{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,8]],"date-time":"2026-07-08T02:16:18Z","timestamp":1783476978013,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":133,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,1]],"date-time":"2025-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1764547200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,1]],"date-time":"2025-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1764547200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,25]],"date-time":"2025-10-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1761350400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Computers in Human Behavior: Artificial Humans"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.chbah.2025.100232","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,28]],"date-time":"2025-10-28T12:01:24Z","timestamp":1761652884000},"page":"100232","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Transforming the self: Individual-level changes arising from collaboration with generative AI"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"6","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-5958-6204","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Siddharth","family":"Nandagopal","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.chbah.2025.100232_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1038\/s43856-022-00214-4","article-title":"Mitigating the impact of biased artificial intelligence in emergency decision-making","volume":"2","author":"Adam","year":"2022","journal-title":"Communication and Medicine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chbah.2025.100232_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1057\/s41599-024-04044-8","article-title":"Trust in AI: Progress, challenges, and future directions","volume":"11","author":"Afroogh","year":"2024","journal-title":"Humanities and Social Sciences Communications"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chbah.2025.100232_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.techfore.2022.121786","article-title":"AI anthropomorphism and its effect on users' self-congruence and self\u2013AI integration: A theoretical framework and research agenda","volume":"182","author":"Alabed","year":"2022","journal-title":"Technological Forecasting and Social Change"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.chbah.2025.100232_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2024.e31887","article-title":"Exploring factors influencing the acceptance of ChatGPT in higher education: A smart education perspective","volume":"10","author":"Almogren","year":"2024","journal-title":"Heliyon"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chbah.2025.100232_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1016\/j.inffus.2019.12.012","article-title":"Explainable artificial intelligence (XAI): Concepts, taxonomies, opportunities and challenges toward responsible AI","volume":"58","author":"Arrieta","year":"2020","journal-title":"Information Fusion"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.chbah.2025.100232_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1257\/jep.29.3.3","article-title":"Why are there still so many jobs? The history and future of workplace automation","volume":"29","author":"Autor","year":"2015","journal-title":"The Journal of Economic Perspectives"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chbah.2025.100232_bib7","article-title":"\u201cChatGPT seems too good to be true\u201d: College students' use and perceptions of generative AI","volume":"7","author":"Baek","year":"2024","journal-title":"Computers and Education: Artificial Intelligence"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.chbah.2025.100232_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.3390\/info16020082","article-title":"Determinants of ChatGPT adoption intention in higher education: Expanding on TAM with the mediating roles of trust and risk","volume":"16","author":"Balaskas","year":"2025","journal-title":"Information"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chbah.2025.100232_bib9","series-title":"Social foundations of thought and action: A social cognitive theory","author":"Bandura","year":"1986"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chbah.2025.100232_bib10","series-title":"Proceedings of the 2021 ACM conference on fairness, accountability, and transparency (FAccT '21)","first-page":"610","article-title":"On the dangers of stochastic parrots: Can language models be too big?","author":"Bender","year":"2021"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chbah.2025.100232_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jretconser.2024.103790","article-title":"Do you create your content yourself? Using generative artificial intelligence for social media content creation diminishes perceived brand authenticity","volume":"79","author":"Br\u00fcns","year":"2024","journal-title":"Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chbah.2025.100232_bib12","series-title":"Generative AI at work (NBER working paper no. 31161)","author":"Brynjolfsson","year":"2023"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.chbah.2025.100232_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1080\/1369118X.2016.1154086","article-title":"The algorithmic imaginary: Exploring the ordinary affects of Facebook algorithms","volume":"20","author":"Bucher","year":"2016","journal-title":"Information, Communication & Society"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chbah.2025.100232_bib14","series-title":"The shallows: What the internet is doing to our brains","author":"Carr","year":"2020"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chbah.2025.100232_bib17","series-title":"Qualitative inquiry and research design: Choosing among five approaches","author":"Creswell","year":"2018"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.chbah.2025.100232_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"132","DOI":"10.1177\/00222429211045687","article-title":"Blame