{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,29]],"date-time":"2026-05-29T21:07:58Z","timestamp":1780088878124,"version":"3.54.0"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788220800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788220800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,12]],"date-time":"2026-05-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1778544000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000038","name":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000038","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Biomedical Signal Processing and Control"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.bspc.2026.110534","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,20]],"date-time":"2026-05-20T06:52:04Z","timestamp":1779259924000},"page":"110534","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"special_numbering":"PB","title":["LingoNMF: Large language model-enhanced nonnegative matrix factorization for cardiorespiratory sound separation"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"123","author":[{"given":"Yasaman","family":"Torabi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shahram","family":"Shirani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"James P.","family":"Reilly","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.bspc.2026.110534_b0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"677","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.117.308903","article-title":"Reducing the global burden of cardiovascular disease, part 1: the Epidemiology and risk factors","volume":"121","author":"Philip","year":"2017","journal-title":"Circ. Res."},{"issue":"44","key":"10.1016\/j.bspc.2026.110534_b0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E1296","DOI":"10.1503\/cmaj.180698","article-title":"Global burden of disease study trends for Canada from 1990 to 2016","volume":"190","author":"Lang","year":"2018","journal-title":"CMAJ"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bspc.2026.110534_b0015","unstructured":"Public Health Agency of Canada. (2018). Government of Canada. Retrieved October 9, 2022, https:\/\/www.canada.ca\/en\/public-health\/services\/publications\/diseases-conditions\/asthma-chronic-obstructive-pulmonary-disease-canada-2018.html."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bspc.2026.110534_b0020","unstructured":"Vazifeh, A. R., & Fleischer, J. W. (2024). Manifold learning for personalized and label-free detection of cardiac arrhythmias. arXiv preprint arXiv:2506.16494. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.48550\/arXiv.2506.16494."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bspc.2026.110534_b0025","series-title":"43rd Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine & Biology Society (EMBC)","first-page":"5668","article-title":"A new non-negative matrix co-factorisation approach for noisy neonatal chest sound separation","author":"Grooby","year":"2021"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bspc.2026.110534_b0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1109\/JTEHM.2018.2847329","article-title":"A novel cardiac auscultation monitoring system based on wireless sensing for healthcare","volume":"6","author":"Ren","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE J. Transl. Eng. Health Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bspc.2026.110534_b0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shin, J. Y., L'Yi, S., Jo, D. H., Bae, J. H., & Lee, T. S. (2013). Development of smartphone-based stethoscope system. 13th International Conference on Control, Automation and Systems (ICCAS 2013), pp. 1288-1291.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICCAS.2013.6704150"},{"issue":"21","key":"10.1016\/j.bspc.2026.110534_b0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7036","DOI":"10.3390\/s24217036","article-title":"MEMS and ECM sensor technologies for cardiorespiratory sound monitoring-a comprehensive review","volume":"24","author":"Torabi","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sensors (basel, Switzerland)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bspc.2026.110534_b0045","article-title":"Clinical IoT in practice: a novel design and implementation of a multi-functional digital stethoscope for remote health monitoring","author":"Baraeinejad","year":"2023","journal-title":"TechRxiv"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bspc.2026.110534_b0050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Baraeinejad, B., Forouzesh, M., et al. (2024). Design and Implementation of an IoT-based Respiratory Motion Sensor. arXiv preprint arXiv:2412.05405.","DOI":"10.3390\/ECSA-12-26582"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bspc.2026.110534_b0055","series-title":"International Conference on Power Electronics, Control and Automation (ICPECA)","first-page":"1","article-title":"Circular microphone array based stethoscope for radial filtering of body sounds","author":"Sheikh","year":"2019"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.bspc.2026.110534_b0060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3203","DOI":"10.1109\/JBHI.2020.3016831","article-title":"Blind monaural source separation on heart and lung sounds based on periodic-coded deep autoencoder","volume":"24","author":"Tsai","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE J. Biomed. Health Inform."