{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,27]],"date-time":"2026-05-27T07:04:06Z","timestamp":1779865446364,"version":"3.53.1"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788220800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788220800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,21]],"date-time":"2026-04-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1776729600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002383","name":"King Saud University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002383","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Biomedical Signal Processing and Control"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.bspc.2026.110410","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,9]],"date-time":"2026-05-09T00:33:19Z","timestamp":1778286799000},"page":"110410","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"special_numbering":"PA","title":["XAAI-ledger: An explainable CNN-transformer-based multi-modal deep learning framework for early detection of melanoma and non-melanoma skin cancers using dermoscopic and clinical data"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"123","author":[{"given":"Ikram Ul","family":"Haq","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-7662-2545","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Humayra Atia","family":"Joarder","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abdullah Ayub","family":"Khan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9473-8692","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xuyang","family":"Shi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jamil Abedalrahim","family":"Jamil Alsayaydeh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohd Faizal","family":"Bin Yusof","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Masrullizam Bin","family":"Mat Ibrahim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hannoud","family":"Almoghrabi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ahmad Ali","family":"AlZubi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.bspc.2026.110410_b0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.saa.2022.122000","article-title":"Serum Raman spectroscopy combined with convolutional neural network for rapid diagnosis of HER2-positive and triple-negative breast cancer","volume":"286","author":"Zeng","year":"2023","journal-title":"Spectrochim. Acta A Mol. Biomol. Spectrosc."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bspc.2026.110410_b0010","article-title":"MDKAT: multimodal decoupling with knowledge aggregation and transfer for video emotion recognition","author":"Wang","year":"2025","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Circuits Syst. Video Technol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bspc.2026.110410_b0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1007\/s10278-025-01521-7","article-title":"Multimodal masked autoencoder based on adaptive masking for vitiligo stage classification","author":"Xiang","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Imag. Inform. Med."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.bspc.2026.110410_b0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3793","DOI":"10.36922\/cp.3793","article-title":"MXene-montmorillonite nanocomposites-based scaffold sensors for early pancreatic cancer diagnosis","volume":"6","author":"Sadiq","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cancer Plus"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.bspc.2026.110410_b0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1775","DOI":"10.3390\/rs16101775","article-title":"Cross-modal segmentation network for winter wheat mapping in complex terrain using remote-sensing multi-temporal images and DEM data","volume":"16","author":"Wang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Remote Sens. (Basel)"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.bspc.2026.110410_b0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"876","DOI":"10.1038\/s42256-024-00868-w","article-title":"A transformer-based weakly supervised computational pathology method for clinical-grade diagnosis and molecular marker discovery of gliomas","volume":"6","author":"Jiang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat. Mach. Intell."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.bspc.2026.110410_b0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0296175","article-title":"Explainable ensemble learning method for OCT detection with transfer learning","volume":"19","author":"Yang","year":"2024","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bspc.2026.110410_b0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ress.2025.111520","article-title":"A causal inference-based root cause analysis framework using multi-modal data in large-complex system","volume":"265","author":"Chen","year":"2026","journal-title":"Reliab. Eng. Syst. Saf."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bspc.2026.110410_b0045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.radonc.2025.110993","article-title":"Dynamic joint prediction model of severe radiation-induced oral mucositis among nasopharyngeal carcinoma: a prospective longitudinal study","volume":"209","author":"Li","year":"2025","journal-title":"Radioth. Oncol.: J. Eur. Soc. Therap. Radiol. Oncol."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.bspc.2026.110410_b0050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gsf.2025.102171","article-title":"A proposed method for landslide detection based on transfer learning and graph neural network","volume":"16","author":"Luo","year":"2025","journal-title":"Geosci. Front."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.bspc.2026.110410_b0055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s11227-024-06782-7","article-title":"BDLT-IoMT-a novel architecture: SVM machine learning for robust and secure data processing in internet of medical things with blockchain cybersecurity","volume":"81","author":"Khan","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Supercomput."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.bspc.2026.110410_b0060","first-page":"1","article-title":"A lightweight scalable hybrid authentication framework for internet of medical things (IoMT) using blockchain hyperledger consortium network with edge computing","volume":"15","author":"Khan","year":"2025","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.bspc.2026.110410_b0065","first-page":"1337","article-title":"Diagnosis of COVID-19 disease based on a modified convolutional neural network on the example of lung X-rays","volume":"18","author":"Fedorchenko","year":"2023","journal-title":"ARPN J. Eng. Appl. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bspc.2026.110410_b0070","article-title":"An empirical analysis of transformer-based and convolutional neural network approaches for early detection and diagnosis of cancer using multimodal imaging and genomic data","author":"Sangeetha","year":"2024","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bspc.2026.110410_b0075","series-title":"IEEE Transactions on Medical Imaging","article-title":"RemixFormer++: A multi-modal transformer model for precision skin tumor differential diagnosis with memory-efficient attention","author":"Xu","year":"2024"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.bspc.2026.110410_b0080","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3174","DOI":"10.1007\/s10278-024-01140-8","article-title":"Enhancing skin cancer diagnosis using swin transformer with hybrid shifted window-based multi-head self-attention and SwiGLU-based MLP","volume":"37","author":"Pacal","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Imag. Inform. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bspc.2026.110410_b0085","series-title":"IEEE International Conference on Interdisciplinary Approaches in Technology and Management for Social Innovation (IATMSI)","first-page":"1","article-title":"Transforming skin cancer diagnosis: leveraging vision transformers for accurate classification","author":"Battina","year":"2025"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.bspc.2026.110410_b0090","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26843","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-11738-9","article-title":"A novel and secure artificial intelligence enabled zero trust intrusion detection in industrial internet of things architecture","volume":"15","author":"Laghari","year":"2025","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.bspc.2026.110410_b0095","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"282","DOI":"10.3390\/bioengineering12030282","article-title":"Deep multi-modal skin-imaging-based information-switching network for skin lesion recognition","volume":"12","author":"Yu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Bioengineering"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bspc.2026.110410_b0100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2025.3569170","article-title":"Segmentation and classification of skin cancer diseases based on deep learning: challenges and future directions","author":"Khalaf","year":"2025","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.bspc.2026.110410_b0105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14913","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-98205-7","article-title":"SkinEHDLF a hybrid deep learning approach for accurate skin cancer classification in complex systems","volume":"15","author":"Lilhore","year":"2025","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.bspc.2026.110410_b0110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.32604\/cmc.2025.065571","article-title":"A comprehensive review of multimodal deep learning for enhanced medical diagnostics","volume":"84","author":"Al-Zoghby","year":"2025","journal-title":"Computers, Materials & Continua"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bspc.2026.110410_b0115","series-title":"2025 International Conference on Inventive Computation Technologies (ICICT)","first-page":"272","article-title":"A hybrid approach combining convolutional neural networks and vision transformers for melanoma skin cancer detection","author":"Rao","year":"2025"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bspc.2026.110410_b0120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bspc.2024.106180","article-title":"MSMA: a multi-stage and multi-attention algorithm for the classification of multimodal skin lesions","volume":"93","author":"Shu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Biomed. Signal Process. Control"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bspc.2026.110410_b0125","series-title":"2025 6th International Conference on Inventive Research in Computing Applications (ICIRCA)","first-page":"983","article-title":"Transformer-based multi-modal deep learning framework for early disease prognosis using EHR and medical imaging data","author":"Nivetha","year":"2025"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.bspc.2026.110410_b0130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s00530-025-01788-4","article-title":"Msfusenet: a multi-stage information fusion network for multi-modal skin lesion diagnosis","volume":"31","author":"Xiao","year":"2025","journal-title":"Multimedia Syst."},{"issue":"28","key":"10.1016\/j.bspc.2026.110410_b0135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71909","DOI":"10.1007\/s11042-024-19757-w","article-title":"Vision transformer and CNN-based skin lesion analysis: classification of monkeypox","volume":"83","author":"Yolcu Oztel","year":"2024","journal-title":"Multimed. Tools Appl."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.bspc.2026.110410_b0140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.1007\/s12559-025-10474-6","article-title":"Enhancing the prediction of breast cancer progression through multi-modal data transformation","volume":"17","author":"Abdullakutty","year":"2025","journal-title":"Cogn. Comput."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bspc.2026.110410_b0145","first-page":"1","article-title":"Innovative deep learning architectures for medical image diagnosis: a comprehensive review of convolutional, recurrent, and transformer models","author":"Ghribi","year":"2025","journal-title":"Vis. Comput."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.bspc.2026.110410_b0150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29467","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-14238-y","article-title":"A CrossMod-transformer deep learning framework for multi-modal pain detection through EDA and ECG fusion","volume":"15","author":"Farmani","year":"2025","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bspc.2026.110410_b0155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2025.3575126","article-title":"A multi-modal approach for the molecular subtype classification of breast cancer by using vision transformer and novel SVM polyvariant kernel","author":"Shukla","year":"2025","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bspc.2026.110410_b0160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2025.3585377","article-title":"Future of breast cancer diagnosis: a review of DL and ML applications and emerging trends for multimodal data","author":"Abdikenov","year":"2025","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.bspc.2026.110410_b0165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24206","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-08897-0","article-title":"A recurrent multimodal sparse transformer framework for gastrointestinal disease classification","volume":"15","author":"Sharmila","year":"2025","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.bspc.2026.110410_b0170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0312598","article-title":"Dual scale light weight cross attention transformer for skin lesion classification","volume":"19","author":"Yadav","year":"2024","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.bspc.2026.110410_b0175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30052","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-81456-1","article-title":"Exploring vision transformers and XGBoost as deep learning ensembles for transforming carcinoma recognition","volume":"14","author":"Raju","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bspc.2026.110410_b0180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/frai.2024.1408843","article-title":"Multimodal data integration for oncology in the era of deep neural networks: a review","volume":"7","author":"Waqas","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front. Artif. Intell."