing and Communications (GreenCom) and IEEE Cyber, Physical and Social Computing (CPSCom) and IEEE Smart Data (SmartData)","first-page":"1685","article-title":"SmartEdge: A Smart Contract for Edge Computing","author":"Wright","year":"2018"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.bcra.2026.100456_bib0006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2067","DOI":"10.1007\/s10586-020-03058-6","article-title":"A decentralized lightweight blockchain-based authentication mechanism for IoT systems","volume":"23","author":"Khalid","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clust. Comput"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.bcra.2026.100456_bib0007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3390\/info12050203","article-title":"Bcot sentry: a blockchain-based identity authentication framework for iot devices","volume":"12","author":"Gong","year":"2021","journal-title":"Information"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.bcra.2026.100456_bib0008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2116","DOI":"10.1109\/JIOT.2020.3037733","article-title":"Blockchain-based decentralized authentication modeling scheme in edge and IoT environment","volume":"8","author":"Zhaofeng","year":"2021","journal-title":"IEEe Internet. Things. J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bcra.2026.100456_bib0009","series-title":"Proceedings of the 2nd ACM International Symposium on Blockchain and Secure Critical Infrastructure (BSCI 2020)","first-page":"10","article-title":"DAMFA: decentralized anonymous multi-factor authentication","author":"Mir","year":"2020"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bcra.2026.100456_bib0010","series-title":"A scientometric analysis on blockchain and NFTs: trends and development","author":"Khan","year":"2025"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bcra.2026.100456_bib0011","series-title":"Non-Fungible Tokens (NFTs)","author":"Sestino","year":"2022"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bcra.2026.100456_bib0012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"W. Shafik, M. M. Aslam, and A. Tufail, \u201cUnderstanding Non-Fungible Tokens (NFTs) in Smart Cities,\u201d https:\/\/services.igi-global.com\/resolvedoi\/resolve.aspx?doi=10.4018\/979-8-3693-8876-1.ch004, pp. 89\u2013118, Jan. 1AD, doi: 10.4018\/979-8-3693-8876-1.ch004.","DOI":"10.4018\/979-8-3693-8876-1.ch004"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bcra.2026.100456_bib0013","article-title":"DSCoT: an NFT-based blockchain architecture for the authentication of IoT-enabled smart devices in smart cities","author":"Khalil","year":"2023","journal-title":"SSRN Electron. J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bcra.2026.100456_bib0014","series-title":"Toward Secure, Trustworthy, and Sustainable Edge Computing for Smart Cities: Innovative Strategies and Future Prospects","author":"Mrabet","year":"2025"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.bcra.2026.100456_bib0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.29304\/jqcsm.2025.17.32368","article-title":"Toward a Trustworthy and Interoperable Metaverse: A Systematic Review of Blockchain-Based Enhancements","volume":"17","author":"Naseef","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Al-Qadisiyah Comput. Sci. Math"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bcra.2026.100456_bib0016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.future.2023.03.047","article-title":"Using NFTs for ownership management of digital twins and for proof of delivery of their physical assets","volume":"146","author":"Hasan","year":"2023","journal-title":"Future Gener. Comput. Syst"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.bcra.2026.100456_bib0017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"494","DOI":"10.3390\/a17110494","article-title":"NFT-based framework for digital twin management in aviation component lifecycle tracking","volume":"17","author":"Kabashkin","year":"2024","journal-title":"Algorithms."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bcra.2026.100456_bib0018","series-title":"ACM International Conference Proceeding Series","first-page":"175","article-title":"Non-Fungible Tokens (NFTs): tokens of digital assets on the blockchain","author":"Yang","year":"2023"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.bcra.2026.100456_bib0019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3119","DOI":"10.3390\/s21093119","article-title":"Secure combination of IoT and blockchain by physically binding IoT devices to smart non-fungible tokens using PUFs","volume":"21","author":"Arcenegui","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"issue":"21","key":"10.1016\/j.bcra.2026.100456_bib0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3934","DOI":"10.3390\/math10213934","article-title":"Connect2NFT: a web-based, blockchain enabled nft application with the aim of reducing fraud and ensuring authenticated social, non-human verified digital identity","volume":"10","author":"Bellagarda","year":"2022","journal-title":"Mathematics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bcra.2026.100456_bib0021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"76416","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2022.3192388","article-title":"Incorporating registration, reputation, and incentivization into the NFT ecosystem","volume":"10","author":"Hasan","year":"2022","journal-title":"IEEe Access."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bcra.2026.100456_bib0022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4480","DOI":"10.1109\/TEM.2022.3215793","article-title":"Using NFTs for product management, digital certification, trading, and delivery in the healthcare supply chain","volume":"71","author":"Musamih","year":"2024","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Eng. Manag."