},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.bspc.2026.110534_b0065","article-title":"Determined blind source separation unifying independent vector analysis and nonnegative matrix factorization","volume":"24","author":"Daichi","year":"2016","journal-title":"IEEE\/ACM Trans. Audio Speech Lang. Process."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bspc.2026.110534_b0070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1007\/s11634-014-0192-4","article-title":"NMF versus ICA for blind source separation","author":"Mirzal","year":"2017","journal-title":"ADAC"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.bspc.2026.110534_b0075","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"266","DOI":"10.53799\/ajse.v23i3.1187","article-title":"A performance analysis on matrix factorisations in solving musical instrument source separation problem","volume":"23","author":"Tang","year":"2025","journal-title":"AIUB J., Sci. Eng. (AJSE)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bspc.2026.110534_b0080","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chien, J.-C., et al. (2006). A Study of Heart Sound and Lung Sound Separation by Independent Component Analysis Technique. International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society, pp. 5708\u20135711.","DOI":"10.1109\/IEMBS.2006.260223"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bspc.2026.110534_b0085","series-title":"16th IEEE Mediterranean Electrotechnical Conference","first-page":"339","article-title":"Lung sound extraction from mixed lung and heart sounds using the FASTICA algorithm","author":"Ayari","year":"2012"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bspc.2026.110534_b0090","series-title":"IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology 27th Annual Conference","first-page":"2736","article-title":"Heart sounds separation from lung sounds using independent component analysis","author":"Pourazad","year":"2005"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bspc.2026.110534_b0095","series-title":"IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, Speech and Signal Processing","first-page":"461","article-title":"Blind source extraction of heart sound signals from lung sound recordings exploiting periodicity of the heart sound","author":"Tsalaile","year":"2008"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bspc.2026.110534_b0100","series-title":"IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, Speech, and Signal Processing (ICASSP)","article-title":"On affine non-negative matrix factorization","author":"Laurberg","year":"2007"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bspc.2026.110534_b0105","series-title":"IEEE 7th Annual Information Technology, Electronics and Mobile Communication Conference (IEMCON)","first-page":"1","article-title":"Sparse data reconstruction via adaptive \u2113p-norm and multilayer NMF","author":"Salehani","year":"2016"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bspc.2026.110534_b0110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1467","DOI":"10.1038\/s42256-024-00925-4","article-title":"Contextual feature extraction hierarchies converge in large language models and the brain","volume":"6","author":"Mischler","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat. Mach. Intell."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bspc.2026.110534_b0115","unstructured":"Han, S., Yoon, J., Arik, S. O., & Pfister, T. (2024). Large Language Models Can Automatically Engineer Features for Few-Shot Tabular Learning. arXiv preprint arXiv:2404.09491."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bspc.2026.110534_b0120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu, C., Ma, Y., Kothur, K., Nikpour, A., & Kavehei, O. (2023). BioSignal Copilot: Leveraging the power of LLMs in drafting reports for biomedical signals. medRxiv. doi: 10.1101\/2023.06.28.23291916.","DOI":"10.1101\/2023.06.28.23291916"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bspc.2026.110534_b0125","unstructured":"Zhang, M. R., Desai, N., Bae, J., Lorraine, J., & Ba, J. (2024). Using Large Language Models for Hyperparameter Optimization. arXiv preprint arXiv:2312.04528v2."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bspc.2026.110534_b0130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wanna, S., Barron, R., Solovyev, N., Eren, M. E., Bhattarai, M., Rasmussen, K., & Alexandrov, B. S. (2024). TopicTag: Automatic Annotation of NMF Topic Models Using Chain of Thought and Prompt Tuning with LLMs. arXiv preprint arXiv:2407.19616.","DOI":"10.1145\/3685650.3685667"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bspc.2026.110534_b0135","series-title":"Nonnegative matrix and tensor factorizations- applications to exploratory multi-way data analysis and blind source separation","author":"Cichocki","year":"2009"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.bspc.2026.110534_b0140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1433","DOI":"10.1016\/j.patrec.2008.02.016","article-title":"Non-negative matrix factorization with \u03b1-divergence","volume":"29","author":"Cichocki","year":"2008","journal-title":"Pattern Recogn. Lett."