the bot: Anthropomorphism and anger in customer\u2013chatbot interactions","volume":"86","author":"Crolic","year":"2022","journal-title":"Journal of Marketing"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.chbah.2025.100232_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pdig.0000651","article-title":"Bias in medical AI: Implications for clinical decision-making","volume":"3","author":"Cross","year":"2024","journal-title":"PLOS Digital Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.chbah.2025.100232_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1080\/2331186X.2023.2290342","article-title":"Critical thinking in the AI era: An exploration of EFL students' perceptions, benefits, and limitations","volume":"11","author":"Darwin","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cogent Education"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.chbah.2025.100232_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.2307\/249008","article-title":"Perceived usefulness, perceived ease of use, and user acceptance of information technology","volume":"13","author":"Davis","year":"1989","journal-title":"MIS Quarterly"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chbah.2025.100232_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2024.105224","article-title":"Does ChatGPT enhance student learning? A systematic review and meta-analysis of experimental studies","volume":"227","author":"Deng","year":"2025","journal-title":"Computers & Education"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chbah.2025.100232_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.adn5290","article-title":"Generative AI enhances individual creativity but reduces the collective diversity of novel content","volume":"10","author":"Doshi","year":"2024","journal-title":"Science Advances"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chbah.2025.100232_bib24","author":"Doshi-Velez"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chbah.2025.100232_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"719","DOI":"10.1007\/s10796-017-9774-y","article-title":"Re-examining the unified theory of acceptance and use of technology (UTAUT): Towards a revised theoretical model","volume":"21","author":"Dwivedi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Information Systems Frontiers"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.chbah.2025.100232_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"532","DOI":"10.2307\/258557","article-title":"Building theories from case study research","volume":"14","author":"Eisenhardt","year":"1989","journal-title":"Academy of Management Review"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.chbah.2025.100232_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1177\/1476127020982866","article-title":"What is the Eisenhardt method, really?","volume":"19","author":"Eisenhardt","year":"2021","journal-title":"Strategic Organization"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chbah.2025.100232_bib28","series-title":"Proceedings of the 8th international conference on computational creativity","first-page":"96","article-title":"CAN: Creative adversarial networks, generating \"art\" by learning about styles and deviating from style norms","author":"Elgammal","year":"2017"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.chbah.2025.100232_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1609\/aaai.v32i1.11894","article-title":"The shape of art history in the eyes of the machine","volume":"32","author":"Elgammal","year":"2018","journal-title":"Proceedings of the AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence"},{"issue":"6702","key":"10.1016\/j.chbah.2025.100232_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1306","DOI":"10.1126\/science.adj0998","article-title":"GPTs are GPTs: Labor market impact potential of LLMs","volume":"384","author":"Eloundou","year":"2024","journal-title":"Science"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.chbah.2025.100232_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"864","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-295X.114.4.864","article-title":"On seeing human: A three-factor theory of anthropomorphism","volume":"114","author":"Epley","year":"2007","journal-title":"Psychological Review"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chbah.2025.100232_bib33","series-title":"ENISA threat landscape 2023","year":"2023"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chbah.2025.100232_bib34","series-title":"ENISA threat landscape 2024","year":"2024"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.chbah.2025.100232_bib35","first-page":"65","article-title":"\"Grammarly\" as AI-powered English writing assistant: Students' alternative for English writing","volume":"5","author":"Fitria","year":"2021","journal-title":"Metathesis: Journal of English Language, Literature, and Teaching"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.chbah.2025.100232_bib36","article-title":"A unified framework of five principles for AI in society","volume":"1","author":"Floridi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Harvard Data Science Review"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.chbah.2025.100232_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1145\/3716848","article-title":"Security weaknesses of Copilot-generated code in GitHub projects: An empirical study","volume":"34","author":"Fu","year":"2025","journal-title":"ACM Transactions on Software Engineering and Methodology"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.chbah.2025.100232_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"778","DOI":"10.5465\/amr.2019.0298","article-title":"Capturing causal complexity: Heuristics for configurational theorizing","volume":"46","author":"Furnari","year":"2021","journal-title":"Academy of Management Review"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.chbah.2025.100232_bib39","first-page":"2053","article-title":"The machine as