{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,4]],"date-time":"2026-08-04T16:33:55Z","timestamp":1785861235220,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":121,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,1]],"date-time":"2025-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1764547200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,1]],"date-time":"2025-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1764547200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,4]],"date-time":"2025-08-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1754265600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Computers and Education: Artificial Intelligence"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.caeai.2025.100459","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,6]],"date-time":"2025-08-06T03:56:02Z","timestamp":1754452562000},"page":"100459","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"special_numbering":"C","title":["How does students' perception of ChatGPT shape online learning engagement and performance?"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Mahboobeh","family":"Mehrvarz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ghasem","family":"Salimi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Samaneh","family":"Abdoli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bruce M.","family":"McLaren","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.caeai.2025.100459_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s40359-024-01764-z","article-title":"Analysis of college students' attitudes toward the use of ChatGPT in their academic activities: Effect of intent to use, verification of information and responsible use","volume":"12","author":"Acosta Enriquez","year":"2024","journal-title":"BMC Psychology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.caeai.2025.100459_bib2","first-page":"1","article-title":"The opportunities and challenges of ChatGPT in education","author":"Adeshola","year":"2023","journal-title":"Interactive Learning Environments"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.caeai.2025.100459_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3816","DOI":"10.3390\/su10103816","article-title":"Organizational performance and sustainability: Exploring the roles of IT capabilities and knowledge management capabilities","volume":"10","author":"Akram","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sustainability"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.caeai.2025.100459_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1186\/s40561-024-00322-9","article-title":"How understanding the limitations and risks of using ChatGPT can contribute to willingness to use","volume":"11","author":"Al Murshidi","year":"2024","journal-title":"Smart Learning Environments"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.caeai.2025.100459_bib5","article-title":"Role of activity-based learning and ChatGPT on students' performance in education","author":"Al Shloul","year":"2024","journal-title":"Computers and Education: Artificial Intelligence"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.caeai.2025.100459_bib6","author":"Al-Qaysi"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.caeai.2025.100459_bib7","article-title":"Investigating undergraduate students' perceptions and awareness of using ChatGPT as a regular assistance tool: A user acceptance perspective study","volume":"6","author":"Albayati","year":"2024","journal-title":"Computers and Education: Artificial Intelligence"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.caeai.2025.100459_bib8","series-title":"Artificial intelligence in education: The power and dangers of ChatGPT in the classroom","first-page":"331","article-title":"Forecasting the acceptance of ChatGPT as educational platforms: An integrated SEM-ANN methodology","author":"Alfaisal","year":"2024"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.caeai.2025.100459_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.21541\/apjess.1293702","article-title":"Is ChatGPT leading generative AI? What is beyond expectations?","volume":"11","author":"Ayd\u0131n","year":"2023","journal-title":"Academic Platform Journal of Engineering and Smart Systems"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.caeai.2025.100459_bib10","series-title":"2023 international conference on computer and applications (ICCA)","first-page":"1","article-title":"The influence of ChatGPT on student learning and academic performance","author":"Ayman","year":"2023"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.caeai.2025.100459_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"226","DOI":"10.3390\/su14010226","article-title":"Topic extraction and interactive knowledge graphs for learning resources","volume":"14","author":"Badawy","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sustainability"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.caeai.2025.100459_bib12","article-title":"\u201cChatGPT seems too good to be true\u201d: College students' use and perceptions of generative AI","volume":"7","author":"Baek","year":"2024","journal-title":"Computers and Education: Artificial Intelligence"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.caeai.2025.100459_bib13","series-title":"Social foundations of thought and action: A social cognitive theory","author":"Bandura","year":"1986"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.caeai.2025.100459_bib14","article-title":"Exploring the impact of ChatGPT: Conversational AI in education","volume":"9","author":"Bettayeb","year":"2024"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.caeai.2025.100459_bib15","article-title":"Artificial intelligence in radiology: Does it impact medical students preference for radiology as their future career?","volume":"2","author":"Bin Dahmash","year":"2020","journal-title":"BJR Open"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.caeai.2025.100459_bib16","series-title":"International conference on new media pedagogy","first-page":"425","article-title":"Equity issues derived from use of large language models in education","author":"Bispo Jr","year":"2023"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.caeai.2025.100459_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1177\/21582440231211079","article-title":"Knowledge, attitude, and