{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,22]],"date-time":"2026-04-22T18:36:33Z","timestamp":1776882993262,"version":"3.51.2"},"reference-count":58,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,1]],"date-time":"2025-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1764547200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,1]],"date-time":"2025-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1764547200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,9]],"date-time":"2025-09-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1757376000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000001","name":"National Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["DRL-2400781"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DRL-2400781"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000001","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000001","name":"National Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["TWCF-2023-32464"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["TWCF-2023-32464"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000001","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100011730","name":"Templeton World Charity Foundation Inc","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100011730","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Computers in Human Behavior: Artificial Humans"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.chbah.2025.100207","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,17]],"date-time":"2025-09-17T05:02:09Z","timestamp":1758085329000},"page":"100207","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Homogenizing effect of large language models (LLMs) on creative diversity: An empirical comparison of human and ChatGPT writing"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"6","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4566-0662","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kibum","family":"Moon","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Adam E.","family":"Green","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1025-3258","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kostadin","family":"Kushlev","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.chbah.2025.100207_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1037\/aca0000231","article-title":"Divergent thinking: New methods, recent research, and extended theory","volume":"13","author":"Acar","year":"2019","journal-title":"Psychology of Aesthetics, Creativity, and the Arts"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.chbah.2025.100207_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1709","DOI":"10.1007\/s42001-022-00185-5","article-title":"Linguistic, cultural, and narrative capital: Computational and human readings of transfer admissions essays","volume":"5","author":"Alvero","year":"2022","journal-title":"Journal of Computational Social Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chbah.2025.100207_bib3","series-title":"Creativity and cognition","first-page":"413","article-title":"Homogenization effects of large language models on human creative ideation","author":"Anderson","year":"2024"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chbah.2025.100207_bib4","article-title":"Artificial intelligence can persuade humans on political issues","author":"Bai","year":"2023","journal-title":"Research Square"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.chbah.2025.100207_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"757","DOI":"10.3758\/s13428-020-01453-w","article-title":"Automating creativity assessment with SemDis: An open platform for computing semantic distance","volume":"53","author":"Beaty","year":"2021","journal-title":"Behavior Research Methods"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chbah.2025.100207_bib6","series-title":"Proceedings of the 2021 ACM conference on fairness, accountability, and transparency","first-page":"610","article-title":"On the dangers of stochastic parrots: Can language models be too big? \u25a1","author":"Bender","year":"2021"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chbah.2025.100207_bib7","first-page":"3663","article-title":"Picking on the same person: Does algorithmic monoculture lead to outcome homogenization?","volume":"Vol. 35","author":"Bommasani","year":"2022"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chbah.2025.100207_bib8","article-title":"Language models are few-shot learners","author":"Brown","year":"2020","journal-title":"arXiv"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chbah.2025.100207_bib9","author":"Castro"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chbah.2025.100207_bib10","first-page":"12881","article-title":"Probing the \u201cCreativity\u201d of large language models: Can models produce divergent semantic association?","author":"Chen","year":"2023","journal-title":"Findings of the Association for Computational Linguistics: EMNLP 2023"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chbah.2025.100207_bib11","first-page":"276","article-title":"What does BERT look at? An analysis of BERT\u2019s attention. Proceedings of the 2019 ACL Workshop BlackboxNLP","volume":"NLP","author":"Clark","year":"2019","journal-title":"Analyzing and Interpreting Neural Networks for"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chbah.2025.100207_bib12","first-page":"378","article-title":"Prompting a Large Language Model to Generate Diverse Motivational Messages: A Comparison with Human-Written Messages","author":"Cox","year":"2023","journal-title":"International Conference on Human-Agent Interaction"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chbah.2025.100207_bib13","series-title":"Proceedings of the 2021 CHI conference on human factors in computing systems","first-page":"1","article-title":"Directed diversity: Leveraging language embedding distances for collective creativity in crowd ideation","author":"Cox","year":"2021"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chbah.2025.100207_bib14","article-title":"BERT: Pre-training of deep bidirectional transformers for language understanding","author":"Devlin","year":"2019","journal-title":"arXiv"},{"issue":"28","key":"10.1016\/j.chbah.2025.100207_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.adn5290","article-title":"Generative AI enhances individual creativity but reduces the collective diversity of novel content","volume":"10","author":"Doshi","year":"2024","journal-title":"Science Advances"},{"issue":"6650","key":"10.1016\/j.chbah.2025.100207_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1110","DOI":"10.1126\/science.adh4451","article-title":"Art and the science of generative AI","volume":"380","author":"Epstein","year":"2023","journal-title":"Science"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.chbah.2025.100207_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3785","DOI":"10.1007\/s00146-024-02127-3","article-title":"On