{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,11]],"date-time":"2026-07-11T08:15:02Z","timestamp":1783757702498,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788220800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788220800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,6]],"date-time":"2026-06-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780704000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002855","name":"Ministry of Science and Technology of the People's Republic of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002855","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012166","name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2023YFF0725005"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023YFF0725005"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012166","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Computers & Geosciences"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.cageo.2026.106205","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,6]],"date-time":"2026-06-06T06:33:21Z","timestamp":1780727601000},"page":"106205","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"special_numbering":"C","title":["A terrain-guided and SAR fused network for mountainous DEM super-resolution"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"215","author":[{"given":"Qinglin","family":"Wu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Min","family":"Feng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jinhao","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.cageo.2026.106205_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1080\/13658816.2024.2410345","article-title":"Integrating hydrological knowledge into deep learning for DEM super-resolution","volume":"39","author":"Cao","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int. J. Geogr. Inf. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cageo.2026.106205_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3625","DOI":"10.3390\/rs17213625","article-title":"A transformer-based residual attention network combining SAR and terrain features for DEM super-resolution reconstruction","volume":"17","author":"Chen","year":"2025","journal-title":"Remote Sens."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cageo.2026.106205_bib3","first-page":"247","article-title":"Convolutional neural network based dem super resolution. The international archives of the photogrammetry","volume":"41","author":"Chen","year":"2016","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Spatial Inform. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cageo.2026.106205_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"441","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2014.06.025","article-title":"Simulating SAR geometric distortions and predicting persistent scatterer densities for ERS-1\/2 and ENVISAT C-band SAR and InSAR applications: nationwide feasibility assessment to monitor the landmass of Great Britain with SAR imagery","volume":"152","author":"Cigna","year":"2014","journal-title":"Rem. Sens. Environ."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cageo.2026.106205_bib5","series-title":"European Conference on Computer Vision","first-page":"184","article-title":"Learning a deep convolutional network for image super-resolution","author":"Dong","year":"2014"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cageo.2026.106205_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"741","DOI":"10.3390\/rs9070741","article-title":"High precision DEM generation algorithm based on InSAR multi-look iteration","volume":"9","author":"Gao","year":"2017","journal-title":"Remote Sens."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cageo.2026.106205_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1737","DOI":"10.3390\/rs17101737","article-title":"A multi-path feature extraction and transformer feature enhancement DEM super-resolution reconstruction network","volume":"17","author":"Guo","year":"2025","journal-title":"Remote Sens."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cageo.2026.106205_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.catena.2020.105072","article-title":"Evaluation of DEM interpolation techniques for characterizing terrain roughness","volume":"198","author":"Habib","year":"2021","journal-title":"Catena"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cageo.2026.106205_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.3390\/rs15020305","article-title":"A global-information-constrained deep learning network for digital elevation model super-resolution","volume":"15","author":"Han","year":"2023","journal-title":"Remote Sens."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cageo.2026.106205_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4078","DOI":"10.3390\/electronics13204078","article-title":"DDMAFN: a progressive dual-domain super-resolution network for digital elevation model based on multi-scale feature fusion","volume":"13","author":"He","year":"2024","journal-title":"Electronics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cageo.2026.106205_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.14358\/PERS.75.1.87","article-title":"DEM generation using a digital large format frame camera","volume":"75","author":"H\u00f6hle","year":"2009","journal-title":"Photogramm. Eng. Remote Sens."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cageo.2026.106205_bib12","article-title":"DEM super-resolution guided by shaded relief using attention-based fusion","volume":"132","author":"Huang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int. J. Appl. Earth Obs. Geoinf."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cageo.2026.106205_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9593","DOI":"10.1109\/JSTARS.2025.3547364","article-title":"Random under-sampled digital elevation model super-resolution based on terrain feature-aware deep learning network","volume":"18","author":"Huo","year":"2025","journal-title":"IEEE J. Sel. Top. Appl. Earth Obs. Remote Sens."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cageo.2026.106205_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1384","DOI":"10.3390\/rs12091384","article-title":"Flood proxy mapping with normalized difference sigma-naught index and Shannon's entropy","volume":"12","author":"Ivan Ulloa","year":"2020","journal-title":"Remote Sens."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cageo.2026.106205_bib15","article-title":"Super-resolution for terrain modeling using deep learning in high mountain Asia","volume":"118","author":"Jiang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int. J. Appl. Earth Obs. Geoinf."