practices of general population toward utilizing ChatGPT: A cross-sectional study","volume":"13","author":"Bodani","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sage Open"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.caeai.2025.100459_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2020.103819","article-title":"Facilitating student engagement through the flipped learning approach in K-12: A systematic review","volume":"151","author":"Bond","year":"2020","journal-title":"Computers & Education"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.caeai.2025.100459_bib19","first-page":"1","article-title":"Factors influencing learner attitudes towards ChatGPT-assisted language learning in higher education","author":"Cai","year":"2023","journal-title":"International Journal of Human-Computer Interaction"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.caeai.2025.100459_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.35912\/jshe.v4i1.1558","article-title":"ChatGPT as an academic support tool on the academic performance among students: The mediating role of learning motivation","volume":"4","author":"Caratiquit","year":"2023","journal-title":"Journal of Social, Humanity, and Education"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.caeai.2025.100459_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1186\/s41239-023-00411-8","article-title":"Students' voices on generative AI: Perceptions, benefits, and challenges in higher education","volume":"20","author":"Chan","year":"2023","journal-title":"International Journal of Educational Technology in Higher Education"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.caeai.2025.100459_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1161","DOI":"10.1177\/0735633120929622","article-title":"A chatbot for learning Chinese: Learning achievement and technology acceptance","volume":"58","author":"Chen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Journal of Educational Computing Research"},{"issue":"24","key":"10.1016\/j.caeai.2025.100459_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3390\/su152416928","article-title":"Does ChatGPT play a double-edged sword role in the field of higher education? An in-depth exploration of the factors affecting student performance","volume":"15","author":"Chen","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sustainability"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.caeai.2025.100459_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"444","DOI":"10.1007\/s10956-023-10039-y","article-title":"Examining science education in ChatGPT: An exploratory study of generative artificial intelligence","volume":"32","author":"Cooper","year":"2023","journal-title":"Journal of Science Education and Technology"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.caeai.2025.100459_bib25","first-page":"228","article-title":"Chatting and cheating: Ensuring academic integrity in the era of ChatGPT","volume":"61","author":"Cotton","year":"2024","journal-title":"Innovations in Education & Teaching International"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.caeai.2025.100459_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"982","DOI":"10.1287\/mnsc.35.8.982","article-title":"User acceptance of computer technology: A comparison of two theoretical models","volume":"35","author":"Davis","year":"1989","journal-title":"Management Science"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.caeai.2025.100459_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1111\/bjet.12810","article-title":"Learner engagement in MOOCs: Scale development and validation","volume":"51","author":"Deng","year":"2020","journal-title":"British Journal of Educational Technology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.caeai.2025.100459_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1016\/j.csda.2014.07.008","article-title":"Consistent and asymptotically normal PLS estimators for linear structural equations","volume":"81","author":"Dijkstra","year":"2015","journal-title":"Computational Statistics & Data Analysis"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.caeai.2025.100459_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1186\/s41239-023-00434-1","article-title":"Students' perceptions of using ChatGPT in a physics class as a virtual tutor","volume":"20","author":"Ding","year":"2023","journal-title":"International Journal of Educational Technology in Higher Education"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.caeai.2025.100459_bib32","article-title":"Applying a modified technology acceptance model to explain higher education students' usage of ChatGPT: A serial multiple mediation model with knowledge sharing as a moderator","volume":"21","author":"Duong","year":"2023","journal-title":"International Journal of Management in Education"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.caeai.2025.100459_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.3390\/soc14120255","article-title":"Effectiveness of a cloud learning management system in developing the digital transformation skills of blind graduate students","volume":"14","author":"El Koshiry","year":"2024","journal-title":"Societies"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.caeai.2025.100459_bib34","article-title":"Analyzing the students' views, concerns, and perceived ethics about chat GPT usage","author":"Farhi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Computers and Education: Artificial Intelligence"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.caeai.2025.100459_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1177\/002224378101800104","article-title":"Evaluating structural equation models with unobservable variables and measurement error","volume":"18","author":"Fornell","year":"1981","journal-title":"Journal of Marketing Research"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.caeai.2025.100459_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.3102\/00346543074001059","article-title":"School engagement: Potential of the concept, state of the evidence","volume":"74","author":"Fredricks","year":"2004","journal-title":"Review of Educational Research"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.caeai.2025.100459_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.2196\/mental.9782","article-title":"Using