{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,26]],"date-time":"2026-02-26T15:38:28Z","timestamp":1772120308401,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":124,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,1,1]],"date-time":"2016-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1451606400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Computers &amp; Geosciences"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,1]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.cageo.2015.10.004","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,10,25]],"date-time":"2015-10-25T13:18:18Z","timestamp":1445779098000},"page":"92-108","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Spatially explicit spectral analysis of point clouds and geospatial data"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"86","author":[{"given":"Daniel","family":"Buscombe","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.cageo.2015.10.004_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"W03521","DOI":"10.1029\/2008WR007406","article-title":"Statistical characterization of bed roughness due to bed forms","volume":"46","author":"Aberle","year":"2010","journal-title":"Water Resour. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cageo.2015.10.004_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1004","DOI":"10.1093\/icesjms\/fsn061","article-title":"Acoustic seabed classification","volume":"65","author":"Anderson","year":"2008","journal-title":"ICES J. Mar. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cageo.2015.10.004_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2988","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2008.02.004","article-title":"Object-based land cover classification using airborne LiDAR","volume":"112","author":"Antonarakis","year":"2008","journal-title":"Remote Sensing Environ."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cageo.2015.10.004_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"W10401","DOI":"10.1029\/2008WR007666","article-title":"Leafless roughness of complex tree morphology using terrestrial LiDAR","volume":"45","author":"Antonarakis","year":"2009","journal-title":"Water Resour. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cageo.2015.10.004_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1233","DOI":"10.1080\/01431160500353817","article-title":"Evaluating the potential of high resolution airborne LiDAR data in glaciology","volume":"27","author":"Arnold","year":"2006","journal-title":"Int. J. Remote Sensing"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cageo.2015.10.004_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1063","DOI":"10.1029\/93GL01214","article-title":"The spectra of the topography of the Earth, Venus and Mars","volume":"20","author":"Balmino","year":"1993","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cageo.2015.10.004_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Beazley, D.M., 2003. SWIG: an extensible compiler for creating scriptable scientific software. In: Future Generation Computer Systems (FGCS), vol. 19. Elsevier, Amsterdam, pp. 599\u2013609.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0167-739X(02)00171-1"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cageo.2015.10.004_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1109\/MCSE.2010.118","article-title":"Cython","volume":"13","author":"Behnel","year":"2011","journal-title":"Comput. Sci. Eng."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cageo.2015.10.004_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"509","DOI":"10.1145\/361002.361007","article-title":"Multidimensional binary search trees used for associative searching","volume":"18","author":"Bentley","year":"1975","journal-title":"Commun. ACM"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cageo.2015.10.004_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.geomorph.2012.10.022","article-title":"Comparative analysis of surface roughness algorithms for the identification of active landslides","volume":"182","author":"Berti","year":"2013","journal-title":"Geomorphology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cageo.2015.10.004_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Boggs, P.T., Byrd, R.H., Rogers, J.E., Schnabel, R.B., 1992. User's Reference Guide for ORDPACK Version 2.01 Software for Weighted Orthogonal Regression. Technical Report. U.S. Department of Commerce Applied and Computational Mathematics Division, Gaithersburg. URL \u3008http:\/\/docs.scipy.org\/doc\/external\/odrpack_guide.pdf\u3009.","DOI":"10.6028\/NIST.IR.4834"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cageo.2015.10.004_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"132","DOI":"10.1016\/j.geomorph.2009.02.027","article-title":"Automated landslide mapping using spectral analysis and high-resolution topographic data","volume":"109","author":"Booth","year":"2009","journal-title":"Geomorphology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cageo.2015.10.004_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"W11519","DOI":"10.1029\/2012WR012223","article-title":"Modeling river bed morphology, roughness, and surface sedimentology using high resolution terrestrial laser scanning","volume":"48","author":"Brasington","year":"2012","journal-title":"Water Resour. