{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,29]],"date-time":"2026-07-29T14:34:55Z","timestamp":1785335695307,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":78,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,1]],"date-time":"2025-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1764547200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,1]],"date-time":"2025-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1764547200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,2]],"date-time":"2025-09-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1756771200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100014736","name":"Lingnan University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["ZHGCX69628"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ZHGCX69628"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100014736","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Computers and Education: Artificial Intelligence"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.caeai.2025.100472","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,3]],"date-time":"2025-09-03T16:16:52Z","timestamp":1756916212000},"page":"100472","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Do AI chatbot-integrated writing tasks influence writing self-efficacy and critical thinking ability? An exploratory study"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Jie","family":"Gao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-4336-8429","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jing","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yalin","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.caeai.2025.100472_bib1","series-title":"Social foundations of thought and action: A social-cognitive theory","author":"Bandura","year":"1986"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.caeai.2025.100472_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1207\/s15326985ep2802_3","article-title":"Perceived self-efficacy in cognitive development and functioning","volume":"28","author":"Bandura","year":"1993","journal-title":"Educational Psychologist"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.caeai.2025.100472_bib3","series-title":"Self-efficacy: The exercise of control","author":"Bandura","year":"1997"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.caeai.2025.100472_bib4","series-title":"An introduction to theories of personality","first-page":"341","article-title":"Social-cognitive theory","author":"Bandura","year":"2014"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.caeai.2025.100472_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.asw.2023.100745","article-title":"Using ChatGPT for second language writing: Pitfalls and potentials","volume":"57","author":"Barrot","year":"2023","journal-title":"Assessing Writing"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.caeai.2025.100472_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1037\/a0029692","article-title":"Examining dimensions of self-efficacy for writing","volume":"105","author":"Bruning","year":"2013","journal-title":"Journal of Educational Psychology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.caeai.2025.100472_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1177\/07356331241226592","article-title":"Facilitating student learning with a chatbot in an online math learning platform","author":"Cheng","year":"2024","journal-title":"Journal of Educational Computing Research"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.caeai.2025.100472_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"280","DOI":"10.24815\/siele.v10i1.25741","article-title":"The relationship between motivation and English language test performance among secondary vocational schools' students in China","volume":"10","author":"Chuane","year":"2023","journal-title":"Studies in English Language and Education"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.caeai.2025.100472_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1186\/s41239-021-00259-w","article-title":"How role-taking in a group-work setting affects the relationship between the amount of collaboration and germane cognitive load","volume":"18","author":"Costley","year":"2021","journal-title":"International Journal of Educational Technology in Higher Education"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.caeai.2025.100472_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2024.105224","article-title":"Does ChatGPT enhance student learning? A systematic review and meta-analysis of experimental studies","volume":"227","author":"Deng","year":"2025","journal-title":"Computers & Education"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.caeai.2025.100472_bib11","first-page":"1","article-title":"Does Artificial Intelligence (AI) nurture or hinder language learners' higher\u2010order thinking skills (HOTs)? A phenomenological study on L2 learners' perspectives and lived experiences","author":"Derakhshan","year":"2025","journal-title":"International Journal of Applied Linguistics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.caeai.2025.100472_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tsc.2023.101232","article-title":"Investigating EFL writers' critical thinking performance across languages","volume":"47","author":"Dong","year":"2023","journal-title":"Thinking Skills and Creativity"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.caeai.2025.100472_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actpsy.2025.105307","article-title":"Rooted in and beyond interaction: A systematic review of interactive affordances of chatbots for language learning amidst the rise of large language models","volume":"259","author":"Du","year":"2025","journal-title":"Acta Psychologica"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.caeai.2025.100472_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1177\/21582440221094584","article-title":"Investigating