psychological artificial intelligence (Tess) to relieve symptoms of depression and anxiety: Randomized controlled trial","volume":"5","author":"Fulmer","year":"2018","journal-title":"JMIR Mental Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.caeai.2025.100459_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1177\/14757257211037149","article-title":"Artificial intelligence in psychology: How can we enable psychology students to accept and use artificial intelligence?","volume":"21","author":"Gado","year":"2022","journal-title":"Psychology Learning and Teaching"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.caeai.2025.100459_bib39","article-title":"Enhancing academic performance of business students using generative AI: An interactive-constructive-active-passive (ICAP) self-determination perspective","volume":"22","author":"Gao","year":"2024","journal-title":"International Journal of Management in Education"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.caeai.2025.100459_bib40","series-title":"The human factor of AI: Implications for critical thinking and societal anxieties","author":"Gerlich","year":"2025"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.caeai.2025.100459_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2572","DOI":"10.1111\/bjet.12864","article-title":"Technology acceptance model in educational context: A systematic literature review","volume":"50","author":"Grani\u0107","year":"2019","journal-title":"British Journal of Educational Technology"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.caeai.2025.100459_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1002\/pits.21741","article-title":"Effects of a professional development program on behavioral engagement of students in middle and high school","volume":"51","author":"Gregory","year":"2014","journal-title":"Psychology in the Schools"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.caeai.2025.100459_bib43","article-title":"One year in the classroom with ChatGPT: Empirical insights and transformative impacts","volume":"10","author":"Guo","year":"2025"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.caeai.2025.100459_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.1108\/IJILT-01-2024-0005","article-title":"Model of AI acceptance in higher education: Arguing teaching staff and students perspectives","volume":"41","author":"Hazaimeh","year":"2024","journal-title":"The International Journal of Information and Learning Technology"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.caeai.2025.100459_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1154","DOI":"10.1111\/jcal.12553","article-title":"The role of digital informal learning in the relationship between students' digital competence and academic engagement during the COVID\u201019 pandemic","volume":"37","author":"Heidari","year":"2021","journal-title":"Journal of Computer Assisted Learning"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.caeai.2025.100459_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1108\/IMDS-09-2015-0382","article-title":"Using PLS path modeling in new technology research: Updated guidelines","volume":"116","author":"Henseler","year":"2016","journal-title":"Industrial Management & Data Systems"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.caeai.2025.100459_bib47","article-title":"How ChatGPT impacts student engagement from a systematic review and meta-analysis study","volume":"8","author":"Heung","year":"2025","journal-title":"Computers and Education: Artificial Intelligence"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.caeai.2025.100459_bib48","first-page":"76","article-title":"Issues and procedures in adopting structural equation modelling technique","volume":"3","author":"Hoe","year":"2008","journal-title":"Journal of Quantitative Methods"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.caeai.2025.100459_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/10705519909540118","article-title":"Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: Conventional criteria versus new alternatives","volume":"6","author":"Hu","year":"1999","journal-title":"Structural Equation Modeling: A Multidisciplinary Journal"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.caeai.2025.100459_bib50","series-title":"Ethnicity, gender, and the academic performance of adolescents: An examination of the influence of culture","author":"Hung","year":"2005"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.caeai.2025.100459_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"214","DOI":"10.1108\/JTF-02-2023-0038","article-title":"Game of algorithms: ChatGPT implications for the future of tourism education and research","volume":"9","author":"Ivanov","year":"2023","journal-title":"Journal of Tourism Futures"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.caeai.2025.100459_bib52","first-page":"448","article-title":"ChatGPT in action: Unraveling its impact on student motivation in English language learning","volume":"8","author":"Jayaputri","year":"2024","journal-title":"Journal of English Language Teaching and Learning"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.caeai.2025.100459_bib53","series-title":"A primer on partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM)","author":"Joseph","year":"2022"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.caeai.2025.100459_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"758","DOI":"10.1080\/03075079.2011.598505","article-title":"Framing student engagement in higher education","volume":"38","author":"Kahu","year":"2013","journal-title":"Studies in Higher Education"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.caeai.2025.100459_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lindif.2023.102274","article-title":"ChatGPT for good? On opportunities and challenges of large language models for education","volume":"103","author":"Kasneci","year":"2023","journal-title":"Learning and Individual Differences"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.caeai.2025.100459_bib56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2394","DOI":"10.1111\/bjet.12833","article-title":"A taxonomy of factors affecting attitudes towards educational technologies for use with technology acceptance models","volume":"50","author":"Kemp","year":"2019","journal-title":"British Journal of Educational