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cageo.2015.10.004_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isprsjprs.2012.01.006","article-title":"3D terrestrial LiDAR data classification of complex natural scenes using a multi-scale dimensionality criterion","volume":"68","author":"Brodu","year":"2012","journal-title":"ISPRS J. Photogrammet. Remote Sensing"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cageo.2015.10.004_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"625","DOI":"10.1144\/0016-76492007-100","article-title":"Terrestrial laser scanning in geology","volume":"165","author":"Buckley","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Geolog. Soc. Lond."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cageo.2015.10.004_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1016\/S0165-0114(99)00011-1","article-title":"High-resolution landform classification using fuzzy k-means","volume":"113","author":"Burrough","year":"2000","journal-title":"Fuzzy Sets Syst."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cageo.2015.10.004_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1709","DOI":"10.1111\/sed.12049","article-title":"Transferable wavelet method for grain size-distribution from images of sediment surfaces and thin sections, and other natural granular patterns","volume":"60","author":"Buscombe","year":"2013","journal-title":"Sedimentology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cageo.2015.10.004_bib18","article-title":"Characterizing riverbed sediments using high-frequency acoustics 1","volume":"119","author":"Buscombe","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res.\u2014Earth Surf."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cageo.2015.10.004_bib19","article-title":"Characterizing riverbed sediments using high-frequency acoustics 2","volume":"119","author":"Buscombe","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res.\u2014Earth Surf."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cageo.2015.10.004_bib500","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Buscombe, D., Grams, P.E., Smith, S., 2015. Automated riverbed sediment classification using low-cost sidescan sonar. J. Hydraul. Eng., http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1061\/(ASCE)HY.1943-7900.0001079, 06015019.","DOI":"10.1061\/(ASCE)HY.1943-7900.0001079"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cageo.2015.10.004_bib20","first-page":"F02001","article-title":"Advances in the simulation and automated measurement of well-sorted granular material","volume":"117","author":"Buscombe","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res.\u2014Earth Surf."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cageo.2015.10.004_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"F02015","DOI":"10.1029\/2009JF001477","article-title":"A universal approximation to grain size from images of non-cohesive sediment","volume":"115","author":"Buscombe","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res.\u2014Earth Surf."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cageo.2015.10.004_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"831","DOI":"10.1029\/93GL00737","article-title":"Lava flow topographic measurements for radar data interpretation","volume":"20","author":"Campbell","year":"1993","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cageo.2015.10.004_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1413","DOI":"10.1002\/esp.1341","article-title":"Feature based image processing methods applied to bathymetric measurements from airborne remote sensing in fluvial environments","volume":"31","author":"Carbonneau","year":"2006","journal-title":"Earth Surf. Process. Landforms"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cageo.2015.10.004_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"212","DOI":"10.1098\/rspa.1956.0173","article-title":"The statistical distribution of the maxima of a random function","volume":"237","author":"Cartwright","year":"1956","journal-title":"Proc. R. Soc. Lond. Ser. A"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cageo.2015.10.004_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Castelao, G.P., Irber, L.C., Villas Boas, A.V.M., 2013. An objective reference system for studying rings in the ocean. Comput. Geosci. 61, 43\u201349.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cageo.2013.07.004"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cageo.2015.10.004_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"617","DOI":"10.1016\/j.oceaneng.2009.01.014","article-title":"Characterization of bedform morphology generated under combined flows and currents using wavelet analysis","volume":"36","author":"Catano-Lopera","year":"2009","journal-title":"Ocean Eng."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cageo.2015.10.004_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"242","DOI":"10.1080\/00031305.1983.10483115","article-title":"Algorithms for computing the sample variance","volume":"37","author":"Chan","year":"1983","journal-title":"Am. Stat."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cageo.2015.10.004_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1518","DOI":"10.1364\/AO.27.001518","article-title":"Fractal surface finish","volume":"27","author":"Church","year":"1988","journal-title":"Appl. Opt."