EFL learners' perceptions of critical thinking learning affordances: Voices from Chinese university English majors","volume":"12","author":"Du","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sage Open"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.caeai.2025.100472_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1007\/s11423-016-9460-7","article-title":"Facilitating a student-educator conceptual model of dispositions towards critical thinking through interactive management","volume":"65","author":"Dwyer","year":"2017","journal-title":"Educational Technology Research & Development"},{"issue":"5\u20136","key":"10.1016\/j.caeai.2025.100472_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"617","DOI":"10.1080\/09588221.2018.1449757","article-title":"An exploration into the impact of WebQuest-based classroom on EFL learners' critical thinking and academic writing skills: A mixed-methods study","volume":"31","author":"Ebadi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Computer Assisted Language Learning"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.caeai.2025.100472_bib17","first-page":"44","article-title":"A logical basis for measuring critical thinking skills","volume":"43","author":"Ennis","year":"1985","journal-title":"Educational Leadership"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.caeai.2025.100472_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8082","DOI":"10.1007\/s12144-024-06795-8","article-title":"AI-based chatbot interactions and critical thinking skills: An exploratory study","volume":"44","author":"Fabio","year":"2025","journal-title":"Current Psychology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.caeai.2025.100472_bib19","series-title":"Critical thinking: A statement of expert consensus for purposes of educational assessment and instruction (the Delphi report)","author":"Facione","year":"1990"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.caeai.2025.100472_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1716","DOI":"10.1177\/07356331221077901","article-title":"Supporting the instructional videos with chatbot and peer feedback mechanisms in online learning: The effects on learning performance and intrinsic motivation","volume":"60","author":"Fidan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Journal of Educational Computing Research"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.caeai.2025.100472_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.asw.2020.100504","article-title":"The role of L2 writing self-efficacy in integrated writing strategy use and performance","volume":"47","author":"Golparvar","year":"2021","journal-title":"Assessing Writing"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.caeai.2025.100472_bib22","article-title":"Investigating the tripartite interaction among teachers, students, and generative AI in EFL education: A mixed-methods study","volume":"8","author":"Guan","year":"2025","journal-title":"Computers and Education: Artificial Intelligence"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.caeai.2025.100472_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.system.2024.103362","article-title":"Understanding EFL students' use of self-made AI chatbots as personalized writing assistance tools: A mixed methods study","volume":"124","author":"Guo","year":"2024","journal-title":"System"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.caeai.2025.100472_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.asw.2022.100666","article-title":"Using chatbots to scaffold EFL students' argumentative writing","volume":"54","author":"Guo","year":"2022","journal-title":"Assessing Writing"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.caeai.2025.100472_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2023.104862","article-title":"Effects of chatbot-assisted in-class debates on students' argumentation skills and task motivation","author":"Guo","year":"2023","journal-title":"Computers & Education"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.caeai.2025.100472_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.47116\/apjcri.2020.07.07","article-title":"The effects of voice-based AI chatbots on Korean EFL middle school students' speaking competence and affective domains","volume":"6","author":"Han","year":"2020","journal-title":"Asia-pacific Journal of Convergent Research Interchange"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.caeai.2025.100472_bib27","first-page":"70","article-title":"Digital transformation in vocational education: Present situation, problems, and countermeasures","volume":"18","author":"Han","year":"2023","journal-title":"Frontiers of Education in China"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.caeai.2025.100472_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lmot.2024.102007","article-title":"The role of self-efficacy and learner engagement in the relationship between prior achievement and final achievement in EFL writing","volume":"87","author":"Hao","year":"2024","journal-title":"Learning and Motivation"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.caeai.2025.100472_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.asw.2023.100769","article-title":"Editorial Introduction\u2013AI, corpora, and future directions for writing assessment","volume":"57","author":"Hartwell","year":"2023","journal-title":"Assessing Writing"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.caeai.2025.100472_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1008","DOI":"10.1177\/07356331221137253","article-title":"AI and recognition technologies to facilitate English as foreign language writing for supporting personalization and contextualization in authentic contexts","volume":"61","author":"Hwang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Journal of Educational Computing