Technology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.caeai.2025.100459_bib57","series-title":"Proceedings of the computational methods in systems and software","first-page":"22","article-title":"A prediction system using ai techniques to predict students' learning difficulties using LMS for sustainable development at KFU","author":"Koshiry","year":"2022"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.caeai.2025.100459_bib59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.iheduc.2021.100819","article-title":"Linking web-based learning self-efficacy and learning engagement in MOOCs: The role of online academic hardiness","volume":"51","author":"Kuo","year":"2021","journal-title":"The Internet and Higher Education"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.caeai.2025.100459_bib60","series-title":"2021 5th international conference on E-society, E-education and E-technology","first-page":"97","article-title":"The relationship between student engagement and academic performance in online education","author":"Kuzminykh","year":"2021"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.caeai.2025.100459_bib61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1186\/s41239-023-00426-1","article-title":"Role of AI chatbots in education: Systematic literature review","volume":"20","author":"Labadze","year":"2023","journal-title":"International Journal of Educational Technology in Higher Education"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.caeai.2025.100459_bib62","article-title":"Exploring the role of intrinsic motivation in ChatGPT adoption to support active learning: An extension of the technology acceptance model","volume":"5","author":"Lai","year":"2023","journal-title":"Computers and Education: Artificial Intelligence"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.caeai.2025.100459_bib63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1186\/s41239-024-00447-4","article-title":"Empowering ChatGPT with guidance mechanism in blended learning: Effect of self-regulated learning, higher-order thinking skills, and knowledge construction","volume":"21","author":"Lee","year":"2024","journal-title":"International Journal of Educational Technology in Higher Education"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.caeai.2025.100459_bib64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"593","DOI":"10.1007\/s11423-010-9177-y","article-title":"A review of online course dropout research: Implications for practice and future research","volume":"59","author":"Lee","year":"2011","journal-title":"Educational Technology Research & Development"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.caeai.2025.100459_bib65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1111\/bjet.13448","article-title":"Effect of an AI\u2010based chatbot on students' learning performance in alternate reality game\u2010based museum learning","author":"Liang","year":"2024","journal-title":"British Journal of Educational Technology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.caeai.2025.100459_bib66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/frai.2024.1418869","article-title":"ChatGPT: Perspectives from human\u2013computer interaction and psychology","volume":"7","author":"Liu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Frontiers in Artificial Intelligence"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.caeai.2025.100459_bib67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1080\/17501229.2023.2240316","article-title":"Measuring EFL learners' use of ChatGPT in informal digital learning of English based on the technology acceptance model","volume":"18","author":"Liu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Innovation in Language Learning and Teaching"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.caeai.2025.100459_bib68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"410","DOI":"10.3390\/educsci13040410","article-title":"What is the impact of ChatGPT on education? A rapid review of the literature","volume":"13","author":"Lo","year":"2023","journal-title":"Education Sciences"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.caeai.2025.100459_bib69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2024.105100","article-title":"The influence of ChatGPT on student engagement: A systematic review and future research agenda","author":"Lo","year":"2024","journal-title":"Computers & Education"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.caeai.2025.100459_bib70","first-page":"698","article-title":"A framework for an E-learning system based on semantic web","volume":"5","author":"Mahmoud","year":"2013","journal-title":"International Journal on Computer Science and Engineering"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.caeai.2025.100459_bib71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijedro.2023.100296","article-title":"Exploring artificial intelligence in academic essay: Higher education student's perspective","volume":"5","author":"Malik","year":"2023","journal-title":"International Journal of Educational Research Open"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.caeai.2025.100459_bib72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2021.104184","article-title":"The mediating role of digital informal learning in the relationship between students' digital competence and their academic performance","volume":"167","author":"Mehrvarz","year":"2021","journal-title":"Computers & Education"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.caeai.2025.100459_bib73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6081","DOI":"10.1080\/10494820.2023.2249049","article-title":"Improving computational thinking: The role of students' networking skills and digital informal learning","volume":"32","author":"Mehrvarz","year":"2024","journal-title":"Interactive Learning Environments"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.caeai.2025.100459_bib74","series-title":"Proceedings of the 19th international conference of the learning sciences-ICLS 2025","first-page":"1749","article-title":"ChatGPT as a feedback provider in digital learning games: A systematic literature review","author":"Mehrvarz","year":"2025"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.caeai.2025.100459_bib75","series-title":"Proceedings of the 28th international conference on evaluation