{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,11]],"date-time":"2026-07-11T08:15:03Z","timestamp":1783757703513,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":86,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788220800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788220800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788220800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-017"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788220800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788220800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-012"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788220800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788220800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-004"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004735","name":"Natural Science Foundation of Hunan Province","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2026JJ30010"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2026JJ30010"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004735","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["42271484"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42271484"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["42202332"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42202332"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["42572385"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42572385"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Computers &amp; Geosciences"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.cageo.2026.106221","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,15]],"date-time":"2026-06-15T06:39:53Z","timestamp":1781505593000},"page":"106221","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"special_numbering":"C","title":["YangMPS: a new multiple-point statistics simulation method for non-stationary spatial processes"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"215","author":[{"given":"Junjie","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qiliang","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jie","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhankun","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yumeng","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shaohui","family":"Gao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Min","family":"Deng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.cageo.2026.106221_bib1","series-title":"Proceedings of the 2021 International Conference on Management of Data (SIGMOD '21)","first-page":"49","article-title":"Fast density-peaks clustering: multicore-Based parallelization approach","author":"Amagata","year":"2021"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.cageo.2026.106221_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01036241","article-title":"Problems with universal kriging","volume":"16","author":"Armstrong","year":"1984","journal-title":"J. Int. Assoc. Math. Geol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cageo.2026.106221_bib3","series-title":"Sequential Simulation with Patterns","author":"Arpat","year":"2005"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.cageo.2026.106221_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1007\/s11004-006-9075-3","article-title":"Conditional simulation with patterns","volume":"39","author":"Arpat","year":"2007","journal-title":"Math. Geol."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.cageo.2026.106221_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"162","DOI":"10.3390\/geosciences14060162","article-title":"Pixel-MPS: stochastic embedding and density-based clustering of image patterns for pixel-based multiple-point geostatistical simulation","volume":"14","author":"Asadi","year":"2024","journal-title":"Geosciences"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.cageo.2026.106221_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"873","DOI":"10.1007\/s11004-013-9455-4","article-title":"Conditioning surface-based geological models to well and thickness data","volume":"45","author":"Bertoncello","year":"2013","journal-title":"Math. Geosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cageo.2026.106221_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"577","DOI":"10.1080\/01621459.1998.10473711","article-title":"Nearest-neighbor clutter removal for estimating features in spatial point processes","volume":"93","author":"Byers","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Am. Stat. Assoc."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cageo.2026.106221_bib8","series-title":"Modeling Uncertainty in the Earth Sciences","author":"Caers","year":"2011"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cageo.2026.106221_bib10","series-title":"Encyclopedia of Mathematical Geosciences","first-page":"1","article-title":"Multiple point statistics","author":"Caers","year":"2021"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cageo.2026.106221_bib9","series-title":"SPE Annual Technical Conference and Exhibition","article-title":"Stochastic reservoir simulation using neural networks trained on outcrop data","author":"Caers","year":"1998"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cageo.2026.106221_bib11","first-page":"383","volume":"vol. 80","author":"Caers","year":"2004"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cageo.2026.106221_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.1007\/s11004-012-9387-4","article-title":"Dimensional reduction of pattern-based simulation using wavelet analysis","volume":"44","author":"Chatterjee","year":"2012","journal-title":"Math. Geosci."