Research"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.caeai.2025.100472_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1338","DOI":"10.1080\/09588221.2021.1987272","article-title":"Chatbot-assisted dynamic assessment (CA-DA) for L2 vocabulary learning and diagnosis","volume":"36","author":"Jeon","year":"2021","journal-title":"Computer Assisted Language Learning"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.caeai.2025.100472_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1080\/15391523.2022.2142873","article-title":"A systematic review of conversational AI in language education: Focusing on the collaboration with human teachers","volume":"55","author":"Ji","year":"2023","journal-title":"Journal of Research on Technology in Education"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.caeai.2025.100472_bib33","series-title":"Think smarter: Critical thinking to improve problem-solving and decision-making skills","author":"Kallet","year":"2014"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.caeai.2025.100472_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s10648-010-9150-7","article-title":"Cognitive load theory: How many types of load does it really need?","volume":"23","author":"Kalyuga","year":"2011","journal-title":"Educational Psychology Review"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.caeai.2025.100472_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lindif.2023.102274","article-title":"ChatGPT for good? On opportunities and challenges of large language models for education","volume":"103","author":"Kasneci","year":"2023","journal-title":"Learning and Individual Differences"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.caeai.2025.100472_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"828","DOI":"10.1177\/00336882211067054","article-title":"A pedagogical chatbot: A supplemental language learning tool","volume":"54","author":"Kohnke","year":"2023","journal-title":"RELC Journal"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.caeai.2025.100472_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1177\/00336882231162868","article-title":"ChatGPT for language teaching and learning","volume":"54","author":"Kohnke","year":"2023","journal-title":"RELC Journal"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.caeai.2025.100472_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"390","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jslw.2012.09.003","article-title":"The role of individual differences in L2 writing","volume":"21","author":"Kormos","year":"2012","journal-title":"Journal of Second Language Writing"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.caeai.2025.100472_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7899","DOI":"10.1007\/s10639-022-11506-6","article-title":"The impact of chatbots using concept maps on correction outcomes\u2013a case study of programming courses","volume":"28","author":"Kuo","year":"2023","journal-title":"Education and Information Technologies"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.caeai.2025.100472_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tsc.2023.101442","article-title":"Validating a critical thinking ability questionnaire for EFL learners","volume":"51","author":"Li","year":"2024","journal-title":"Thinking Skills and Creativity"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.caeai.2025.100472_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tsc.2024.101645","article-title":"Exploring the use of ChatGPT to foster EFL learners' critical thinking skills from a post-humanist perspective","volume":"54","author":"Liang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Thinking Skills and Creativity"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.caeai.2025.100472_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"605","DOI":"10.1080\/09588221.2020.1743323","article-title":"Impact of automated writing evaluation on teacher feedback, student revision, and writing improvement","volume":"35","author":"Link","year":"2022","journal-title":"Computer Assisted Language Learning"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.caeai.2025.100472_bib43","first-page":"1","article-title":"Investigating the key success factors of chatbot-based positive psychology intervention with retrieval-and generative pre-trained transformer (GPT)-based chatbots","author":"Liu","year":"2024","journal-title":"International Journal of Human-Computer Interaction"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.caeai.2025.100472_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"969","DOI":"10.1080\/07294360.2019.1607830","article-title":"The effects of a critical thinking oriented instructional pattern in a tertiary EFL argumentative writing course","volume":"38","author":"Lu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Higher Education Research and Development"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.caeai.2025.100472_bib45","article-title":"A critical review of state\u2010of\u2010the\u2010art chatbot designs and applications","volume":"12","author":"Luo","year":"2022","journal-title":"Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Data Mining and Knowledge Discovery"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.caeai.2025.100472_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2989","DOI":"10.2147\/PRBM.S386780","article-title":"The relationship between study engagement and critical thinking among higher vocational college students in China: A longitudinal study","author":"Lv","year":"2022","journal-title":"Psychology Research and Behavior Management"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.caeai.2025.100472_bib47","first-page":"67","volume":"29","author":"Ma","year":"2020"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.caeai.2025.100472_bib48","first-page":"10","article-title":"On the rationale and key points of the course structure of the Junior College English Curriculum Standards for Vocational Education (2021 Edition)","volume":"5","author":"Ma","year":"2021","journal-title":"Foreign