and assessment in software engineering","first-page":"555","article-title":"An empirical study on how large language models impact software testing learning","author":"Mezzaro","year":"2024"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.caeai.2025.100459_bib76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijans.2020.100196","article-title":"Exploring the challenges and efforts implemented to improve the academic performance and success of nursing students at a university in the Western Cape","volume":"12","author":"Mthimunye","year":"2020","journal-title":"International Journal of Africa Nursing Sciences"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.caeai.2025.100459_bib77","series-title":"European conference on technology enhanced learning","first-page":"284","article-title":"AI or human? Evaluating student feedback perceptions in higher education","author":"Nazaretsky","year":"2024"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.caeai.2025.100459_bib78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1328","DOI":"10.1111\/bjet.13454","article-title":"Empowering student self\u2010regulated learning and science education through ChatGPT: A pioneering pilot study","volume":"55","author":"Ng","year":"2024","journal-title":"British Journal of Educational Technology"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.caeai.2025.100459_bib79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1080\/00220671.2016.1220359","article-title":"Understanding student behavioral engagement: Importance of student interaction with peers and teachers","volume":"111","author":"Nguyen","year":"2018","journal-title":"The Journal of Educational Research"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.caeai.2025.100459_bib80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.53761\/caraaq92","article-title":"Enhancing student engagement through artificial intelligence (AI): Understanding the basics, opportunities, and challenges","volume":"21","author":"Nguyen","year":"2024","journal-title":"Journal of University Teaching and Learning Practice"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.caeai.2025.100459_bib81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4221","DOI":"10.1007\/s10639-022-11316-w","article-title":"Ethical principles for artificial intelligence in education","volume":"28","author":"Nguyen","year":"2023","journal-title":"Education and Information Technologies"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.caeai.2025.100459_bib82","series-title":"European conference on technology enhanced learning","first-page":"278","article-title":"Evaluating ChatGPT's decimal skills and feedback generation in a digital learning game","author":"Nguyen","year":"2023"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.caeai.2025.100459_bib83","series-title":"International conference on technological solutions for smart Economy| SmartEco","first-page":"1","article-title":"The use of exploratory data analysis in measuring the impact of the use of ChatGPT AI tool on the academic performance of university students","author":"Odeniyi","year":"2024"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.caeai.2025.100459_bib84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1109\/TLT.2016.2639508","article-title":"Combining university student self-regulated learning indicators and engagement with online learning events to predict academic performance","volume":"10","author":"Pardo","year":"2016","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Learning Technologies"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.caeai.2025.100459_bib85","series-title":"2023 IEEE global engineering education conference (EDUCON)","first-page":"1","article-title":"Engineering education in the era of ChatGPT: Promise and pitfalls of generative AI for education","author":"Qadir","year":"2023"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.caeai.2025.100459_bib86","first-page":"1","article-title":"ChatGPT as a CALL tool in language education: A study of hedonic motivation adoption models in English learning environments","author":"Qu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Education and Information Technologies"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.caeai.2025.100459_bib87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3390\/su15043507","article-title":"You can handle, You can teach it: Systematic review on the use of extended reality and artificial intelligence technologies for online higher education","volume":"15","author":"Rangel-de Lazaro","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sustainability"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.caeai.2025.100459_bib88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1865","DOI":"10.1108\/IMDS-10-2015-0449","article-title":"Gain more insight from your PLS-SEM results: The importance-performance map analysis","volume":"116","author":"Ringle","year":"2016","journal-title":"Industrial Management & Data Systems"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.caeai.2025.100459_bib89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1080\/23311886.2023.2300177","article-title":"Economics students' behavioural intention and usage of ChatGPT in higher education: A hybrid structural equation modelling-artificial neural network approach","volume":"10","author":"Salifu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cogent Social Sciences"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.caeai.2025.100459_bib90","first-page":"887","article-title":"ChatGPT utility in healthcare education, research, and practice: Systematic review on the promising perspectives and valid concerns","volume":"11","author":"Sallam","year":"2023"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.caeai.2025.100459_bib91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6039","DOI":"10.3390\/app13106039","article-title":"ChatGPT challenges blended learning methodologies in engineering education: A case study in mathematics","volume":"13","author":"S\u00e1nchez-Ruiz","year":"2023","journal-title":"Applied Sciences"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.caeai.2025.100459_bib93","first-page":"3","article-title":"Impact of learner engagement on attrition rates and student success in online learning","volume":"7","author":"Schaeffer","year":"2010","journal-title":"International