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cageo.2015.10.004_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecss.2014.04.002","article-title":"A review of oceanographic applications of water column data from multibeam echosounders","volume":"145","author":"Colbo","year":"2014","journal-title":"Estuar. Coast. Shelf Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cageo.2015.10.004_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1306","DOI":"10.1109\/36.763293","article-title":"Fusion of airborne polarimetric and interferometric SAR for classification of coastal environments","volume":"37","author":"Crawford","year":"1999","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sensing"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cageo.2015.10.004_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"959","DOI":"10.1007\/s13595-011-0102-2","article-title":"The use of terrestrial LiDAR technology in forest science","volume":"68","author":"Dassot","year":"2011","journal-title":"Ann. Forest Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cageo.2015.10.004_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105014","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevD.83.105014","article-title":"Reconstruction of signals with unknown spectra in information field theory with parameter uncertainty","volume":"83","author":"En\u00dflin","year":"2011","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. D"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cageo.2015.10.004_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"L441","DOI":"10.1088\/0305-4470\/19\/8\/006","article-title":"Scaling of rough surfaces","volume":"19","author":"Family","year":"1986","journal-title":"J. Phys. A: Math. Gener."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cageo.2015.10.004_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3279","DOI":"10.1029\/JZ066i010p03279","article-title":"Statistical geometry of porous media","volume":"66","author":"Fara","year":"1961","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cageo.2015.10.004_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"421","DOI":"10.1002\/esp.3366","article-title":"Topographic structure from motion: a new development in photogrammetric measurement","volume":"38","author":"Fonstad","year":"2013","journal-title":"Earth Surf. Process. Landforms"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cageo.2015.10.004_bib37","series-title":"Designing and building parallel programs. Section 1.4.4","author":"Foster","year":"1995"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cageo.2015.10.004_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1029\/RG023i001p00001","article-title":"Quantitative methods for analyzing the roughness of the seafloor","volume":"23","author":"Fox","year":"1985","journal-title":"Rev. Geophys."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cageo.2015.10.004_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"522","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isprsjprs.2009.03.003","article-title":"Discrimination between marls and limestones using intensity data from terrestrial laser scanner","volume":"64","author":"Franceschi","year":"2009","journal-title":"ISPRS J. Photogrammet. Remote Sensing"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cageo.2015.10.004_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"F02025","DOI":"10.1029\/2006JF000644","article-title":"Characterizing arid region alluvial fan surface roughness with airborne laser swath mapping digital topographic data","volume":"112","author":"Frankel","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res.\u2014Earth Surf."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cageo.2015.10.004_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00897840","article-title":"Conditions for geometric similarity of coarse stream-bed roughness","volume":"19","author":"Furbish","year":"1987","journal-title":"Math. Geol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cageo.2015.10.004_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"182","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0469(1963)020<0182:OTPSON>2.0.CO;2","article-title":"On the power spectrum of \u2018red noise\u2019","volume":"20","author":"Gilman","year":"1963","journal-title":"J. Atmos. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cageo.2015.10.004_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1016\/j.geomorph.2005.07.006","article-title":"Analysis of LiDAR-derived topographic information for characterizing and differentiating landslide morphology and activity","volume":"73","author":"Glenn","year":"2006","journal-title":"Geomorphology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cageo.2015.10.004_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13589","DOI":"10.1029\/JB093iB11p13589","article-title":"Stochastic modeling of seafloor morphology","volume":"B11","author":"Goff","year":"1988","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cageo.2015.10.004_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.1002\/jgrf.20050","article-title":"Linking morphodynamic response with sediment mass balance on the Colorado River in Marble Canyon","volume":"118","author":"Grams","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res.\u2014Earth Surf."