},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.cageo.2026.106221_bib13","first-page":"4419","article-title":"Automatic cluster selection using gap statistics for pattern-based multi-point geostatistical simulation","volume":"7","author":"Chatterjee","year":"2014","journal-title":"Arab Journal of Geosciences"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.cageo.2026.106221_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1080\/24709360.2017.1396742","article-title":"A tutorial on kernel density estimation and recent advances","volume":"1","author":"Chen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Biostatistics & Epidemiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cageo.2026.106221_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cageo.2019.104404","article-title":"3D stochastic modeling framework for Quaternary sediments using multiple-point statistics: a case study in Minjiang Estuary area, southeast China","volume":"136","author":"Chen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Comput. Geosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cageo.2026.106221_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cageo.2011.07.009","article-title":"3D multiple-point statistics simulation using 2D training images","volume":"40","author":"Comunian","year":"2012","journal-title":"Comput. Geosci."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.cageo.2026.106221_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1080\/00031305.1989.10475658","article-title":"Geostatistics","volume":"43","author":"Cressie","year":"1989","journal-title":"Am. Statistician"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.cageo.2026.106221_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1029\/2023WR035932","article-title":"SA\u2010RelayGANs: a novel framework for the characterization of complex hydrological structures based on GANs and self\u2010attention mechanism","volume":"60","author":"Cui","year":"2024","journal-title":"Water Resour. Res."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.cageo.2026.106221_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"525","DOI":"10.1016\/S0098-3004(01)00075-9","article-title":"FLUVSIM: a program for object-based stochastic modeling of fluvial depositional systems","volume":"28","author":"Deutsch","year":"2002","journal-title":"Comput. Geosci."},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.cageo.2026.106221_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"857","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02066005","article-title":"Hierarchical object-based stochastic modeling of fluvial reservoirs","volume":"28","author":"Deutsch","year":"1996","journal-title":"Math. Geol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cageo.2026.106221_bib21","series-title":"Encyclopedia of Mathematical Geosciences","first-page":"605","article-title":"High-order spatial stochastic models","author":"Dimitrakopoulos","year":"2023"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cageo.2026.106221_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fspas.2023.1098388","article-title":"A case study in support of closure of bow shock current through the ionosphere utilizing multi-point observations and simulation","volume":"10","author":"Dredger","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front. Astron. Space Sci."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.cageo.2026.106221_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1007\/s10596-024-10272-3","article-title":"Extraction of weak geochemical anomalies based on multiple-point statistics and local singularity analysis","volume":"28","author":"Fan","year":"2024","journal-title":"Comput. Geosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cageo.2026.106221_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1007\/978-94-011-1739-5_12","article-title":"Multivariate geostatistics: beyond bivariate moments","volume":"1","author":"Guardiano","year":"1993","journal-title":"Geostatistics Tr\u00f3ia\u201992"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.cageo.2026.106221_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1029\/2022MS003542","article-title":"Direct sampling for spatially variable extreme event generation in resampling\u2010based stochastic weather generators","volume":"15","author":"Guevara","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Adv. Model. Earth Syst."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.cageo.2026.106221_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2347","DOI":"10.1007\/s11053-022-10071-6","article-title":"Multiple-point geostatistics-based three-dimensional automatic geological modeling and uncertainty analysis for borehole data","volume":"31","author":"Guo","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat. Resour. Res."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.cageo.2026.106221_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"473","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1021769526425","article-title":"Modeling of fluvial reservoirs with object models","volume":"30","author":"Holden","year":"1998","journal-title":"Math. Geol."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.cageo.2026.106221_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"487","DOI":"10.1007\/s11004-010-9276-7","article-title":"Stochastic simulation of patterns using distance-based pattern modeling","volume":"42","author":"Honarkhah","year":"2010","journal-title":"Math. Geosci."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.cageo.2026.106221_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"651","DOI":"10.1007\/s11004-012-9413-6","article-title":"Direct pattern-based simulation of non-stationary geostatistical models","volume":"44","author":"Honarkhah","year":"2012","journal-title":"Math. Geosci."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.cageo.2026.106221_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"455","DOI":"10.1007\/s12583-021-1443-x","article-title":"Hierarchical MPS-based three-dimensional geological structure reconstruction with two-dimensional image (s)","volume":"32","author":"Hou","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Earth Sci."},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.cageo.2026.106221_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1029\/2008WR006993","article-title":"Multiple\u2010point geostatistics for modeling subsurface heterogeneity: a comprehensive review","volume":"44","author":"Hu","year":"2008","journal-title":"Water Resour. Res."},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.cageo.2026.106221_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6069","DOI":"10.5194\/hess-21-6069-2017","article-title":"Multiple-point statistical simulation for hydrogeological models: 3-D training image development and conditioning strategies","volume":"21","author":"H\u00f8yer","year":"2017","journal-title":"Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci."},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.cageo.2026.106221_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"715","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00893318","article-title":"When do we need a trend model in kriging?","volume":"21","author":"Journel","year":"1989","journal-title":"Math. Geol."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.cageo.2026.106221_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1525","DOI":"10.1007\/s10040-023-02658-x","article-title":"Multiple-point statistical modeling of three-dimensional glacial aquifer heterogeneity for improved groundwater management","volume":"31","author":"Kawo","year":"2023","journal-title":"Hydrogeol. J."},{"issue":"23","key":"10.1016\/j.cageo.2026.106221_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15821","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.1c04593","article-title":"Upscaling of denitrification rates from point to catchment scales for modeling of nitrate transport and retention","volume":"55","author":"Kim","year":"2021","journal-title":"Environmental Science & Technology"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.cageo.2026.106221_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"278","DOI":"10.1080\/00031305.2017.1419145","article-title":"Sharpening Jensen's inequality","volume":"73","author":"Liao","year":"2019","journal-title":"Am. Statistician"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cageo.2026.106221_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cageo.2023.105392","article-title":"Identifying geochemical anomalies using a new method of Yang Chizhong-spatial scan statistic","volume":"178","author":"Liu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Comput. Geosci."},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.cageo.2026.106221_bib38","first-page":"1501","article-title":"Yang Chizhong filtering and estimation methods for spatial data interpolation","volume":"54","author":"Liu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Acta Geod. Cartogr. Sinica"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.cageo.2026.106221_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5648","DOI":"10.3390\/app12115648","article-title":"Research status of and trends in 3D geological property modeling methods: a review","volume":"12","author":"Liu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Applied Sciences"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.cageo.2026.106221_bib40","first-page":"805","article-title":"Seismic lithofacies distribution modeling using the single normal equation simulation (SNESIM) algorithm of multiple-point geostatistics in Upper Assam Basin, India","volume":"6","author":"Mahadasu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Math. Eng. Manag. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cageo.2026.106221_bib41","series-title":"Handbook of Mathematical Geosciences: Fifty Years of IAMG","first-page":"645","article-title":"When should we use multiple-point geostatistics?","author":"Mariethoz","year":"2018"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.cageo.2026.106221_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1029\/2008WR007621","article-title":"The direct sampling method to perform multiple\u2010point geostatistical simulations","volume":"46","author":"Mariethoz","year":"2010","journal-title":"Water Resour. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cageo.2026.106221_bib42","series-title":"Multiple-Point Geostatistics: Stochastic Modeling with Training Images","author":"Mariethoz","year":"2014"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cageo.2026.106221_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cageo.2014.01.001","article-title":"Bridges between multiple-point geostatistics and texture synthesis: review and guidelines for future research","volume":"66","author":"Mariethoz","year":"2014","journal-title":"Comput. Geosci."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.cageo.2026.106221_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1007\/s11004-010-9270-0","article-title":"Reconstruction of incomplete data sets or images using direct sampling","volume":"42","author":"Mariethoz","year":"2010","journal-title":"Math. Geosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cageo.2026.106221_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1246","DOI":"10.2113\/gsecongeo.58.8.1246","article-title":"Principles of geostatistics","volume":"58","author":"Matheron","year":"1963","journal-title":"Econ. Geol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cageo.2026.106221_bib47","series-title":"Le Krigeage Universel: Fascicule 1. Cahiers Du CMM","author":"Matheron","year":"1969"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cageo.2026.106221_bib48","series-title":"The Theory of Regionalized Variables and its Applications (Englishversion): Fascicule 5, Cahiers Du CMM","author":"Matheron","year":"1971"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cageo.2026.106221_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cageo.2012.09.019","article-title":"A practical guide to performing multiple-point statistical simulations with the Direct Sampling algorithm","volume":"52","author":"Meerschman","year":"2013","journal-title":"Comput. Geosci."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.cageo.2026.106221_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.17794\/rgn.2016.2.4","article-title":"Comparison of Ordinary and Universal kriging interpolation techniques on a depth variable (a case of linear spatial trend), case study of the \u0160androvac field","volume":"31","author":"Mesi\u0107 Ki\u0161","year":"2016","journal-title":"Rudarsko-Geolosko-Naftni Zb."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cageo.2026.106221_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compgeo.2024.106183","article-title":"Interpolation of non-stationary geo-data using kriging with sparse representation of covariance function","volume":"169","author":"Miao","year":"2024","journal-title":"Comput. Geotech."