author","volume":"105","author":"Gervais","year":"2020","journal-title":"Iowa Law Review"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.chbah.2025.100232_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.1038\/s41562-024-02077-2","article-title":"How human\u2013AI feedback loops alter human perceptual, emotional and social judgements","volume":"9","author":"Glickman","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nature Human Behaviour"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.chbah.2025.100232_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"627","DOI":"10.5465\/annals.2018.0057","article-title":"Human trust in artificial intelligence: Review of empirical research","volume":"14","author":"Glikson","year":"2020","journal-title":"The Academy of Management Annals"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chbah.2025.100232_bib42","author":"Grant"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chbah.2025.100232_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1400","DOI":"10.1057\/s41599-024-03879-5","article-title":"Exploring the mechanism of sustained consumer trust in AI chatbots after service failures: A perspective based on attribution and CASA theories","volume":"11","author":"Gu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Humanities and Social Sciences Communications"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chbah.2025.100232_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chbr.2024.100495","article-title":"Trust models and theories in human\u2013computer interaction: A systematic literature review","volume":"16","author":"Gulati","year":"2024","journal-title":"Computers in Human Behavior Reports"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.chbah.2025.100232_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1177\/1461444819858691","article-title":"Artificial intelligence and communication: A human\u2013machine communication research agenda","volume":"22","author":"Guzman","year":"2020","journal-title":"New Media & Society"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chbah.2025.100232_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ssaho.2024.101136","article-title":"ChatGPT acceptance and use through UTAUT and TPB: A big survey in five Indonesian universities","volume":"10","author":"Habibi","year":"2024","journal-title":"Social Sciences & Humanities Open"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.chbah.2025.100232_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e367","DOI":"10.1016\/S2589-7500(24)00047-5","article-title":"Randomised controlled trials evaluating artificial intelligence in clinical practice: A scoping review","volume":"6","author":"Han","year":"2024","journal-title":"The Lancet Digital Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chbah.2025.100232_bib48","article-title":"How ChatGPT impacts student engagement from a systematic review and meta-analysis study","volume":"8","author":"Heung","year":"2025","journal-title":"Computers and Education: Artificial Intelligence"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chbah.2025.100232_bib49","article-title":"Artificial intelligence in communication impacts language and social relationships","volume":"13","author":"Hohenstein","year":"2023","journal-title":"Scientific Reports"},{"issue":"2s","key":"10.1016\/j.chbah.2025.100232_bib50","article-title":"Artificial intelligence, artists, and art: Attitudes toward artwork produced by humans vs. artificial intelligence. ACM transactions on multimedia computing","volume":"15","author":"Hong","year":"2019","journal-title":"Communications, and Applications"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chbah.2025.100232_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1693","DOI":"10.1007\/s10758-024-09747-0","article-title":"Artificial intelligence in education: Implications for policymakers, researchers, and practitioners","volume":"29","author":"Ifenthaler","year":"2024","journal-title":"Technology, Knowledge and Learning"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chbah.2025.100232_bib52","series-title":"ISO\/IEC 22989:2022\u2014Information technology\u2014Artificial intelligence\u2014Artificial intelligence concepts and terminology","year":"2022"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chbah.2025.100232_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.techsoc.2024.102521","article-title":"Drivers of generative AI adoption in higher education through the lens of the theory of planned behaviour","volume":"77","author":"Ivanov","year":"2024","journal-title":"Technology in Society"},{"issue":"1\u20132","key":"10.1016\/j.chbah.2025.100232_bib56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1007\/s13162-020-00161-0","article-title":"Designing conceptual articles: Four approaches","volume":"10","author":"Jaakkola","year":"2020","journal-title":"AMS Review"},{"issue":"23","key":"10.1016\/j.chbah.2025.100232_bib57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2275","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2023.22295","article-title":"Measuring the impact of AI in the diagnosis of hospitalized patients: A randomized clinical vignette survey study","volume":"330","author":"Jabbour","year":"2023","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.chbah.2025.100232_bib58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"389","DOI":"10.1038\/s42256-019-0088-2","article-title":"The global landscape of AI ethics guidelines","volume":"1","author":"Jobin","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nature Machine Intelligence"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chbah.2025.100232_bib59","article-title":"Digital anthropomorphism and the psychology of trust in generative AI tutors: An opinion-based thematic synthesis","volume":"7","author":"Jose","year":"2025","journal-title":"Frontiers of Computer Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chbah.2025.100232_bib60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/feduc.2025.1652292","article-title":"Exploring