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cageo.2026.106205_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1039","DOI":"10.1016\/S0098-3004(00)00158-8","article-title":"Modelling topography with SAR interferometry: illustrations of a favourable and less favourable environment","volume":"27","author":"Kervyn","year":"2001","journal-title":"Comput. Geosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cageo.2026.106205_bib17","series-title":"Proceedings of the IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition","first-page":"1646","article-title":"Accurate image super-resolution using very deep convolutional networks","author":"Kim","year":"2016"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cageo.2026.106205_bib18","series-title":"Proceedings of the IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition","first-page":"4681","article-title":"Photo-realistic single image super-resolution using a generative adversarial network","author":"Ledig","year":"2017"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cageo.2026.106205_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1149","DOI":"10.1080\/17538947.2022.2094002","article-title":"Global DEMs vary from one to another: an evaluation of newly released copernicus, NASA and AW3D30 DEM on selected terrains of China using ICESat-2 altimetry data","volume":"15","author":"Li","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Digit. Earth"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cageo.2026.106205_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compenvurbsys.2009.11.002","article-title":"Effects of DEM sources on hydrologic applications","volume":"34","author":"Li","year":"2010","journal-title":"Comput. Environ. Urban Syst."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cageo.2026.106205_bib21","series-title":"Proceedings of the IEEE\/CVF International Conference on Computer Vision","first-page":"1833","article-title":"SwinIR: image restoration using swin transformer","author":"Liang","year":"2021"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cageo.2026.106205_bib22","series-title":"Proceedings of the IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition","first-page":"136","article-title":"Enhanced deep residual networks for single image super-resolution","author":"Lim","year":"2017"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cageo.2026.106205_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2181","DOI":"10.3390\/rs14092181","article-title":"A DEM super-resolution reconstruction network combining internal and external learning","volume":"14","author":"Lin","year":"2022","journal-title":"Remote Sens."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cageo.2026.106205_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1016\/j.geomorph.2019.04.012","article-title":"Global open-access DEM performances in earth's most rugged region high Mountain Asia: a multi-level assessment","volume":"338","author":"Liu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Geomorphology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cageo.2026.106205_bib25","article-title":"DEM super-resolution guided by high-resolution remote sensing images using multitask learning","volume":"146","author":"Liu","year":"2026","journal-title":"Int. J. Appl. Earth Obs. Geoinf."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cageo.2026.106205_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5670","DOI":"10.1109\/JSTARS.2023.3288296","article-title":"Feature-enhanced deep learning network for digital elevation model super-resolution","volume":"16","author":"Ma","year":"2023","journal-title":"IEEE J. Sel. Top. Appl. Earth Obs. Remote Sens."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cageo.2026.106205_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.agrformet.2022.109222","article-title":"Quantifying the impacts of DEM uncertainty on clear-sky surface shortwave radiation estimation in typical mountainous areas","volume":"327","author":"Ma","year":"2022","journal-title":"Agric. For. Meteorol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cageo.2026.106205_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1080\/17538947.2024.2308734","article-title":"Vertical accuracy assessment of freely available global DEMs (FABDEM, Copernicus DEM, NASADEM, AW3D30 and SRTM) in flood-prone environments","volume":"17","author":"Meadows","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int. J. Digit. Earth"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cageo.2026.106205_bib29","series-title":"Proceedings of the IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition","first-page":"2502","article-title":"Burst denoising with kernel prediction networks","author":"Mildenhall","year":"2018"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cageo.2026.106205_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhydrol.2024.132203","article-title":"Estimating high-resolution snow depth over the North Hemisphere mountains utilizing active microwave backscatter and machine learning","volume":"645","author":"Ni","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Hydrol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cageo.2026.106205_bib31","first-page":"78","article-title":"Comparison analysis of interpolation techniques for DEM generation using Cartosat-1 stereo data","volume":"9","author":"Setiyoko","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int. J. Remote Sens. Earth Sci. (IJReSES)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cageo.2026.106205_bib32","series-title":"Proceedings of the IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition","first-page":"1874","article-title":"Real-time single image and video super-resolution using an efficient sub-pixel convolutional neural network","author":"Shi","year":"2016"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cageo.2026.106205_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28830","DOI":"10.1109\/JSTARS.2025.3624584","article-title":"CredDSR: a cross resolution distance aware DEM super resolution method with terrain difficulty perception loss","volume":"18","author":"Sun","year":"2025","journal-title":"IEEE J. Sel. Top. Appl. Earth Obs. Remote Sens."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cageo.2026.106205_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10636","DOI":"10.1109\/JSTARS.2024.3399544","article-title":"Digital surface model super-resolution by integrating high-resolution remote sensing imagery using generative adversarial networks","volume":"17","author":"Sun","year":"2024","journal-title":"IEEE J. Sel. Top. Appl. Earth Obs. Remote Sens."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cageo.2026.106205_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2023.113956","article-title":"A rapid high-resolution multi-sensory urban flood mapping framework via DEM upscaling","volume":"301","author":"Tan","year":"2024","journal-title":"Rem. Sens. Environ."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cageo.2026.106205_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"228","DOI":"10.1016\/S0924-2716(02)00123-5","article-title":"Impact of terrain slope and aspect on radargrammetric DEM accuracy","volume":"57","author":"Toutin","year":"2002","journal-title":"ISPRS J. Photogrammetry Remote Sens."