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.cageo.2026.106221_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1029\/2009WR008414","article-title":"Combining geologic\u2010process models and geostatistics for conditional simulation of 3\u2010D subsurface heterogeneity","volume":"46","author":"Michael","year":"2010","journal-title":"Water Resour. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cageo.2026.106221_bib53","first-page":"131","article-title":"Learning in the field: synthesis of research on thinking and learning in the geosciences","volume":"486","author":"Mogk","year":"2012","journal-title":"Geological Society of America Special Papers"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.cageo.2026.106221_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"457","DOI":"10.1007\/s11004-010-9291-8","article-title":"High-order stochastic simulation of complex spatially distributed natural phenomena","volume":"42","author":"Mustapha","year":"2010","journal-title":"Math. Geosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cageo.2026.106221_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"148","DOI":"10.1016\/j.csda.2016.02.014","article-title":"A fast and objective multidimensional kernel density estimation method: fastKDE","volume":"101","author":"O'Brien","year":"2016","journal-title":"Comput. Stat. Data Anal."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.cageo.2026.106221_bib56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3209","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2020.3008015","article-title":"Downscaling multispectral satellite images without colocated high-resolution data: a Stochastic Approach based on Training Images","volume":"59","author":"Oriani","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Rem. Sens."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cageo.2026.106221_bib57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"190","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cageo.2014.06.001","article-title":"Verifying the high-order consistency of training images with data for multiple-point geostatistics","volume":"70","author":"P\u00e9rez","year":"2014","journal-title":"Comput. Geosci."},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.cageo.2026.106221_bib58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1671","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cageo.2008.09.012","article-title":"ALLUVSIM: a program for event-based stochastic modeling of fluvial depositional systems","volume":"35","author":"Pyrcz","year":"2009","journal-title":"Comput. Geosci."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.cageo.2026.106221_bib59","first-page":"619","article-title":"Event-based geostatistical modeling: application to deep-water systems","volume":"90","author":"Pyrcz","year":"2006","journal-title":"AAPG (Am. Assoc. Pet. Geol.) Bull."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.cageo.2026.106221_bib60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1007\/s11004-019-09818-4","article-title":"Downscaling images with trends using multiple-point statistics simulation: an application to digital elevation models","volume":"52","author":"Rasera","year":"2020","journal-title":"Math. Geosci."},{"issue":"6191","key":"10.1016\/j.cageo.2026.106221_bib61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1492","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1242072","article-title":"Clustering by fast search and find of density peaks","volume":"344","author":"Rodriguez","year":"2014","journal-title":"Science"},{"issue":"5500","key":"10.1016\/j.cageo.2026.106221_bib62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2323","DOI":"10.1126\/science.290.5500.2323","article-title":"Nonlinear dimensionality reduction by locally linear embedding","volume":"290","author":"Roweis","year":"2000","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cageo.2026.106221_bib63","series-title":"Spatial Modeling Principles in Earth Sciences","author":"Sen","year":"2016"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cageo.2026.106221_bib64","series-title":"Proceedings of the AAPG\/SEG International Conference and Exhibition","article-title":"Facies modeling described by probabilistic patterns using multi-point statistics an application to the k-field, Libya","author":"Sisinni","year":"2016"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.cageo.2026.106221_bib65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1014009426274","article-title":"Conditional simulation of complex geological structures using multiple-point statistics","volume":"34","author":"Strebelle","year":"2002","journal-title":"Math. Geol."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.cageo.2026.106221_bib66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1007\/s11004-020-09908-8","article-title":"Multiple-point statistics simulation models: pretty pictures or decision-making tools?","volume":"53","author":"Strebelle","year":"2021","journal-title":"Math. Geosci."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.cageo.2026.106221_bib67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1129","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-82207-y","article-title":"Multi-dimensional scaling for space-time transformation to achieve sustainable planning and management of water resource under changing land use pattern","volume":"15","author":"Ul Hasan","year":"2025","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cageo.2026.106221_bib68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.oregeorev.2021.104427","article-title":"Modelling a complex gold deposit with multiple-point statistics","volume":"139","author":"van der Grijp","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ore Geol. Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cageo.2026.106221_bib69","series-title":"International Geostatistics Congress","article-title":"The suitability of different training images for producing low connectivity, high net: gross pixel-based MPS models","author":"Walsh","year":"2021"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cageo.2026.106221_bib70","series-title":"Identification of Geochemical Anomalies Based on Geostatistical Simulation","author":"Wang","year":"2018"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cageo.2026.106221_bib71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.petrol.2021.109974","article-title":"A MPS-based novel method of reconstructing 3D reservoir models from 2D images using seismic constraints","volume":"209","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Petrol. Sci. Eng."