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cageo.2015.10.004_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1029\/2011GL047727","article-title":"Extended power-law scaling of self-affine signals exhibiting apparent multifractality","volume":"38","author":"Guadagnini","year":"2011","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cageo.2015.10.004_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cageo.2010.05.021","article-title":"A method for computation of surface roughness of digital elevation model terrains via multiscale analysis","volume":"37","author":"Hani","year":"2011","journal-title":"Comput. Geosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cageo.2015.10.004_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"773","DOI":"10.1002\/esp.1575","article-title":"Assessing the ability of airborne LiDAR to map river bathymetry","volume":"33","author":"Hilldale","year":"2008","journal-title":"Earth Surf. Process. Landforms"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cageo.2015.10.004_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"954","DOI":"10.1002\/esp.1780","article-title":"In situ characterization of grain-scale fluvial morphology using terrestrial laser scanning","volume":"34","author":"Hodge","year":"2009","journal-title":"Earth Surf. Process. Landforms"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cageo.2015.10.004_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"673","DOI":"10.1029\/GL016i007p00673","article-title":"On the use of spectral methods for the determination of fractal dimension","volume":"16","author":"Hough","year":"1989","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cageo.2015.10.004_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1124","DOI":"10.1364\/JOSAA.7.001124","article-title":"Fractal image analysis","volume":"7","author":"Huang","year":"1990","journal-title":"J. Opt. Soc. Am. A"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cageo.2015.10.004_bib52","series-title":"Robust Statistics","author":"Huber","year":"1981"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cageo.2015.10.004_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1109\/MCSE.2007.55","article-title":"Matplotlib","volume":"9","author":"Hunter","year":"2007","journal-title":"Comput. Sci. Eng."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cageo.2015.10.004_bib54","series-title":"High-Frequency Seafloor Acoustics","author":"Jackson","year":"2007"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cageo.2015.10.004_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"F03017","DOI":"10.1029\/2011JF002289","article-title":"Straightforward reconstruction of 3D surfaces and topography with a camera","volume":"117","author":"James","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res.\u2014Earth Surf."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cageo.2015.10.004_bib56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1029\/2010GL044638","article-title":"Shredding of environmental signals by sediment transport","volume":"37","author":"Jerolmack","year":"2010","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cageo.2015.10.004_bib57","unstructured":"Jones, E., Oliphant, T., Peterson, P., et al., 2001. SciPy: Open Source Scientific Tools for Python. URL \u3008http:\/\/www.scipy.org\/\u3009(Online; accessed 15.02.15)."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cageo.2015.10.004_bib58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"352","DOI":"10.1016\/j.geomorph.2011.09.023","article-title":"Multiscale analysis of geomorphological and geological features in high resolution digital elevation models using the wavelet transform","volume":"138","author":"Kalbermatten","year":"2012","journal-title":"Geomorphology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cageo.2015.10.004_bib59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kaplinski, M., Hazel, J.E., Grams, P.E., Davis, P.A., 2014. Monitoring Fine-Sediment Volume in the Colorado River Ecosystem, Arizona: Construction and Analysis of Digital Elevation Models. U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 20141052, 29 p.","DOI":"10.3133\/ofr20141052"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cageo.2015.10.004_bib60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kaplinski, M., Hazel, J.E., Parnell, R., Breedlove, M., Kohl, K., Gonzales, M., 2009. Monitoring Fine-Sediment Volume in the Colorado River Ecosystem, Arizona: Bathymetric Survey Techniques. U.S. Geological Survey Open-file Report 2009\u20131207, 41 pp.","DOI":"10.3133\/ofr20091207"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cageo.2015.10.004_bib61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"192","DOI":"10.1098\/rspa.1938.0013","article-title":"On the statistical theory of isotropic turbulence","volume":"164","author":"von Karman","year":"1938","journal-title":"Proc. R. Soc. Lond. Ser. A"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cageo.2015.10.004_bib62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"621","DOI":"10.1109\/TPAMI.1987.4767956","article-title":"Characteristics of natural scenes related to the fractal dimension","volume":"9","author":"Keller","year":"1987","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Pattern Anal. Mach. Intell."