the acceptance of ChatGPT in higher education: A comprehensive quantitative study of university students and faculty","volume":"10","author":"Kaya","year":"2025","journal-title":"Frontiers in Education"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chbah.2025.100232_bib61","series-title":"Principles and practice of structural equation modeling","author":"Kline","year":"2023"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chbah.2025.100232_bib62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chb.2024.108352","article-title":"Trust and reliance on AI: An experimental study on the extent and costs of overreliance on AI","volume":"160","author":"Klingbeil","year":"2024","journal-title":"Computers in Human Behavior"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chbah.2025.100232_bib63","article-title":"Examining teachers' behavioural intention of using generative artificial intelligence tools for teaching and learning based on the extended technology acceptance model","volume":"7","author":"Kong","year":"2024","journal-title":"Computers and Education: Artificial Intelligence"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.chbah.2025.100232_bib64","article-title":"Sample size justification","volume":"8","author":"Lakens","year":"2022","journal-title":"Collabra: Psychology"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.chbah.2025.100232_bib65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1093\/jcmc\/zmae015","article-title":"Finding love in algorithms: Deciphering the emotional contexts of close encounters with AI chatbots","volume":"29","author":"Li","year":"2024","journal-title":"Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chbah.2025.100232_bib66","series-title":"Proceedings of the 2020 CHI conference on human factors in computing systems (CHI \u201920)","first-page":"1","article-title":"Questioning the AI: Informing design practices for explainable AI user experiences","author":"Liao","year":"2020"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chbah.2025.100232_bib67","series-title":"Intelligence unleashed: An argument for AI in education","author":"Luckin","year":"2016"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chbah.2025.100232_bib68","series-title":"Proceedings of the 2024 IEEE international conference on Software Analysis, Evolution and Reengineering (SANER)","first-page":"435","article-title":"Assessing the security of GitHub Copilot's generated code: A targeted replication study","author":"Majdinasab","year":"2024"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.chbah.2025.100232_bib69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.3390\/arts8010026","article-title":"Art, creativity, and the potential of artificial intelligence","volume":"8","author":"Mazzone","year":"2019","journal-title":"Arts"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chbah.2025.100232_bib70","series-title":"Computational intelligence in music, sound, art and design: EvoMUSART 2019","first-page":"35","article-title":"Autonomy, authenticity, authorship and intention in computer generated art","volume":"11453","author":"McCormack","year":"2019"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.chbah.2025.100232_bib73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1145\/3457607","article-title":"A survey on bias and fairness in machine learning","volume":"54","author":"Mehrabi","year":"2022","journal-title":"ACM Computing Surveys"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.chbah.2025.100232_bib74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2023.e20962","article-title":"\u201cChatting with ChatGPT\u201d: Analyzing the factors influencing users' intention to use OpenAI's ChatGPT using the UTAUT model","volume":"9","author":"Menon","year":"2023","journal-title":"Heliyon"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chbah.2025.100232_bib75","series-title":"Guidance for generative AI in education and research","author":"Miao","year":"2023"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chbah.2025.100232_bib76","series-title":"Qualitative data analysis: A methods sourcebook","author":"Miles","year":"2018"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chbah.2025.100232_bib77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/feduc.2024.1323898","article-title":"Development and validation of a scale for dependence on artificial intelligence in university students","volume":"9","author":"Morales-Garc\u00eda","year":"2024","journal-title":"Frontiers in Education"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.chbah.2025.100232_bib78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1109\/MRA.2012.2192811","article-title":"The uncanny valley [from the field]","volume":"19","author":"Mori","year":"2012","journal-title":"IEEE Robotics and Automation Magazine"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.chbah.2025.100232_bib79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1109\/MS.2024.3439108","article-title":"Understanding and designing for trust in AI-powered developer tooling","volume":"41","author":"Murillo","year":"2024","journal-title":"IEEE Software"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.chbah.2025.100232_bib80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1111\/0022-4537.00153","article-title":"Machines and mindlessness: Social responses to computers","volume":"56","author":"Nass","year":"2000","journal-title":"Journal of Social Issues"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chbah.2025.100232_bib81","series-title":"Artificial intelligence risk management framework (AI RMF 1.0)","year":"2023"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chbah.2025.100232_bib82","series-title":"The death of expertise: The campaign against established knowledge and why it matters","author":"Nichols","year":"2024"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.chbah.2025.100232_bib83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"406","DOI":"10.1080\/15228053.2023.2187082","article-title":"Using