Journal of Instructional Technology & Distance Learning"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.caeai.2025.100459_bib94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0285315","article-title":"Student satisfaction and academic efficacy during online learning with the mediating effect of student engagement: A multi-country study","volume":"18","author":"Sharif Nia","year":"2023","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.caeai.2025.100459_bib95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4044","DOI":"10.6007\/IJARBSS\/v13-i12\/20250","article-title":"Exploring students' perception of using ChatGPT in higher education","volume":"13","author":"Sila","year":"2023","journal-title":"International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.caeai.2025.100459_bib96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"924","DOI":"10.3390\/educsci13090924","article-title":"Exploring computer science students' perception of ChatGPT in higher education: A descriptive and correlation study","volume":"13","author":"Singh","year":"2023","journal-title":"Education Sciences"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.caeai.2025.100459_bib97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e799","DOI":"10.1093\/pubmed\/fdad082","article-title":"The current existence of ChatGPT in education: A double-edged sword?","volume":"45","author":"Situmorang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Journal of Public Health"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.caeai.2025.100459_bib98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"765","DOI":"10.1037\/a0012840","article-title":"Engagement and disaffection in the classroom: Part of a larger motivational dynamic?","volume":"100","author":"Skinner","year":"2008","journal-title":"Journal of Educational Psychology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.caeai.2025.100459_bib99","series-title":"Revolutionising role-playing games with ChatGPT. arXiv preprint arXiv:2407.02048","author":"Stampfl","year":"2024"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.caeai.2025.100459_bib100","first-page":"1","article-title":"To use or not to use ChatGPT in higher education? A study of students' acceptance and use of technology","author":"Strzelecki","year":"2023","journal-title":"Interactive Learning Environments"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.caeai.2025.100459_bib101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-8535.2010.01157.x","article-title":"Situational interest, computer self\u2010efficacy and self\u2010regulation: Their impact on student engagement in distance education","volume":"43","author":"Sun","year":"2012","journal-title":"British Journal of Educational Technology"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.caeai.2025.100459_bib102","first-page":"739","article-title":"A global goodness-of-fit index for PLS structural equation modelling","volume":"1","author":"Tenenhaus","year":"2004","journal-title":"Proceedings of the XLII SIS Scientific Meeting"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.caeai.2025.100459_bib103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"302","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2008.08.006","article-title":"Modelling technology acceptance in education: A study of pre-service teachers","volume":"52","author":"Teo","year":"2009","journal-title":"Computers & Education"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.caeai.2025.100459_bib104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1007\/s12599-023-00795-x","article-title":"Welcome to the Era of ChatGPT et al.: The Prospects of Large Language Models","volume":"65","author":"Teubner","year":"2023","journal-title":"Business & Information Systems Engineering"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.caeai.2025.100459_bib105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1108\/ITSE-01-2024-0001","article-title":"Do learners exhibit a willingness to use ChatGPT? An advanced two-stage SEM-neural network approach for forecasting factors influencing ChatGPT adoption","volume":"22","author":"Thongsri","year":"2025","journal-title":"Interactive Technology and Smart Education"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.caeai.2025.100459_bib106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.1108\/ITSE-04-2023-0061","article-title":"What drives students toward ChatGPT? An investigation of the factors influencing adoption and usage of ChatGPT","volume":"21","author":"Tiwari","year":"2024","journal-title":"Interactive Technology and Smart Education"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.caeai.2025.100459_bib107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"122","DOI":"10.26803\/ijlter.22.7.7","article-title":"Challenges and opportunities of AI-assisted learning: A systematic literature review on the impact of ChatGPT usage in higher education","volume":"22","author":"Vargas-Murillo","year":"2023","journal-title":"International Journal of Learning, Teaching and Educational Research"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.caeai.2025.100459_bib108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.iheduc.2018.07.001","article-title":"Relational and psychological factors affecting exam participation and student achievement in online college courses","volume":"43","author":"Vayre","year":"2019","journal-title":"The Internet and Higher Education"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.caeai.2025.100459_bib109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lindif.2022.102128","article-title":"Interaction and learning engagement in online learning: The mediating roles of online learning self-efficacy and academic emotions","volume":"94","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Learning and Individual Differences"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.caeai.2025.100459_bib110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"621","DOI":"10.1057\/s41599-025-04787-y","article-title":"The effect of ChatGPT on students' learning performance, learning perception, and higher-order thinking: Insights from a meta-analysis","volume":"12","author":"Wang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Humanities and Social Sciences