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cageo.2015.10.004_bib63","unstructured":"Knuth, D.E., 1998. The Art of Computer Programming. Vol. 2: Semi-numerical Algorithms, 3rd ed., Addison-Wesley, Boston."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cageo.2015.10.004_bib64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cageo.2014.07.013","article-title":"MTpy","volume":"72","author":"Krieger","year":"2014","journal-title":"Comput. Geosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cageo.2015.10.004_bib65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coldregions.2013.09.001","article-title":"Snow surface roughness from mobile laser scanning data","volume":"96","author":"Kukko","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cold Regions Sci. Technol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cageo.2015.10.004_bib66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"L23S04","DOI":"10.1029\/2007GL031140","article-title":"Channel network extraction from high resolution topography using wavelets","volume":"34","author":"Lashermes","year":"2007","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cageo.2015.10.004_bib67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecolmodel.2006.04.004","article-title":"Very high resolution digital elevation models","volume":"198","author":"Lassueur","year":"2006","journal-title":"Ecol. Model."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cageo.2015.10.004_bib68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"F04024","DOI":"10.1029\/2012JF002539","article-title":"Mapping gravel-bed river bathymetry from space","volume":"117","author":"Legleiter","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res.\u2014Earth Surf."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cageo.2015.10.004_bib69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2688","DOI":"10.1029\/JC080i018p02688","article-title":"On the joint distribution of the periods and amplitudes of sea waves","volume":"80","author":"Longuet-Higgins","year":"1975","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cageo.2015.10.004_bib70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isprsjprs.2008.09.007","article-title":"Full waveform topographic LiDAR","volume":"64","author":"Mallet","year":"2009","journal-title":"ISPRS J. Photogrammet. Remote Sensing"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cageo.2015.10.004_bib71","unstructured":"Maneewongvatana, S., Mount, D.M., 1999. It's okay to be skinny, if your friends are fat. In: 4th Annual CGC Workshop on Computational Geometry, Center for Geometric Computing, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA, URL \u3008http:\/\/www.cs.umd.edu\/mount\/Papers\/cgc99-smpack.pdf\u3009."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cageo.2015.10.004_bib72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"W11407","DOI":"10.1029\/2007WR006689","article-title":"Statistical properties of fresh snow roughness","volume":"44","author":"Manes","year":"2008","journal-title":"Water Resour. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cageo.2015.10.004_bib73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1007\/s11001-005-0267-x","article-title":"Frontiers in seafloor mapping and visualization","volume":"27","author":"Mayer","year":"2006","journal-title":"Mar. Geophys. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cageo.2015.10.004_bib74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"B02201","DOI":"10.1029\/2005JB004166","article-title":"Lava flow identification and aging by means of LiDAR intensity: Mount Etna case","volume":"112","author":"Mazzarini","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res.\u2014Solid Earth"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cageo.2015.10.004_bib75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1017","DOI":"10.1109\/36.62626","article-title":"Rough surface scattering results based on bandpass autocorrelation forms","volume":"28","author":"Miller","year":"1990","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sensing"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cageo.2015.10.004_bib76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1109\/MCSE.2011.36","article-title":"Python for scientists and engineers","volume":"13","author":"Millman","year":"2011","journal-title":"Comput. Sci. Eng."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cageo.2015.10.004_bib77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1016\/j.geomorph.2012.06.008","article-title":"Delineation of river bed-surface patches by clustering high-resolution spatial grain size data","volume":"205","author":"Nelson","year":"2014","journal-title":"Geomorphology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cageo.2015.10.004_bib78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"513","DOI":"10.1002\/esp.2071","article-title":"Aeolian sand strip mobility and protodune development on a drying beach: examining surface moisture and surface roughness patterns measured by terrestrial laser scanning","volume":"36","author":"Nield","year":"2011","journal-title":"Earth Surf. Process. Landforms"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cageo.2015.10.004_bib79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"362","DOI":"10.1109\/LGRS.2005.851553","article-title":"High-order structure functions for planet surfaces","volume":"2","author":"Nikora","year":"2005","journal-title":"IEEE Geosci. Remote Sensing Lett."