Language World"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.caeai.2025.100472_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"465","DOI":"10.58680\/ccc198511745","article-title":"Self-efficacy and writing: A different view of self-evaluation","volume":"36","author":"McCarthy","year":"1985","journal-title":"College Composition & Communication"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.caeai.2025.100472_bib50","series-title":"Applications of generative AI","first-page":"261","article-title":"Can generative artificial intelligence foster belongingness, social support, and reduce loneliness? A conceptual analysis","author":"Pani","year":"2024"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.caeai.2025.100472_bib51","series-title":"Critical thinking: Tools for taking charge of your learning and your life","author":"Paul","year":"2001"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.caeai.2025.100472_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tsc.2018.02.008","article-title":"An adaptable teacher education framework for critical thinking in language teaching","volume":"28","author":"Petek","year":"2018","journal-title":"Thinking Skills and Creativity"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.caeai.2025.100472_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lindif.2013.06.004","article-title":"Assessment of argumentative writing and critical thinking in higher education: Educational correlates and gender differences","volume":"28","author":"Preiss","year":"2013","journal-title":"Learning and Individual Differences"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.caeai.2025.100472_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2627","DOI":"10.1080\/09588221.2021.1888753","article-title":"Exploring the impact of wiki-mediated collaborative writing on EFL students' writing performance, writing self-regulation, and writing self-efficacy: A mixed methods study","volume":"35","author":"Rahimi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Computer Assisted Language Learning"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.caeai.2025.100472_bib55","series-title":"The routledge handbook of research methods in applied linguistics","first-page":"133","article-title":"Experimental and quasi-experimental designs","author":"Rogers","year":"2019"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.caeai.2025.100472_bib56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tsc.2024.101524","article-title":"Three-wave cross-lagged model on the correlations between critical thinking skills, self-directed learning competency and AI-assisted writing","volume":"52","author":"Shen","year":"2024","journal-title":"Thinking Skills and Creativity"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.caeai.2025.100472_bib57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s40561-019-0088-z","article-title":"Inquiry and critical thinking skills for the next generation: From artificial intelligence back to human intelligence","volume":"6","author":"Spector","year":"2019","journal-title":"Smart Learning Environments"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.caeai.2025.100472_bib58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jslw.2023.100972","article-title":"Co-regulation strategies and their associations with writing self-efficacy in a computer-mediated collaborative writing setting","volume":"59","author":"Su","year":"2023","journal-title":"Journal of Second Language Writing"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.caeai.2025.100472_bib59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.system.2020.102221","article-title":"College students' writing self-efficacy and writing self-regulated learning strategies in learning English as a foreign language","volume":"90","author":"Sun","year":"2020","journal-title":"System"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.caeai.2025.100472_bib60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1207\/s15516709cog1202_4","article-title":"Cognitive load during problem solving: Effects on learning","volume":"12","author":"Sweller","year":"1988","journal-title":"Cognitive Science"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.caeai.2025.100472_bib61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1022193728205","article-title":"Cognitive architecture and instructional design","volume":"10","author":"Sweller","year":"1998","journal-title":"Educational Psychology Review"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.caeai.2025.100472_bib62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.childyouth.2022.106677","article-title":"The impact of socioeconomic status on self-determined learning motivation: A serial mediation analysis of the influence of Gaokao score on seniority in Chinese higher vocational college students","volume":"143","author":"Tadesse","year":"2022","journal-title":"Children and Youth Services Review"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.caeai.2025.100472_bib63","article-title":"Exploring the potential of generative AI in democratizing English language education","volume":"7","author":"Tafazoli","year":"2024","journal-title":"Computers and Education: Artificial Intelligence"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.caeai.2025.100472_bib64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"366","DOI":"10.1177\/13621688211006881","article-title":"Individual differences in self-regulated learning: Exploring the nexus of motivational beliefs, self-efficacy, and SRL strategies in EFL writing","volume":"28","author":"Teng","year":"2024","journal-title":"Language Teaching Research"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.caeai.2025.100472_bib65","article-title":"\u201cChatGPT is the companion, not enemies\u201d: EFL learners' perceptions and experiences in using ChatGPT for feedback in writing","volume":"7","author":"Teng","year":"2024","journal-title":"Computers