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bspc.2026.110410_b0185","series-title":"2025 International Conference on Computational, Communication and Information Technology (ICCCIT)","first-page":"287","article-title":"Revolutionizing skin cancer detection merging CNNs with vision transformers","author":"Harini","year":"2025"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bspc.2026.110410_b0190","series-title":"2024 14th International Conference on Pattern Recognition Systems (ICPRS)","first-page":"1","article-title":"Transformer-Based Skin Carcinoma Classification using Histopathology Images via Incremental Learning","author":"Imran","year":"2024"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.bspc.2026.110410_b0195","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1186\/s40537-024-01054-w","article-title":"Transformer enabled multi-modal medical diagnosis for tuberculosis classification","volume":"12","author":"Kumar","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Big Data"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bspc.2026.110410_b0200","series-title":"Artificial Intelligence-Empowered Bio-medical Applications: Challenges, Solutions and Development Guidelines","first-page":"239","article-title":"Integrating Multi-Modal Language Models and Machine Learning in Dermatology","author":"Panagoulias","year":"2025"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bspc.2026.110410_b0205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijmedinf.2025.105898","article-title":"Dermacen analytica: a novel methodology integrating multi-modal large language models with machine learning in dermatology","volume":"199","author":"Panagoulias","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int. J. Med. Inf."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bspc.2026.110410_b0210","series-title":"Proceedings of the 2025 International Conference on Artificial Intelligence and Computational Intelligence","first-page":"409","article-title":"Multi-scale Transformer architecture for accurate medical image classification","author":"Hu","year":"2025"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.bspc.2026.110410_b0215","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1105","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-84949-1","article-title":"Multi-scale feature fusion of deep convolutional neural networks on cancerous tumor detection and classification using biomedical images","volume":"15","author":"Prakash","year":"2025","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.bspc.2026.110410_b0220","first-page":"1","article-title":"A cost-effective approach using generative AI and gamification to enhance biomedical treatment and real-time biosensor monitoring","volume":"15","author":"Khan","year":"2025","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"issue":"15","key":"10.1016\/j.bspc.2026.110410_b0225","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1928","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics15151928","article-title":"Transfer learning-based ensemble of CNNs and vision transformers for accurate melanoma diagnosis and image retrieval","volume":"15","author":"Sar\u0131ate\u015f","year":"2025","journal-title":"Diagnostics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bspc.2026.110410_b0230","series-title":"2024 15th International Conference on Computing Communication and Networking Technologies (ICCCNT)","first-page":"1","article-title":"Enhancing skin disease diagnosis with a dual vision transformer model","author":"Gairola","year":"2024"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bspc.2026.110410_b0235","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.4018\/979-8-3693-1168-4","article-title":"B-LPoET: amiddleware lightweight proof-of-elapsed time (PoET) for efficient distributed transaction execution and security on Blockchain using multithreading technology","volume":"118","author":"Khan","year":"2024","journal-title":"Comput. Electr. Eng."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bspc.2026.110410_b0240","series-title":"2025 International Conference on Emerging Technologies in Computing and Communication (ETCC)","first-page":"1","article-title":"Attention-Enhanced Vision Transformer Model for Precise Skin Cancer Detection","author":"Manju","year":"2025"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bspc.2026.110410_b0245","series-title":"2024 2nd International Conference on Intelligent Perception and Computer Vision (CIPCV)","first-page":"157","article-title":"Multimodal Hybrid Approach for Fine-Grained Classification of Diverse Dermatological Conditions","author":"Kang","year":"2024"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bspc.2026.110410_b0250","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"152262","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2024.3474861","article-title":"Exploring the potential network vulnerabilities in the smart manufacturing process of Industry 5.0 via the use of machine learning methods","volume":"12","author":"Shkarupylo","year":"2024","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.bspc.2026.110410_b0255","article-title":"Face recognition system design and implementation using neural networks","volume":"13","author":"Alsayaydeh","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Adv. Comput. Sci. Appl."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bspc.2026.110410_b0260","series-title":"2021 IEEE 2nd KhPI Week on Advanced Technology (KhPIWeek)","first-page":"283","article-title":"Iterative approach to TLC model checker application","author":"Shkarupylo","year":"2021"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bspc.2026.110410_bib261","unstructured":"Combalia, M., et al. (2019). BCN20000: Dermoscopic Lesions in the Wild. arXiv preprint arXiv:1908.02288. Available: https:\/\/www.kaggle.com\/datasets\/nodoubtome\/skin-cancer9-classesisic."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bspc.2026.110410_bib262","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"180161","DOI":"10.1038\/sdata.2018.161","article-title":"The HAM10000 dataset, a large collection of multi-source dermatoscopic images of common pigmented skin lesions","volume":"5","author":"Tschandl","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. Data"}],"container-title":["Biomedical Signal Processing and Control"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S174680942600964X?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S174680942600964X?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,27]],"date-time":"2026-05-27T06:24:08Z","timestamp":1779863048000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S174680942600964X"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]},"references-count":54,"alternative-id":["S174680942600964X"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.bspc.2026.110410","relation":{},"ISSN":["1746-8094"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1746-8094","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"XAAI-ledger: An explainable CNN-transformer-based multi-modal deep learning framework for early detection of melanoma and non-melanoma skin cancers using dermoscopic and clinical data","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Biomedical Signal Processing and Control","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.bspc.2026.110410","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2026 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"110410"}}