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cageo.2015.10.004_bib80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"517","DOI":"10.1029\/97WR02886","article-title":"On gravel-bed roughness characterisation","volume":"34","author":"Nikora","year":"1998","journal-title":"Water Resour. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cageo.2015.10.004_bib81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"810","DOI":"10.1002\/esp.3322","article-title":"Range imaging","volume":"38","author":"Nitsche","year":"2013","journal-title":"Earth Surf. Process. Landforms"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cageo.2015.10.004_bib82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1109\/MCSE.2007.58","article-title":"Python for scientific computing","volume":"9","author":"Oliphant","year":"2007","journal-title":"Comput. Sci. Eng."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cageo.2015.10.004_bib83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"032136","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevE.87.032136","article-title":"Reconstruction of Gaussian and log-normal fields with spectral smoothness","volume":"112","author":"Oppermann","year":"2013","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. E"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cageo.2015.10.004_bib84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"F04S03","DOI":"10.1029\/2004JF000231","article-title":"Morphology and flow fields of three-dimensional dunes, Rio Parana, Argentina","volume":"110","author":"Parsons","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res.\u2014Earth Surf."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cageo.2015.10.004_bib85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"W11535","DOI":"10.1029\/2009WR008812","article-title":"Testing space-scale methodologies for automatic geomorphic feature extraction from LiDAR in a complex mountainous landscape","volume":"46","author":"Passalacqua","year":"2010","journal-title":"Water Resour. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cageo.2015.10.004_bib86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1757","DOI":"10.1029\/2000WR900028","article-title":"Length-scale analysis of surface albedo, temperature, and normalized difference vegetation index in desert grassland","volume":"36","author":"Pelgrum","year":"2000","journal-title":"Water Resour. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cageo.2015.10.004_bib87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"F04003","DOI":"10.1029\/2007JF000866","article-title":"Spectral signatures of characteristic spatial scales and nonfractal structure in landscapes","volume":"113","author":"Perron","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res.\u2014Earth Surf."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cageo.2015.10.004_bib88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"499","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-8306.1975.tb01058.x","article-title":"Spectral analysis of landforms","volume":"65","author":"Pike","year":"1975","journal-title":"Ann. Assoc. Am. Geograph."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cageo.2015.10.004_bib89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1187","DOI":"10.1002\/hyp.7582","article-title":"Suitability of LiDAR point density and derived landform curvature maps for channel network extraction","volume":"24","author":"Pirotti","year":"2010","journal-title":"Hydrol. Process."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cageo.2015.10.004_bib90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"623","DOI":"10.1130\/G32078.1","article-title":"Estimating surface roughness of terrestrial laser scan data using orthogonal distance regression","volume":"39","author":"Pollyea","year":"2011","journal-title":"Geology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cageo.2015.10.004_bib91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"222","DOI":"10.1130\/GES00733.1","article-title":"Experimental evaluation of terrestrial LiDAR-based surface roughness estimates","volume":"8","author":"Pollyea","year":"2012","journal-title":"Geosphere"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cageo.2015.10.004_bib92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1177\/0309133313512667","article-title":"Very high resolution environmental predictors in species distribution models","volume":"38","author":"Pradervand","year":"2014","journal-title":"Prog. Phys. Geogr."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cageo.2015.10.004_bib93","unstructured":"Press, W.H., Teukolsky, S.A., Vetterling, W.T., Flannery, B.P., 2007. Numerical Recipes: The Art of Scientific Computing, 3rd ed. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK, doi: ISBN-13: 9780521880688."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cageo.2015.10.004_bib94","series-title":"Spectral Analysis and Time-series","author":"Priestley","year":"1981"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cageo.2015.10.004_bib95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1109\/MCSE.2011.35","article-title":"Mayavi","volume":"13","author":"Ramachandran","year":"2011","journal-title":"Comput. Sci. Eng."