Communications"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.caeai.2025.100459_bib111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.62051\/4se95x52","article-title":"Study on the impact of utilizing ChatGPT and other AI tools for feedback in EAP writing classrooms on the discursive writing performance of English major students","volume":"4","author":"Wu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Transactions on Social Science, Education and Humanities Research"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.caeai.2025.100459_bib112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"439","DOI":"10.1007\/s40593-025-00457-x","article-title":"The use of large language models in education","volume":"35","author":"Xing","year":"2025","journal-title":"International Journal of Artificial Intelligence in Education"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.caeai.2025.100459_bib113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0295646","article-title":"Applying ChatGPT to tackle the side effects of personal learning environments from learner and learning perspective: An interview of experts in higher education","volume":"19","author":"Xu","year":"2024","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.caeai.2025.100459_bib114","first-page":"1","article-title":"Online learning engagement: Critical factors and research evidence from literature","volume":"11","author":"Yang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Themes in eLearning"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.caeai.2025.100459_bib115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.58693\/ier.114","article-title":"Student attitudes towards chat GPT: A technology acceptance model survey","volume":"1","author":"Yilmaz","year":"2023","journal-title":"International Educational Review"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.caeai.2025.100459_bib116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.3991\/ijet.v17i01.28545","article-title":"Research on the relationship between learning engagement and learning completion of online learning students","volume":"17","author":"You","year":"2022","journal-title":"International Journal of Emerging Technologies in Learning (iJET)"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.caeai.2025.100459_bib117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1494","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2010.06.015","article-title":"Can learning be virtually boosted? An investigation of online social networking impacts","volume":"55","author":"Yu","year":"2010","journal-title":"Computers & Education"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.caeai.2025.100459_bib118","series-title":"Generative AI as a tool for enhancing reflective learning in students. arXiv preprint arXiv:2412.02603","author":"Yuan","year":"2024"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.caeai.2025.100459_bib119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1108\/IJILT-04-2023-0046","article-title":"Exploring the role of ChatGPT in higher education: Opportunities, challenges and ethical considerations","volume":"41","author":"Zeb","year":"2024","journal-title":"The International Journal of Information and Learning Technology"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.caeai.2025.100459_bib120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1186\/s40561-024-00316-7","article-title":"The effects of over-reliance on AI dialogue systems on students' cognitive abilities: A systematic review","volume":"11","author":"Zhai","year":"2024","journal-title":"Smart Learning Environments"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.caeai.2025.100459_bib121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.system.2024.103259","article-title":"Artificial intelligence in EFL speaking: Impact on enjoyment, anxiety, and willingness to communicate","volume":"121","author":"Zhang","year":"2024","journal-title":"System"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.caeai.2025.100459_bib122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1086\/651257","article-title":"Reconsidering Baron and Kenny: Myths and truths about mediation analysis","volume":"37","author":"Zhao","year":"2010","journal-title":"Journal of Consumer Research"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.caeai.2025.100459_bib123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.6007\/IJARBSS\/v13-i12\/20258","article-title":"The impact of the use of ChatGPT in enhancing students' engagement and learning outcomes in higher education: A review","volume":"13","author":"Zhao","year":"2023","journal-title":"International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.caeai.2025.100459_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"475","DOI":"10.1006\/imms.1993.1022","article-title":"User acceptance of information technology System characteristics, user perceptions and behavioral impacts","volume":"38","author":"Davis","year":"1993","journal-title":"International Journal of Man-Machine Studies"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.caeai.2025.100459_bib26","series-title":"A technology acceptance model for empirically testing new end-user information systems: Theory and results","author":"Davis","year":"1986"}],"container-title":["Computers and Education: Artificial Intelligence"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S2666920X25000992?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S2666920X25000992?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,27]],"date-time":"2026-04-27T07:09:59Z","timestamp":1777273799000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S2666920X25000992"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]},"references-count":121,"alternative-id":["S2666920X25000992"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.caeai.2025.100459","relation":{},"ISSN":["2666-920X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2666-920X","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"How does students' perception of ChatGPT shape online learning engagement and performance?","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Computers and Education: Artificial Intelligence","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.caeai.2025.100459","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2025 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"100459"}}