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cageo.2026.106221_bib72","article-title":"Density peak clustering algorithms: a review on the decade 2014\u20132023","volume":"238","author":"Wang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Expert Syst. Appl."},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.cageo.2026.106221_bib73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1035","DOI":"10.1007\/s11004-022-10023-z","article-title":"Geological mapping using direct sampling and a convolutional neural network based on geochemical survey data","volume":"55","author":"Wang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Math. Geosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cageo.2026.106221_bib74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neucom.2023.126633","article-title":"An overview on density peaks clustering","volume":"554","author":"Wei","year":"2023","journal-title":"Neurocomputing"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.cageo.2026.106221_bib76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1360","DOI":"10.1080\/13658816.2024.2344186","article-title":"Generalized Yang Chizhong filtering and interpolation method without stationarity assumption","volume":"38","author":"Yang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int. J. Geogr. Inf. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cageo.2026.106221_bib77","first-page":"1","article-title":"YangNet: a nonlinear and nonstationary spatial interpolation method based on spatial compound variable theory","author":"Yang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int. J. Geogr. Inf. Sci."},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.cageo.2026.106221_bib75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1787","DOI":"10.1080\/13658816.2023.2219288","article-title":"Spatial hotspot detection in the presence of global spatial autocorrelation","volume":"37","author":"Yang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int. J. Geogr. Inf. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cageo.2026.106221_bib78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cageo.2015.12.020","article-title":"GOSIM: a multi-scale iterative multiple-point statistics algorithm with global optimization","volume":"89","author":"Yang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Comput. Geosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cageo.2026.106221_bib79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2021.112381","article-title":"A review of geostatistical simulation models applied to satellite remote sensing: methods and applications","volume":"259","author":"Zakeri","year":"2021","journal-title":"Remote Sensing of Environment"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cageo.2026.106221_bib81","series-title":"Multiple-Point Pattern Simulation Using Filter Scores: the Filtersim Algorithm and Theory","author":"Zhang","year":"2006"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.cageo.2026.106221_bib80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2240","DOI":"10.2118\/215843-PA","article-title":"Multiple-point geostatistical simulation of nonstationary sedimentary facies models based on fuzzy rough sets and spatial-feature method","volume":"28","author":"Zhang","year":"2023","journal-title":"SPE J."},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.cageo.2026.106221_bib82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"863","DOI":"10.1007\/s11004-012-9412-7","article-title":"Memory-efficient categorical multi-point statistics algorithms based on compact search trees","volume":"44","author":"Zhang","year":"2012","journal-title":"Math. Geosci."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.cageo.2026.106221_bib83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1007\/s11004-005-9004-x","article-title":"Filter-based classification of training image patterns for spatial simulation","volume":"38","author":"Zhang","year":"2006","journal-title":"Math. Geol."},{"issue":"24","key":"10.1016\/j.cageo.2026.106221_bib84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4529","DOI":"10.5194\/hess-27-4529-2023","article-title":"Comparing quantile regression forest and mixture density long short-term memory models for probabilistic post-processing of satellite precipitation-driven streamflow simulations","volume":"27","author":"Zhang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cageo.2026.106221_bib85","series-title":"Statistical Forecast of Mineral Deposits","author":"Zhao","year":"1983"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cageo.2026.106221_bib86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.acags.2024.100177","article-title":"Using multiple-point geostatistics for geomodeling of a vein-type gold deposit","volume":"23","author":"Zhexenbayeva","year":"2024","journal-title":"Applied Computing and Geosciences"}],"container-title":["Computers &amp; Geosciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0098300426001184?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0098300426001184?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,11]],"date-time":"2026-07-11T08:10:22Z","timestamp":1783757422000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0098300426001184"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]},"references-count":86,"alternative-id":["S0098300426001184"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cageo.2026.106221","relation":{},"ISSN":["0098-3004"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0098-3004","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"YangMPS: a new multiple-point statistics simulation method for non-stationary spatial processes","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Computers & Geosciences","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cageo.2026.106221","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2026 Published by Elsevier Ltd.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"106221"}}