the creativity of large language models","volume":"40","author":"Franceschelli","year":"2025","journal-title":"AI & SOCIETY"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chbah.2025.100207_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.2139\/ssrn.4526071","article-title":"Ideas are dimes a dozen: Large language models for idea generation in innovation","author":"Girotra","year":"2023","journal-title":"SSRN Electronic Journal"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.chbah.2025.100207_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1177\/0963721415618485","article-title":"Creativity, within reason: Semantic distance and dynamic state creativity in relational thinking and reasoning","volume":"25","author":"Green","year":"2016","journal-title":"Current Directions in Psychological Science"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.chbah.2025.100207_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"544","DOI":"10.1080\/10400419.2023.2254573","article-title":"The process definition of creativity","volume":"36","author":"Green","year":"2024","journal-title":"Creativity Research Journal"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chbah.2025.100207_bib21","first-page":"1","article-title":"Creativity and artificial intelligence: A multilevel perspective","author":"Grilli","year":"2024","journal-title":"Creativity and Innovation Management"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chbah.2025.100207_bib22","series-title":"The nature of human intelligence","author":"Guilford","year":"1967"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.chbah.2025.100207_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yjoc.2023.100065","article-title":"The originality of machines: AI takes the Torrance test","volume":"33","author":"Guzik","year":"2023","journal-title":"Journal of Creativity"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chbah.2025.100207_bib25","article-title":"Comparing the persuasiveness of role-playing large language models and human experts on polarized U.S. political issues","author":"Hackenburg","year":"2023","journal-title":"Open Science Framework"},{"issue":"2\u20133","key":"10.1016\/j.chbah.2025.100207_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"146","DOI":"10.1080\/00437956.1954.11659520","article-title":"Distributional structure","volume":"10","author":"Harris","year":"1954","journal-title":"Word"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.chbah.2025.100207_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.3758\/s13421-016-0659-y","article-title":"Tracking the dynamics of divergent thinking via semantic distance: Analytic methods and theoretical implications","volume":"45","author":"Hass","year":"2017","journal-title":"Memory & Cognition"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.chbah.2025.100207_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.1037\/aca0000125","article-title":"Semantic distance: An automated measure of creativity that is novel and appropriate","volume":"12","author":"Heinen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Psychology of Aesthetics, Creativity, and the Arts"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.chbah.2025.100207_bib29","first-page":"27","article-title":"International forum of educational technology & society infusing creativity and technology in 21st century education: A systemic view for change","volume":"19","author":"Henriksen","year":"2016","journal-title":"Source: Journal of Educational Technology & Society"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.chbah.2025.100207_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1037\/aca0000235","article-title":"The neglect of idea diversity in creative idea generation and evaluation","volume":"15","author":"Johnson","year":"2021","journal-title":"Psychology of Aesthetics, Creativity, and the Arts"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chbah.2025.100207_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3758\/s13428-022-01986-2","article-title":"Divergent semantic integration (DSI): Extracting creativity from narratives with distributional semantic modeling","author":"Johnson","year":"2022","journal-title":"Behavior Research Methods"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chbah.2025.100207_bib32","series-title":"The Cambridge handbook of creativity","year":"2019"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chbah.2025.100207_bib33","series-title":"The Cambridge handbook of the neuroscience of creativity","first-page":"233","article-title":"Going the extra creative mile: The role of semantic distance in creativity \u2013 Theory, research, and measurement","author":"Kenett","year":"2018"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chbah.2025.100207_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cobeha.2018.08.010","article-title":"What can quantitative measures of semantic distance tell us about creativity?","volume":"27","author":"Kenett","year":"2019","journal-title":"Current Opinion in Behavioral Sciences"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chbah.2025.100207_bib35","article-title":"Understanding the effects of RLHF on LLM generalisation and diversity","author":"Kirk","year":"2024","journal-title":"arXiv"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.chbah.2025.100207_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"485","DOI":"10.1162\/coli.2006.32.4.485","article-title":"Unsupervised multilingual sentence boundary detection","volume":"32","author":"Kiss","year":"2006","journal-title":"Computational Linguistics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chbah.2025.100207_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1006\/jmla.2001.2779","article-title":"The representation of polysemous words","volume":"45","author":"Klein","year":"2001","journal-title":"Journal of Memory and Language"},{"issue":"22","key":"10.1016\/j.chbah.2025.100207_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2018340118","article-title":"Algorithmic monoculture and social welfare","volume":"118","author":"Kleinberg","year":"2021","journal-title":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chbah.2025.100207_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chb.2020.106553","article-title":"Artificial intelligence versus Maya Angelou: Experimental evidence that people cannot differentiate AI-generated from human-written poetry","volume":"114","author":"K\u00f6bis","year":"2021","journal-title":"Computers in Human Behavior"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.chbah.2025.100207_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-023-40858-3","article-title":"Best humans still outperform artificial intelligence in a creative divergent