{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,21]],"date-time":"2026-03-21T04:30:25Z","timestamp":1774067425891,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,1]],"date-time":"2026-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780272000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,1]],"date-time":"2026-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780272000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,3]],"date-time":"2026-02-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1770076800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100014736","name":"Lingnan University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100014736","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001747","name":"Hong Kong Baptist University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001747","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001839","name":"University Grants Committee","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001839","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Computers &amp; Education: X Reality"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,6]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.cexr.2026.100141","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,16]],"date-time":"2026-02-16T15:41:13Z","timestamp":1771256473000},"page":"100141","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"special_numbering":"C","title":["GenAI avatars in VR: Role of presence, health, and technological factors"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"8","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0713-6261","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paolo","family":"Mengoni","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0867-3528","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daniel Shen","family":"Jiandong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-6489-412X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Li","family":"Zixin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Paulina Wong Pui","family":"Yun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.cexr.2026.100141_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"236","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2016.04.037","article-title":"Human sex differences in solving a virtual navigation problem","volume":"308","author":"Astur","year":"2016","journal-title":"Behavioural Brain Research"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.cexr.2026.100141_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1083-6101.1997.tb00070.x","article-title":"The cyborg's dilemma: Progressive embodiment in virtual environments","volume":"3","author":"Biocca","year":"1997","journal-title":"Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication"},{"issue":"1-2","key":"10.1016\/j.cexr.2026.100141_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1177\/0261927X93121003","article-title":"Interpersonal expectations, expectancy violations, and emotional communication","volume":"12","author":"Burgoon","year":"1993","journal-title":"Journal of Language and Social Psychology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cexr.2026.100141_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmpb.2024.108124","article-title":"Breaking presence in immersive virtual reality toward behavioral and emotional engagement","volume":"248","author":"Caldas","year":"2024","journal-title":"Computer Methods and Programs in Biomedicine"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.cexr.2026.100141_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1007\/s13347-023-00628-5","article-title":"Expressive avatars: Vitality in virtual worlds","volume":"36","author":"Ekdahl","year":"2023","journal-title":"Philosophy & Technology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cexr.2026.100141_bib6","series-title":"A theory of cognitive dissonance","author":"Festinger","year":"1957"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.cexr.2026.100141_bib7","article-title":"Do realistic avatars make virtual reality better? Examining human-like avatars for vr social interactions","volume":"2","author":"Fraser","year":"2024","journal-title":"Computers in Human Behavior: Artificial Humans"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.cexr.2026.100141_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1007\/s10055-021-00554-x","article-title":"Using virtual reality for dynamic learning: An extended technology acceptance model","volume":"26","author":"Fussell","year":"2022","journal-title":"Virtual Reality"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cexr.2026.100141_bib9","series-title":"Ai npcs in an educational metaverse: Evaluating the effectiveness of prompt templates for contextual interactions","author":"Gonzales","year":"2025"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.cexr.2026.100141_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"815","DOI":"10.28991\/ESJ-2024-08-03-02","article-title":"Exploring factors influencing gen z's acceptance and adoption of ai and cloud-based applications and tools in academic attainment","volume":"8","author":"Hail","year":"2024","journal-title":"Emerging Science Journal"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.cexr.2026.100141_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"623","DOI":"10.1080\/0144929X.2023.2183054","article-title":"Immersive experience framework: A delphi approach","volume":"43","author":"Han","year":"2024","journal-title":"Behaviour & Information Technology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cexr.2026.100141_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijer.2021.101753","article-title":"Stimulating the intention to change learning strategies: The role of narratives","volume":"107","author":"Hui","year":"2021","journal-title":"International Journal of Educational Research"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cexr.2026.100141_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/frobt.2018.00081","article-title":"Immersive vr and education: Embodied design principles that include gesture and hand controls","volume":"5","author":"Johnson-Glenberg","year":"2018","journal-title":"Frontiers in Robotics and AI"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.cexr.2026.100141_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2485","DOI":"10.1007\/s00426-020-01417-x","article-title":"Virtual reality experiences promote autobiographical retrieval mechanisms: Electrophysiological correlates of laboratory and virtual experiences","volume":"85","author":"Kisker","year":"2021","journal-title":"Psychological Research"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cexr.2026.100141_bib15","article-title":"Engage and learn: Improved learning of cellular structures using a virtual reality-based learning experi-ence","volume":"100089","author":"Laubscher","year":"2024","journal-title":"Computers & Education X, Article"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.cexr.2026.100141_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1083-6101.1997.tb00072.x","article-title":"At the heart of it all: The concept of