{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,19]],"date-time":"2026-05-19T04:12:51Z","timestamp":1779163971744,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":26,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]],"date-time":"2026-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782864000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]],"date-time":"2026-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782864000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]],"date-time":"2026-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782864000000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-017"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]],"date-time":"2026-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782864000000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]],"date-time":"2026-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782864000000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-012"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]],"date-time":"2026-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782864000000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]],"date-time":"2026-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782864000000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-004"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100011827","name":"Guangxi Medical University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100011827","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Biomedical Signal Processing and Control"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,7]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.bspc.2026.110127","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,24]],"date-time":"2026-03-24T04:05:21Z","timestamp":1774325121000},"page":"110127","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"special_numbering":"PB","title":["Beyond the black box: Precise temporal localization of arrhythmias via deep learning on class-balanced clinical datasets"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"120","author":[{"given":"Chao","family":"Qin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kun","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Cuiliang","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.bspc.2026.110127_b0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2350","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2023.11.007","article-title":"Global burden of cardiovascular diseases and risks, 1990-2022","volume":"82","author":"Mensah","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bspc.2026.110127_b0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compbiomed.2020.103801","article-title":"Opportunities and challenges of deep learning methods for electrocardiogram data: A systematic review","volume":"122","author":"Hong","year":"2020","journal-title":"Comput. Biol. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bspc.2026.110127_b0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9307","DOI":"10.3390\/app14209307","article-title":"Intra-and interpatient ecg heartbeat classification based on multimodal convolutional neural networks with an adaptive attention mechanism","volume":"14","author":"Di Paolo","year":"2024","journal-title":"Appl. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bspc.2026.110127_b0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13670","DOI":"10.1109\/TNNLS.2025.3539314","article-title":"A systematic review on long-tailed learning","volume":"36","author":"Zhang","year":"2025","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Neural Netw Learn Syst"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bspc.2026.110127_b0025","unstructured":"Boubekki, A., Patlatzoglou, K., Barker, J., Ng, F. S. & Ribeiro, A. H. Explaining deep learning for ECG using time-localized clusters. arXiv preprint arXiv:2509.15198 (2025)."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bspc.2026.110127_b0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.1007\/s13239-025-00777-y","article-title":"Investigation of inter-patient, intra-patient, and patient-specific based training in deep learning for classification of heartbeat arrhythmia","volume":"16","author":"Bahrami","year":"2025","journal-title":"Cardiovasc. Eng. Technol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bspc.2026.110127_b0035","unstructured":"Thota, V., Prajapati, H., Joshi, Y. & Rathi, S. A Lightweight CNN-Attention-BiLSTM Architecture for Multi-Class Arrhythmia Classification on Standard and Wearable ECGs. arXiv preprint arXiv:2511.08650 (2025)."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bspc.2026.110127_b0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1016\/j.inffus.2019.12.012","article-title":"Explainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI): Concepts, taxonomies, opportunities and challenges toward responsible AI","volume":"58","author":"Arrieta","year":"2020","journal-title":"Inf. Fusion"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bspc.2026.110127_b0045","series-title":"In Proceedings of the IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition.edn (ed^(eds","first-page":"770","article-title":"Deep residual learning for image recognition","author":"He","year":"2016"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bspc.2026.110127_b0050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1735","DOI":"10.1162\/neco.1997.9.8.1735","article-title":"Long short-term memory","volume":"9","author":"Hochreiter","year":"1997","journal-title":"Neural Comput."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bspc.2026.110127_b0055","unstructured":"Bahdanau, D., Cho, K. & Bengio, Y. Neural machine translation by jointly learning to align and translate. arXiv preprint arXiv:1409.0473 (2014)."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bspc.2026.110127_b0060","unstructured":"Kingma, D. P. Adam: A method for stochastic optimization. arXiv preprint arXiv:1412.6980 (2014)."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bspc.2026.110127_b0065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1263","DOI":"10.1109\/TKDE.2008.239","article-title":"Learning from imbalanced data","volume":"21","author":"He","year":"2009","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Knowl. Data Eng."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bspc.2026.110127_b0070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-018-0268-3","article-title":"Cardiologist-level arrhythmia detection and classification in ambulatory electrocardiograms using a deep neural network","volume":"25","author":"Hannun","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bspc.2026.110127_b0075","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Oh, S. L., Ng, E. Y., San Tan, R. & Acharya, U. R. Automated diagnosis of arrhythmia using combination of CNN and LSTM techniques with variable length heart beats. Computers in biology and medicine 102, 278-287 (2018).","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compbiomed.2018.06.002"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bspc.2026.110127_b0080","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"664","DOI":"10.1109\/TBME.2015.2468589","article-title":"Real-time patient-specific ECG classification by 1-D convolutional neural networks","volume":"63","author":"Kiranyaz","year":"2015","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Biomed. Eng."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bspc.2026.110127_b0085","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compbiomed.2018.07.001","article-title":"Automated detection of atrial fibrillation using long short-term memory network with RR interval signals","volume":"102","author":"Faust","year":"2018","journal-title":"Comput. Biol. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bspc.2026.110127_b0090","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22071","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1900654116","article-title":"Definitions, methods, and applications in interpretable machine learning","volume":"116","author":"Murdoch","year":"2019","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bspc.2026.110127_b0095","unstructured":"Lin, Z. et al. A structured self-attentive sentence embedding. arXiv preprint arXiv:1703.03130 (2017)."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bspc.2026.110127_b0100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0110274","article-title":"Insights into the problem of alarm fatigue with physiologic monitor devices: a comprehensive observational study of consecutive intensive care unit patients","volume":"9","author":"Drew","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bspc.2026.110127_b0105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-018-0240-2","article-title":"Screening for cardiac contractile dysfunction using an artificial intelligence\u2013enabled electrocardiogram","volume":"25","author":"Attia","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bspc.2026.110127_b0110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1229","DOI":"10.3390\/s18041229","article-title":"LiteNet: Lightweight neural network for detecting arrhythmias at resource-constrained mobile devices","volume":"18","author":"He","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bspc.2026.110127_b0115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.2196\/17037","article-title":"A lightweight deep learning model for fast electrocardiographic beats classification with a wearable cardiac monitor: development and validation study","volume":"8","author":"Jeon","year":"2020","journal-title":"JMIR Med. Inform."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bspc.2026.110127_b0120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e93","DOI":"10.1161\/CIR.0000000000001123","article-title":"Heart disease and stroke statistics\u20142023 update: a report from the American Heart Association","volume":"147","author":"Tsao","year":"2023","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bspc.2026.110127_b0125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1002683","article-title":"Variable generalization performance of a deep learning model to detect pneumonia in chest radiographs: a cross-sectional study","volume":"15","author":"Zech","year":"2018","journal-title":"PLoS Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bspc.2026.110127_b0130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1109","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2007.01.024","volume":"49","author":"Kligfield","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol."}],"container-title":["Biomedical Signal Processing and Control"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1746809426006816?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1746809426006816?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,19]],"date-time":"2026-05-19T03:39:24Z","timestamp":1779161964000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S1746809426006816"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,7]]},"references-count":26,"alternative-id":["S1746809426006816"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.bspc.2026.110127","relation":{},"ISSN":["1746-8094"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1746-8094","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,7]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Beyond the black box: Precise temporal localization of arrhythmias via deep learning on class-balanced clinical datasets","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Biomedical Signal Processing and Control","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.bspc.2026.110127","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2026 Elsevier Ltd. All rights are reserved, including those for text and data mining, AI training, and similar technologies.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"110127"}}