thinking task","volume":"13","author":"Koivisto","year":"2023","journal-title":"Scientific Reports"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.chbah.2025.100207_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-295X.104.2.211","article-title":"A solution to plato\u2019s problem: The latent semantic analysis theory of acquisition, induction, and representation of knowledge","volume":"104","author":"Landauer","year":"1997","journal-title":"Psychological Review"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chbah.2025.100207_bib42","series-title":"CHI conference on human factors in computing systems","first-page":"1","article-title":"CoAuthor: Designing a Human-AI collaborative writing dataset for exploring language model capabilities","author":"Lee","year":"2022"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chbah.2025.100207_bib43","article-title":"When ChatGPT is gone: Creativity reverts and homogeneity persists (Version 1)","author":"Liu","year":"2024","journal-title":"arXiv"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chbah.2025.100207_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.2139\/ssrn.4708466","article-title":"Prompting diverse ideas: Increasing AI idea variance","author":"Meincke","year":"2024","journal-title":"SSRN"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chbah.2025.100207_bib45","article-title":"Distributed representations of words and phrases and their compositionality","author":"Mikolov","year":"2013","journal-title":"Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, 26, 3111-3119"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chbah.2025.100207_bib46","article-title":"Creativity has left the chat: The price of debiasing language models","author":"Mohammadi","year":"2024","journal-title":"SSRN"},{"issue":"25","key":"10.1016\/j.chbah.2025.100207_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2022340118","article-title":"Naming unrelated words predicts creativity","volume":"118","author":"Olson","year":"2021","journal-title":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.chbah.2025.100207_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"128","DOI":"10.1002\/jocb.636","article-title":"The language of creativity: Evidence from humans and large language models","volume":"58","author":"Orwig","year":"2024","journal-title":"Journal of Creative Behavior"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chbah.2025.100207_bib49","author":"Padmakumar"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chbah.2025.100207_bib59","series-title":"Proceedings of the 2014 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing, (EMNLP)","first-page":"1532","article-title":"Glove: Global Vectors for Word Representation","author":"Pennington","year":"2014"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.chbah.2025.100207_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"641","DOI":"10.3758\/s13428-013-0401-7","article-title":"Thin slices of creativity: Using single-word utterances to assess creative cognition","volume":"46","author":"Prabhakaran","year":"2014","journal-title":"Behavior Research Methods"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chbah.2025.100207_bib51","series-title":"Proceedings of the 2019 conference on empirical methods in natural language processing and the 9th international joint conference on natural language processing (EMNLP-IJCNLP)","first-page":"3980","article-title":"Sentence-BERT: Sentence embeddings using siamese BERT-networks","author":"Reimers","year":"2019"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.chbah.2025.100207_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.1080\/10400419.2012.650092","article-title":"The standard definition of creativity","volume":"24","author":"Runco","year":"2012","journal-title":"Creativity Research Journal"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chbah.2025.100207_bib53","series-title":"Proceedings of the 2024 conference on empirical methods in natural language processing","first-page":"21219","article-title":"Connecting the dots: Evaluating abstract reasoning capabilities of LLMs using the New York times connections word game","author":"Samdarshi","year":"2024"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chbah.2025.100207_bib54","series-title":"Proceedings of the 2024 conference of the north American chapter of the association for computational linguistics: Human language technologies (volume 1: Long papers)","first-page":"5303","article-title":"MacGyver: Are large language models creative problem solvers?","author":"Tian","year":"2024"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chbah.2025.100207_bib55","series-title":"Torrance tests of creative thinking","author":"Torrance","year":"1966"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chbah.2025.100207_bib56","article-title":"Chain-of-Thought prompting elicits reasoning in large language models (No. arXiv:2201.11903)","author":"Wei","year":"2023","journal-title":"arXiv"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.chbah.2025.100207_bib57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1177\/25152459231213802","article-title":"Best laid plans: A guide to reporting preregistration deviations","volume":"7","author":"Willroth","year":"2024","journal-title":"Advances in Methods and Practices in Psychological Science"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.chbah.2025.100207_bib58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1038\/s41380-021-01097-y","article-title":"Evolution of genetic networks for human creativity","volume":"27","author":"Zwir","year":"2022","journal-title":"Molecular Psychiatry"}],"container-title":["Computers in Human Behavior: Artificial Humans"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S294988212500091X?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S294988212500091X?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,28]],"date-time":"2026-02-28T05:09:04Z","timestamp":1772255344000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S294988212500091X"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]},"references-count":58,"alternative-id":["S294988212500091X"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.chbah.2025.100207","relation":{},"ISSN":["2949-8821"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2949-8821","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Homogenizing effect of large language models (LLMs) on creative diversity: An empirical comparison of human and ChatGPT writing","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Computers in Human Behavior: Artificial Humans","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.chbah.2025.100207","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2025 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Inc.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"100207"}}