and Education: Artificial Intelligence"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.caeai.2025.100472_bib66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"911","DOI":"10.1002\/tesq.432","article-title":"Conceptualizing writing self\u2010efficacy in English as a foreign language contexts: Scale validation through structural equation modeling","volume":"52","author":"Teng","year":"2018","journal-title":"Tesol Quarterly"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.caeai.2025.100472_bib67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"575","DOI":"10.1007\/s40299-021-00591-9","article-title":"Effects of EFL learners' L2 writing self-efficacy on engagement with written corrective feedback","volume":"30","author":"Tsao","year":"2021","journal-title":"The Asia-Pacific Education Researcher"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.caeai.2025.100472_bib68","article-title":"Understanding self-directed learning in AI-Assisted writing: A mixed methods study of postsecondary learners","author":"Wang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Computers and Education: Artificial Intelligence"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.caeai.2025.100472_bib69","first-page":"1","article-title":"A scoping review of empirical studies on generative artificial intelligence in language education","author":"Wang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Innovation in Language Learning and Teaching"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.caeai.2025.100472_bib70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"244","DOI":"10.1080\/07294360.2022.2043247","article-title":"Developing college students' critical thinking through reflective writing","volume":"42","author":"Yeh","year":"2023","journal-title":"Higher Education Research and Development"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.caeai.2025.100472_bib71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tsc.2023.101363","article-title":"A systematic review of critical thinking instructional pedagogies in EFL writing: What do we know from a decade of research","volume":"49","author":"Yin","year":"2023","journal-title":"Thinking Skills and Creativity"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.caeai.2025.100472_bib72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tsc.2022.101002","article-title":"How do English-as-a-foreign-language (EFL) teachers perceive and engage with critical thinking: A systematic review from 2010 to 2020","volume":"43","author":"Yuan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Thinking Skills and Creativity"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.caeai.2025.100472_bib73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1177\/0741088317735836","article-title":"The role of cognitive and affective factors in measures of L2 writing","volume":"35","author":"Zabihi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Written Communication"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.caeai.2025.100472_bib74","first-page":"2731","article-title":"English learning autonomy among vocational college students in China: Based on the three-aspect model","volume":"13","author":"Zhang","year":"2024","journal-title":"International Journal of Evaluation and Research in Education"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.caeai.2025.100472_bib75","article-title":"The paradox of self-efficacy and technological dependence: Unraveling generative AI's impact on university students' task completion","author":"Zhang","year":"2024","journal-title":"The Internet and Higher Education"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.caeai.2025.100472_bib76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"483","DOI":"10.1007\/s40299-020-00500-6","article-title":"Investigating university EFL teachers' perceptions of critical thinking and its teaching: Voices from China","volume":"29","author":"Zhang","year":"2020","journal-title":"The Asia-Pacific Education Researcher"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.caeai.2025.100472_bib77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.system.2024.103253","article-title":"Profiling L2 students' writing self-efficacy and its relationship with their writing strategies for self-regulated learning","volume":"122","author":"Zhang","year":"2024","journal-title":"System"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.caeai.2025.100472_bib78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"932","DOI":"10.1080\/17501229.2023.2197417","article-title":"Chatbot-based training on logical fallacy in EFL argumentative writing","volume":"17","author":"Zhang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Innovation in Language Learning and Teaching"}],"container-title":["Computers and Education: Artificial Intelligence"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S2666920X25001122?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S2666920X25001122?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,27]],"date-time":"2026-04-27T07:11:17Z","timestamp":1777273877000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S2666920X25001122"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]},"references-count":78,"alternative-id":["S2666920X25001122"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.caeai.2025.100472","relation":{},"ISSN":["2666-920X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2666-920X","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Do AI chatbot-integrated writing tasks influence writing self-efficacy and critical thinking ability? An exploratory study","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Computers and Education: Artificial Intelligence","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.caeai.2025.100472","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2025 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"100472"}}