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cageo.2015.10.004_bib96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"172","DOI":"10.1016\/j.geomorph.2013.04.009","article-title":"You are HERE","volume":"200","author":"Roering","year":"2013","journal-title":"Geomorphology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cageo.2015.10.004_bib97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3955","DOI":"10.1029\/JC085iC07p03955","article-title":"Geometric properties of the underside of sea ice","volume":"85","author":"Rothrock","year":"1980","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res.: Oceans"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cageo.2015.10.004_bib98","unstructured":"Rozema, W., 1968. The Use of Spectral Analysis in Describing Lunar Surface Roughness. U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 650-D."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cageo.2015.10.004_bib99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"607","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cageo.2004.11.009","article-title":"ADaM","volume":"31","author":"Rushing","year":"2005","journal-title":"Comput. Geosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cageo.2015.10.004_bib100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cageo.2012.02.011","article-title":"Computational and methodological aspects of terrestrial surface analysis based on point clouds","volume":"42","author":"Rychkov","year":"2012","journal-title":"Comput. Geosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cageo.2015.10.004_bib101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1016\/j.geomorph.2010.03.013","article-title":"Relationships of aeolian erosion and deposition with LiDAR-derived landscape surface roughness following wildfire","volume":"119","author":"Sankey","year":"2010","journal-title":"Geomorphology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cageo.2015.10.004_bib102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1627","DOI":"10.1021\/ac60214a047","article-title":"Smoothing and differentiation of data by simplified least squares procedures","volume":"36","author":"Savitzky","year":"1964","journal-title":"Anal. Chem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cageo.2015.10.004_bib103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"431","DOI":"10.1038\/271431a0","article-title":"Surface topography as a nonstationary random process","volume":"271","author":"Sayles","year":"1978","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cageo.2015.10.004_bib104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"A26","DOI":"10.1051\/0004-6361\/201321236","article-title":"NIFTY\u2014numerical information field theory\u2014a versatile Python library for signal inference","volume":"554","author":"Selig","year":"2013","journal-title":"Astron. Astrophys."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cageo.2015.10.004_bib105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11709","DOI":"10.1029\/95JE00664","article-title":"Self-affine (fractal) topography","volume":"100","author":"Shepard","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res.: Planets"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cageo.2015.10.004_bib106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32777","DOI":"10.1029\/2000JE001429","article-title":"The roughness of natural terrain","volume":"106","author":"Shepard","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res.: Planets"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cageo.2015.10.004_bib107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"F04016","DOI":"10.1029\/2011JF002323","article-title":"Coupled dynamics of the co-evolution of gravel bed topography, flow turbulence and sediment transport in an experimental channel","volume":"117","author":"Singh","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res.\u2014Earth Surf."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cageo.2015.10.004_bib108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"202","DOI":"10.1016\/j.earscirev.2014.05.016","article-title":"Roughness in the Earth sciences","volume":"136","author":"Smith","year":"2014","journal-title":"Earth-Sci. Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cageo.2015.10.004_bib109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1016\/j.geomorph.2014.03.008","article-title":"High-resolution topography for understanding Earth surface processes","volume":"216","author":"Tarolli","year":"2014","journal-title":"Geomorphology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cageo.2015.10.004_bib110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"476","DOI":"10.1098\/rspa.1938.0032","article-title":"The spectrum of turbulence","volume":"164","author":"Taylor","year":"1938","journal-title":"Proc. R. Soc. Lond. Ser. A"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cageo.2015.10.004_bib111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1016\/j.geomorph.2012.03.031","article-title":"Surface texture analysis of a high-resolution DTM","volume":"161\u2013162","author":"Trevisani","year":"2012","journal-title":"Geomorphology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cageo.2015.10.004_bib112","series-title":"Fractals and Chaos in Geology and Geophysics","author":"Turcotte","year":"1992"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cageo.2015.10.004_bib113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1890\/070001","article-title":"LiDAR","volume":"6","author":"Vierling","year":"2008","journal-title":"Front. Ecol. Environ."