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cageo.2026.106205_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3200","DOI":"10.3390\/rs12193200","article-title":"Surface roughness estimation in the orog nuur basin (Southern mongolia) using sentinel-1 SAR time series and ground-based photogrammetry","volume":"12","author":"Ullmann","year":"2020","journal-title":"Remote Sens."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cageo.2026.106205_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enggeo.2008.03.010","article-title":"Spatial data for landslide susceptibility, hazard, and vulnerability assessment: an overview","volume":"102","author":"Van Westen","year":"2008","journal-title":"Eng. Geol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cageo.2026.106205_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1080\/17538947.2024.2356121","article-title":"DEM super-resolution framework based on deep learning: decomposing terrain trends and residuals","volume":"17","author":"Wang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int. J. Digit. Earth"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cageo.2026.106205_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11703","DOI":"10.1109\/JSTARS.2025.3563613","article-title":"Study on coherent speckle noise suppression in the SAR images based on regional division","volume":"18","author":"Wang","year":"2025","journal-title":"IEEE J. Sel. Top. Appl. Earth Obs. Remote Sens."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cageo.2026.106205_bib41","first-page":"1","article-title":"TTSR: a transformer-based topography neural network for digital elevation model super-resolution","volume":"62","author":"Wang","year":"2024","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Rem. Sens."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cageo.2026.106205_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"723","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isprsjprs.2025.07.039","article-title":"Unmixing frequency features for DEM super resolution","volume":"228","author":"Wen","year":"2025","journal-title":"ISPRS J. Photogrammetry Remote Sens."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cageo.2026.106205_bib43","series-title":"Proceedings of the European Conference on Computer Vision","first-page":"3","article-title":"CBAM: convolutional block attention module","author":"Woo","year":"2018"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cageo.2026.106205_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhydrol.2023.129608","article-title":"Study on urban flood simulation based on a novel model of SWTM coupling D8 flow direction and backflow effect","volume":"621","author":"Yang","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Hydrol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cageo.2026.106205_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isprsjprs.2024.01.001","article-title":"A continuous digital elevation representation model for DEM super-resolution","volume":"208","author":"Yao","year":"2024","journal-title":"ISPRS J. Photogrammetry Remote Sens."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cageo.2026.106205_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11536","DOI":"10.1109\/JSTARS.2024.3409697","article-title":"A DEM image super-resolution reconstruction method based on the texture transfer of high-resolution remote sensing images","volume":"17","author":"Ye","year":"2024","journal-title":"IEEE J. Sel. Top. Appl. Earth Obs. Remote Sens."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cageo.2026.106205_bib47","first-page":"323","article-title":"Fusion of ascending and descending polarimetric SAR data for color orthophoto generation","author":"Zhang","year":"2010","journal-title":"ISPRS TC VII Symposium \u2013 100 Years ISPRS"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cageo.2026.106205_bib48","first-page":"1","article-title":"LIE-DSM: leveraging single remote sensing imagery to enhance digital surface model resolution","volume":"62","author":"Zhang","year":"2024","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Rem. Sens."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cageo.2026.106205_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isprsjprs.2022.04.028","article-title":"Terrain feature-aware deep learning network for digital elevation model superresolution","volume":"189","author":"Zhang","year":"2022","journal-title":"ISPRS J. Photogrammetry Remote Sens."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cageo.2026.106205_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"745","DOI":"10.3390\/s22030745","article-title":"Comparison of DEM super-resolution methods based on interpolation and neural networks","volume":"22","author":"Zhang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cageo.2026.106205_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1954","DOI":"10.3390\/rs15071954","article-title":"Terrain self-similarity-based transformer for generating super resolution DEMs","volume":"15","author":"Zheng","year":"2023","journal-title":"Remote Sens."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cageo.2026.106205_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3089","DOI":"10.3390\/rs13163089","article-title":"An enhanced double-filter deep residual neural network for generating super resolution DEMs","volume":"13","author":"Zhou","year":"2021","journal-title":"Remote Sens."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cageo.2026.106205_bib53","first-page":"1","article-title":"An exploratory evaluation of multiscale data analysis for landform element detection on high-resolution DEM","volume":"19","author":"Zhou","year":"2021","journal-title":"IEEE Geosci. Remote Sens. Lett."}],"container-title":["Computers & Geosciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0098300426001020?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0098300426001020?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,11]],"date-time":"2026-07-11T08:10:05Z","timestamp":1783757405000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0098300426001020"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]},"references-count":53,"alternative-id":["S0098300426001020"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cageo.2026.106205","relation":{"is-supplemented-by":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.6084\/m9.figshare.31868503","asserted-by":"subject"}]},"ISSN":["0098-3004"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0098-3004","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"A terrain-guided and SAR fused network for mountainous DEM super-resolution","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Computers & Geosciences","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cageo.2026.106205","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2026 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"106205"}}