},{"issue":"13","key":"10.1016\/j.bcra.2026.100456_bib0023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2801","DOI":"10.3390\/math11132801","article-title":"NFT-Vehicle: a blockchain-based tokenization architecture to register transactions over a vehicle\u2019s life cycle","volume":"11","author":"L\u00f3pez-Pimentel","year":"2023","journal-title":"Mathematics"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.bcra.2026.100456_bib0024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4019","DOI":"10.3390\/app12084019","article-title":"A non-fungible token solution for the track and trace of pharmaceutical supply chain","volume":"12","author":"Chiacchio","year":"2022","journal-title":"Appl. Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bcra.2026.100456_bib0025","unstructured":"W. W. W. Consortium, Decentralized Identifiers (DID) v1.0, https:\/\/www.w3.org\/TR\/did-1.0\/, 2022, (Accessed: 8 Aug 2023)."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bcra.2026.100456_bib0026","unstructured":"Use Alethio Lite Explorer - Hyperledger Besu, Besu.Hyperledger.Org, https:\/\/besu.hyperledger.org\/en\/1.3.5\/HowTo\/Deploy\/Lite-Block-Explorer\/. (Accessed: 15 Feb 2022)."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bcra.2026.100456_bib0027","first-page":"55","article-title":"Identity and Access Management, Information Security in Healthcare","author":"Herzig","year":"2020","journal-title":"HIMSS Publ."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bcra.2026.100456_bib0028","unstructured":"O. J. Foundation, Node.js, https:\/\/nodejs.org\/en\/, 2011. (Accessed: 15 Sep 2021)."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bcra.2026.100456_bib0029","unstructured":"NerdWallet, 11 Best Crypto Wallets of January 2023 \u2013 NerdWallet, https:\/\/www.nerdwallet.com\/article\/investing\/best-bitcoin-cryptocurrency-wallet, 2023. (Accessed: 16 Jan 2023)."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bcra.2026.100456_bib0030","unstructured":"Metamask, A crypto wallet & gateway to blockchain apps, a ConsenSys formation, https:\/\/metamask.io. (Accessed: 15 Sep 2021)."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bcra.2026.100456_bib0031","unstructured":"Hyperledger Foundation, Hyperledger Besu, https:\/\/www.hyperledger.org\/use\/besu. (Accessed: 8 Jan 2022)."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bcra.2026.100456_bib0032","unstructured":"H. Besu, Hyperledger Besu Architecture Reference \u2014 Hyperledger Bevel 0.10.0 documentation, https:\/\/blockchain-automation-framework.readthedocs.io\/en\/latest\/architectureref\/hyperledger-besu.html. (Accessed: 8 Jan 2022)."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bcra.2026.100456_bib0033","unstructured":"Hyperledger.org, Hyperledger Besu \u2013 Hyperledger, https:\/\/besu.hyperledger.org\/en\/stable\/Concepts\/Privacy\/Privacy-Overview\/. (Accessed: 27 May 2022)."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bcra.2026.100456_bib0034","series-title":"The Prometheus monitoring system and time series database","year":"2016"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bcra.2026.100456_bib0035","unstructured":"Grafana Cloud, Grafana Cloud | Grafana Labs, https:\/\/go2.grafana.com\/grafana-cloud-free.html?src=ggl-s&mdm=cpc&camp=b-grafana-exac-apac&cnt=118051266643&trm=grafana&device=c&gclid=EAIaIQobChMIw92ZwL6B9gIVia-WCh28XwdhEAAYASAAEgKj__D_BwE. (Accessed: 15 Feb 2022)."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bcra.2026.100456_bib0036","series-title":"Postman | The Collaboration Platform for API Development","year":"2021"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bcra.2026.100456_bib0037","unstructured":"U. Khalil, GitHub - uskhalil\/Decentralized-Smart-City-of-Things-DSCoT, Available: https:\/\/github.com\/uskhalil\/Decentralized-Smart-City-of-Things-DSCoT, 2023. (Accessed: 1 May 2023)."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bcra.2026.100456_bib0038","series-title":"Proceedings of the 2001 IEEE Workshop on Information Assurance and Security, United States Military Academy","first-page":"5","article-title":"A model for information assurance integrated approach","volume":"310","author":"Maconachy","year":"2001"}],"container-title":["Blockchain: Research and Applications"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S2096720926000187?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S2096720926000187?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,19]],"date-time":"2026-05-19T19:44:48Z","timestamp":1779219888000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S2096720926000187"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,4]]},"references-count":38,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,4]]}},"alternative-id":["S2096720926000187"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.bcra.2026.100456","relation":{},"ISSN":["2096-7209"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2096-7209","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,4]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Extending ERC721: Design and implementation of a novel secure NFT framework for IoT asset authentication in cyber-physical systems","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Blockchain: Research and Applications","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.bcra.2026.100456","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2026 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd on behalf of Zhejiang University Press.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"100456"}}