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cageo.2015.10.004_bib114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1109\/MCSE.2011.37","article-title":"The NumPy array","volume":"13","author":"van der Walt","year":"2011","journal-title":"Comput. Sci. Eng."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cageo.2015.10.004_bib116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"419","DOI":"10.1080\/00401706.1962.10490022","article-title":"Note on a method for calculating corrected sums of squares and products","volume":"4","author":"Welford","year":"1962","journal-title":"Technometrics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cageo.2015.10.004_bib117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cageo.2011.10.011","article-title":"Python scripting libraries for subsurface fluid and heat flow simulations with TOUGH2 and SHEMAT","volume":"43","author":"Wellmann","year":"2012","journal-title":"Comput. Geosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cageo.2015.10.004_bib118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"300","DOI":"10.1016\/j.geomorph.2012.08.021","article-title":"Structure-from-motion photogrammetry","volume":"179","author":"Westoby","year":"2012","journal-title":"Geomorphology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cageo.2015.10.004_bib119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"469","DOI":"10.1002\/rra.1305","article-title":"Linking geomorphic changes to salmonid habitat at a scale relevant to fish","volume":"26","author":"Wheaton","year":"2010","journal-title":"River Res. Appl."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cageo.2015.10.004_bib120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"955","DOI":"10.1088\/0957-0233\/8\/9\/002","article-title":"Surface metrology","volume":"8","author":"Whitehouse","year":"1997","journal-title":"Meas. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cageo.2015.10.004_bib121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1409","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cageo.2008.10.002","article-title":"Detecting landscape forms using Fourier transformation and singular value decomposition(SVD)","volume":"35","author":"Wieland","year":"2009","journal-title":"Comput. Geosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cageo.2015.10.004_bib122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"509","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1096-9837(199806)23:6<509::AID-ESP864>3.0.CO;2-D","article-title":"Fractal inter-relationships between topography and structure","volume":"23","author":"Wilson","year":"1998","journal-title":"Earth Surf. Process. Landforms"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cageo.2015.10.004_bib123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1002\/esp.3613","article-title":"Quantifying submerged fluvial topography using hyperspatial resolution uas imagery and structure from motion photogrammetry","volume":"40","author":"Woodget","year":"2015","journal-title":"Earth Surf. Process. Landforms"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cageo.2015.10.004_bib124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"F01019","DOI":"10.1029\/2009JF001442","article-title":"Flow structures and sandbar dynamics in a canyon river during a controlled flood, Colorado River, Arizona","volume":"116","author":"Wright","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res.\u2014Earth Surf."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cageo.2015.10.004_bib125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1787","DOI":"10.1029\/91GL02162","article-title":"Inference of surface power spectra from inversion of multifrequency polarimetric radar data","volume":"18","author":"van Zyl","year":"1991","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."}],"container-title":["Computers &amp; Geosciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0098300415300704?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0098300415300704?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,11]],"date-time":"2024-06-11T20:30:23Z","timestamp":1718137823000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0098300415300704"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2016,1]]},"references-count":124,"alternative-id":["S0098300415300704"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cageo.2015.10.004","relation":{"has-preprint":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.31223\/osf.io\/wr2pf","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["0098-3004"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0098-3004","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2016,1]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Spatially explicit spectral analysis of point clouds and geospatial data","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Computers & Geosciences","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cageo.2015.10.004","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"Published by Elsevier Ltd.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}