{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,21]],"date-time":"2026-03-21T04:30:00Z","timestamp":1774067400539,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,1]],"date-time":"2026-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780272000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,1]],"date-time":"2026-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780272000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,10]],"date-time":"2026-02-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1770681600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004515","name":"Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["GG-2024-012"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["GG-2024-012"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004515","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Computers &amp; Education: X Reality"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,6]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.cexr.2026.100145","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,20]],"date-time":"2026-02-20T13:05:56Z","timestamp":1771592756000},"page":"100145","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Virtual reality for verbal communication development in English as second language learning: Advantages and optimisation strategies"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"8","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-6630-8883","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kumutha","family":"Raman","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4367-0157","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wong Wei","family":"Lun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Harwati","family":"Hashim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.cexr.2026.100145_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1467","DOI":"10.1080\/10494820.2020.1841800","article-title":"The effect of educational virtual reality game on primary school students' achievement and engagement in mathematics","volume":"31","author":"Akman","year":"2023","journal-title":"Interactive Learning Environments"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cexr.2026.100145_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.24093\/awej\/vol10no2.21","volume":"10","author":"Ali Alghamdi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Arab World English Journal"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cexr.2026.100145_bib3","series-title":"Proceedings of the 15th international conference on Mobile learning 2019, ML 2019","first-page":"153","article-title":"The potential of 3D virtual reality (VR) for language learning: An overview","author":"Andujar","year":"2019"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cexr.2026.100145_bib6","series-title":"Examining the impact of chatbot-based language learning support, adaptive learning algorithms, and virtual reality language immersion on EFL learners' language learning proficiency and self-regulated learning skills","author":"Bahari","year":"2024"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cexr.2026.100145_bib7","series-title":"Encyclopedia of computer graphics and games","first-page":"1","article-title":"Presence and immersion in virtual reality","author":"Berkman","year":"2019"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.cexr.2026.100145_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1191\/1478088706qp063oa","article-title":"Using thematic analysis in psychology","volume":"3","author":"Braun","year":"2006","journal-title":"Qualitative Research in Psychology"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.cexr.2026.100145_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"998","DOI":"10.1111\/bjet.13181","article-title":"Immersive virtual reality to train preservice teachers in managing students' challenging behaviours: A pilot study","volume":"53","author":"Chen","year":"2022","journal-title":"British Journal of Educational Technology"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.cexr.2026.100145_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"789","DOI":"10.1080\/09588221.2022.2055083","article-title":"Effects of technology-enhanced language learning on reducing EFL learners' public speaking anxiety","volume":"37","author":"Chen","year":"2024","journal-title":"Computer Assisted Language Learning"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.cexr.2026.100145_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.3102\/00346543074001059","article-title":"School engagement: Potential of the concept, state of the evidence","volume":"74","author":"Fredricks","year":"2004","journal-title":"Review of Educational Research"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.cexr.2026.100145_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1178","DOI":"10.1177\/17479541211051006","article-title":"Real-time feedback using extended reality: A current overview and further integration into sports","volume":"17","author":"Geisen","year":"2022","journal-title":"International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cexr.2026.100145_bib17","article-title":"A virtual classroom map-based immersive VR learning approach to fostering collaborative learning","volume":"5","author":"Huang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Computers & Education: X Reality"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cexr.2026.100145_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2022.1062876","article-title":"Experimental study on the influence of virtual tourism spatial situation on the tourists' temperature comfort in the context of metaverse","volume":"13","author":"Huang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Frontiers in Psychology"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.cexr.2026.100145_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"172","DOI":"10.35940\/ijitee.B7721.019320","article-title":"Virtual reality-based education (VRBE): Understanding students' readiness and expectancies","volume":"9","author":"Ismail","year":"2020","journal-title":"International Journal of Innovative Technology and Exploring Engineering"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.cexr.2026.100145_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1691","DOI":"10.1007\/s11423-024-10351-3","article-title":"Virtual reality and gamification in education: A systematic review","volume":"72","author":"Lampropoulos","year":"2024","journal-title":"Educational Technology Research & Development"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.cexr.2026.100145_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4786","DOI":"10.3390\/su14084786","article-title":"Technology-enhanced education through VR-making and metaverse-linking to foster teacher readiness and sustainable learning","volume":"14","author":"Lee","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sustainability"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.cexr.2026.100145_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.3390\/languages4010013","article-title":"Immersive virtual