presence","volume":"3","author":"Lombard","year":"1997","journal-title":"Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cexr.2026.100141_bib17","series-title":"Innovating education with AI: Selected proceedings of the 2024 4th Asia education Technology symposium, lecture notes in educational technology","article-title":"Enhancing vr education: A tam-based study on predicting student engagement and intent to use virtual reality","author":"Lopez-Ozieblo","year":"2024"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cexr.2026.100141_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"276","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chb.2017.02.066","article-title":"Development and validation of the multimodal presence scale for virtual reality environments: A confirmatory factor analysis and item response theory approach","volume":"72","author":"Makransky","year":"2017","journal-title":"Computers in Human Behavior"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.cexr.2026.100141_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"937","DOI":"10.1007\/s10648-020-09586-2","article-title":"The cognitive affective model of immersive learning (camil): A theoretical research-based model of learning in immersive virtual reality","volume":"33","author":"Makransky","year":"2021","journal-title":"Educational Psychology Review"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cexr.2026.100141_bib20","series-title":"Proceedings of the 2024 10th international Conference on E-Society, e-Learning and e-Technologies (ICSLT)","first-page":"31","article-title":"Exploring the impact of interactive content on user experiences within a metaverse learning platform","author":"Mengoni","year":"2024"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cexr.2026.100141_bib21","series-title":"Digitization of the work environment for sustainable production, GITO verlag","first-page":"207","article-title":"Reciprocal learning in human-machine collaboration: A multi-agent system framework in industry 5.0","author":"Nixdorf","year":"2022"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cexr.2026.100141_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2020.564294","article-title":"Technology acceptance, technological self-efficacy, and attitude toward technology-based self-directed learning: Learning motivation as a mediator","volume":"11","author":"Pan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Frontiers in Psychology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cexr.2026.100141_bib23","series-title":"UIST \u201923","article-title":"Generative agents: Interactive simulacra of human behavior","author":"Park","year":"2023"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.cexr.2026.100141_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1177\/00936502231221669","article-title":"When a chatbot disappoints you: Expectancy violation in human\u2013chatbot interaction in a social support context","volume":"51","author":"Rheu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Communication Research"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.cexr.2026.100141_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"701","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nrl.2022.04.009","article-title":"Cybersickness. a systematic literature review of adverse effects related to virtual reality","volume":"39","author":"Sim\u00f3n-Vicente","year":"2024","journal-title":"Neurologia"},{"issue":"19","key":"10.1016\/j.cexr.2026.100141_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1783","DOI":"10.1080\/10447318.2020.1828535","article-title":"Identifying causes of and solutions for cybersickness in immersive technology: Reformulation of a research and development agenda","volume":"36","author":"Stanney","year":"2020","journal-title":"International Journal of Human-Computer Interaction"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.cexr.2026.100141_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.4018\/IJGBL.389730","article-title":"Understanding learning content integration in games","volume":"15","author":"Szilas","year":"2025","journal-title":"International Journal of Game-Based Learning"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cexr.2026.100141_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.28991\/ESJ-2024-SIED1-06","article-title":"The role of immersive virtual realities: Enhancing science learning in higher education","volume":"8","author":"Tene","year":"2024","journal-title":"Emerging Science Journal"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cexr.2026.100141_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.learninstruc.2025.102142","article-title":"A cornerstone of adaptivity \u2013 A meta-analysis of the expertise reversal effect","volume":"98","author":"Tetzlaff","year":"2025","journal-title":"Learning and Instruction"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cexr.2026.100141_bib30","first-page":"90","article-title":"New dimensions: The impact of the metaverse and ai avatars on social science education","volume":"14797","author":"Wong","year":"2024"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.cexr.2026.100141_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"152","DOI":"10.1007\/s10055-024-01022-y","article-title":"Exploring sex differences in collaborative virtual environments for participation equality and user experience","volume":"28","author":"Yang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Virtual Reality"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cexr.2026.100141_bib32","article-title":"An exploration of low- and high-immersive virtual reality modalities for willingness to communicate in english as a second language","volume":"5","author":"Yudintseva","year":"2024","journal-title":"Computers & Education: X Reality"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cexr.2026.100141_bib33","series-title":"Cognitive robotics","first-page":"213","article-title":"Embodiment in cognitive science and robotics","author":"Ziemke","year":"2022"}],"container-title":["Computers &amp; Education: X Reality"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S2949678026000097?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S2949678026000097?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,21]],"date-time":"2026-03-21T02:32:32Z","timestamp":1774060352000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S2949678026000097"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,6]]},"references-count":33,"alternative-id":["S2949678026000097"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cexr.2026.100141","relation":{},"ISSN":["2949-6780"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2949-6780","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,6]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"GenAI avatars in VR: Role of presence, health, and technological factors","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Computers & Education: X Reality","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cexr.2026.100141","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2026 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"100141"}}