},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.bspc.2026.110534_b0145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2756","DOI":"10.1162\/neco.2007.19.10.2756","article-title":"Projected gradient methods for nonnegative matrix factorization","volume":"19","author":"Lin","year":"2007","journal-title":"Neural Comput."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bspc.2026.110534_b0150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bspc.2018.05.008","article-title":"A novel heart-mobile interface for detection and classification of heart sounds","volume":"45","author":"Thiyagaraja","year":"2018","journal-title":"Biomed. Signal Process. Control"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bspc.2026.110534_b0155","unstructured":"Bahoura, M. (1999). Analyse des signaux acoustiques respiratoires: Contribution \u00e0 la d\u00d8tection automatique des sibilants par paquets d\u2019ondelett. Doctoral thesis in medical sciences, Rouen."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bspc.2026.110534_b0160","unstructured":"Touvron, H., Martin, L., Stone, K.R., Albert, P., Almahairi, A., et al. (2023). Llama 2: Open Foundation and Fine-Tuned Chat Models. ArXiv, abs\/2307.09288."},{"issue":"102899","key":"10.1016\/j.bspc.2026.110534_b0165","article-title":"Reverberant blind separation of heart and lung sounds using nonnegative matrix factorization and auxiliary function technique","volume":"69","author":"Xie","year":"2021","journal-title":"Biomed. Signal Process. Control"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bspc.2026.110534_b0170","unstructured":"F\u00e9votte, C., Gribonval, R., & Vincent, E. (2005). BSS EVAL Toolbox User Guide. IRISA Technical Report 1706, Rennes, France."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bspc.2026.110534_b0175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1109\/IEEEDATA.2025.3566012","article-title":"Descriptor: heart and lung sounds dataset recorded from a clinical manikin using digital stethoscope (HLS-CMDS)","volume":"2","author":"Torabi","year":"2025","journal-title":"IEEE Data Descriptions"},{"issue":"104180","key":"10.1016\/j.bspc.2026.110534_b0180","article-title":"Heart-lung sound separation by nonnegative matrix factorization and deep learning","volume":"79","author":"Wang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Biomed. Signal Process. Control"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bspc.2026.110534_b0185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apacoust.2017.04.005","article-title":"A non-negative matrix factorization approach based on Spectro-temporal clustering to extract heart sounds","volume":"125","author":"Canadas-Quesada","year":"2017","journal-title":"Appl. Acoust."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bspc.2026.110534_b0190","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compbiomed.2023.107282","article-title":"A multi-channel UNet framework based on SNMF-DCNN for robust heart-lung-sound separation","volume":"164","author":"Wang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Comput. Biol. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bspc.2026.110534_b0195","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87606","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2019.2925896","article-title":"Underdetermined blind source separation for heart sound using higher-order statistics and sparse representation","volume":"7","author":"Xie","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.bspc.2026.110534_b0200","first-page":"25","article-title":"Cardiorespiratory sound separation method based on fully connected long short-time memory network","volume":"39","author":"Lei","year":"2018","journal-title":"Automat. Inform. Eng."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.bspc.2026.110534_b0205","series-title":"U-Net architectures, 2019 27th European Signal Processing Conference (EUSIPCO)","first-page":"1","article-title":"Joint Singing Voice Separation and F0 Estimation with deep","author":"Jansson","year":"2019"}],"container-title":["Biomedical Signal Processing and Control"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1746809426010888?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1746809426010888?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,29]],"date-time":"2026-05-29T20:16:20Z","timestamp":1780085780000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S1746809426010888"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]},"references-count":41,"alternative-id":["S1746809426010888"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.bspc.2026.110534","relation":{},"ISSN":["1746-8094"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1746-8094","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"LingoNMF: Large language model-enhanced nonnegative matrix factorization for cardiorespiratory sound separation","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Biomedical Signal Processing and Control","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.bspc.2026.110534","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2026 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"110534"}}