reality as an effective tool for second language vocabulary learning","volume":"4","author":"Legault","year":"2019","journal-title":"Languages"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.cexr.2026.100145_bib27","first-page":"291","article-title":"Creating authenticity in simulation-based learning scenarios in teacher education","volume":"48","author":"Levin","year":"2025","journal-title":"European Journal of Teacher Education"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.cexr.2026.100145_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4487","DOI":"10.1007\/s10639-021-10472-9","article-title":"Using virtual reality to facilitate learners' creative self-efficacy and intrinsic motivation in an EFL classroom","volume":"26","author":"Lin","year":"2021","journal-title":"Education and Information Technologies"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cexr.2026.100145_bib29","article-title":"A systematic review of research on xReality (XR) in the English classroom: Trends, research areas, benefits, and challenges","volume":"4","author":"Luo","year":"2024","journal-title":"Computers & Education: X Reality"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.cexr.2026.100145_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.18415\/ijmmu.v10i6.4800","article-title":"The crucial factors to successfully acquire a target language","volume":"10","author":"Narayana","year":"2023","journal-title":"International Journal of Multicultural and Multireligious Understanding"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.cexr.2026.100145_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"172","DOI":"10.1080\/10494820.2020.1765392","article-title":"Virtual reality in language learning: A systematic review and implications for research and practice","volume":"31","author":"Parmaxi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Interactive Learning Environments"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.cexr.2026.100145_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"835","DOI":"10.1007\/s10055-020-00489-9","article-title":"Immersive virtual reality in K-12 and higher education: A systematic review of the last decade scientific literature","volume":"25","author":"Pellas","year":"2021","journal-title":"Virtual Reality"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cexr.2026.100145_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2019.103778","article-title":"A systematic review of immersive virtual reality applications for higher education: Design elements, lessons learned, and research agenda","volume":"147","author":"Radianti","year":"2020","journal-title":"Computers & Education"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.cexr.2026.100145_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"999","DOI":"10.1080\/0309877X.2021.1875201","article-title":"Gamification for student engagement: A framework","volume":"45","author":"Rivera","year":"2021","journal-title":"Journal of Further and Higher Education"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.cexr.2026.100145_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.34190\/ejel.22.9.3563","article-title":"Analysing the impact of gamification techniques on enhancing learner engagement, motivation, and knowledge retention: A structural equation modelling approach","volume":"22","author":"Smirani","year":"2024","journal-title":"Electronic Journal of E-Learning"},{"issue":"23","key":"10.1016\/j.cexr.2026.100145_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/app132312557","article-title":"Optimizing foreign language learning in virtual reality: A comprehensive theoretical framework based on constructivism and cognitive load theory (VR-CCL)","volume":"13","author":"Song","year":"2023","journal-title":"Applied Sciences"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cexr.2026.100145_bib39","article-title":"Metacognition and autonomy in building a community for language learning through VR digital gaming","volume":"4","author":"Teng","year":"2024","journal-title":"Computers & Education: X Reality"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.cexr.2026.100145_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"132","DOI":"10.23887\/jptk-undiksha.v18i1.32376","article-title":"Virtual reality for supporting authentic learning in 21st century language classroom","volume":"18","author":"Utami","year":"2021","journal-title":"Jurnal Pendidikan Teknologi dan Kejuruan"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.cexr.2026.100145_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"697","DOI":"10.1177\/00336882211044860","article-title":"Learning with immersive virtual reality: An exploratory study of Chinese college nursing students","volume":"54","author":"Wu","year":"2023","journal-title":"RELC Journal"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.cexr.2026.100145_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.4018\/IJCALLT.367601","article-title":"Game on! digital gaming and augmented reality\/virtual reality in language learning","volume":"15","author":"Wu","year":"2025","journal-title":"International Journal of Computer-Assisted Language Learning and Teaching"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.cexr.2026.100145_bib44","first-page":"231","article-title":"Using virtual reality in the classroom: Reflections of STEM teachers on the use of teaching and learning tools","volume":"6","author":"Y\u0131ld\u0131r\u0131m","year":"2020","journal-title":"Journal of Education in Science Environment and Health"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.cexr.2026.100145_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.54097\/jeer.v3i3.9509","article-title":"Collaborative learning in social constructivism: Promoting English learning in a secondary classroom in China","volume":"3","author":"Zhang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Journal of Education and Educational Research"}],"container-title":["Computers &amp; Education: X Reality"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S2949678026000139?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S2949678026000139?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,21]],"date-time":"2026-03-21T02:32:22Z","timestamp":1774060342000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S2949678026000139"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,6]]},"references-count":32,"alternative-id":["S2949678026000139"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cexr.2026.100145","relation":{},"ISSN":["2949-6780"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2949-6780","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,6]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Virtual reality for verbal communication development in English as second language learning: Advantages and optimisation strategies","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Computers & Education: X Reality","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cexr.2026.100145","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2026 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"100145"}}