case research to advance process theory","volume":"25","author":"Niederman","year":"2023","journal-title":"Journal of Information Technology Case and Application Research"},{"issue":"6654","key":"10.1016\/j.chbah.2025.100232_bib84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1126\/science.adh2586","article-title":"Experimental evidence on the productivity effects of generative artificial intelligence","volume":"381","author":"Noy","year":"2023","journal-title":"Science"},{"issue":"16","key":"10.1016\/j.chbah.2025.100232_bib85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10207","DOI":"10.1080\/10447318.2024.2431761","article-title":"Prompting AI art: An investigation into the creative skill of prompt engineering","volume":"41","author":"Oppenlaender","year":"2024","journal-title":"International Journal of Human-Computer Interaction"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chbah.2025.100232_bib86","series-title":"Generative AI in the classroom: From hype to reality?","year":"2023"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chbah.2025.100232_bib87","series-title":"OECD digital education outlook 2023: Towards an effective digital education ecosystem","year":"2023"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chbah.2025.100232_bib88","series-title":"Recommendation of the council on artificial intelligence (OECD\/LEGAL\/0449) (adopted on May 22, 2019; amended on May 3, 2024)","year":"2024"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chbah.2025.100232_bib89","series-title":"Proceedings of the international conference on learning representations (ICLR 2024)","article-title":"Does writing with language models reduce content diversity?","author":"Padmakumar","year":"2024"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.chbah.2025.100232_bib90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.1177\/0018720810376055","article-title":"Complacency and bias in human use of automation: An attentional integration","volume":"52","author":"Parasuraman","year":"2010","journal-title":"Human Factors"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chbah.2025.100232_bib91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.techsoc.2024.102705","article-title":"AI vs. human-generated content and accounts on Instagram: User preferences, evaluations, and ethical considerations","volume":"79","author":"Park","year":"2024","journal-title":"Technology in Society"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chbah.2025.100232_bib92","article-title":"Human\u2013machine partnership with artificial intelligence for chest radiograph diagnosis","volume":"2","author":"Patel","year":"2019","journal-title":"npj Digital Medicine"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.chbah.2025.100232_bib93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1145\/3610721","article-title":"Asleep at the keyboard? Assessing the security of GitHub Copilot's code contributions","volume":"68","author":"Pearce","year":"2025","journal-title":"Communications of the ACM"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chbah.2025.100232_bib94","article-title":"The impact of AI on developer productivity: Evidence from GitHub Copilot (arXiv:2302.06590)","author":"Peng","year":"2023","journal-title":"arXiv"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chbah.2025.100232_bib95","series-title":"Proceedings of the 2023 ACM SIGSAC conference on Computer and Communications Security (CCS \u201923)","first-page":"2785","article-title":"Do users write more insecure code with AI assistants?","author":"Perry","year":"2023"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.chbah.2025.100232_bib96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"825","DOI":"10.1080\/10510974.2024.2363259","article-title":"Emotionality in task-oriented chatbots: The effect of emotion expression on chatbot perception","volume":"75","author":"Pezenka","year":"2024","journal-title":"Communication Studies"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.chbah.2025.100232_bib97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3590","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-024-03258-2","article-title":"A toolbox for surfacing health equity harms and biases in large language models","volume":"30","author":"Pfohl","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nature Medicine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chbah.2025.100232_bib98","series-title":"Four principles of explainable artificial intelligence (NISTIR 8312)","author":"Phillips","year":"2021"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.chbah.2025.100232_bib99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1148\/radiol.222268","article-title":"Autonomous chest radiograph reporting using AI: Estimation of clinical impact","volume":"307","author":"Plesner","year":"2023","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chbah.2025.100232_bib100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/frai.2023.1324398","article-title":"A longitudinal study on artificial intelligence adoption: Understanding the drivers of ChatGPT usage behavior change in higher education","volume":"6","author":"Polyportis","year":"2024","journal-title":"Frontiers in Artificial Intelligence"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.chbah.2025.100232_bib101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.1080\/0144929X.2024.2317364","article-title":"Understanding students' adoption of the ChatGPT chatbot in higher education: The role of anthropomorphism, trust, design novelty and institutional policy","volume":"44","author":"Polyportis","year":"2024","journal-title":"Behaviour & Information Technology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chbah.2025.100232_bib102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dr.2016.06.004","article-title":"Measurement invariance conventions and reporting: The state of the art and future directions for psychological research","volume":"41","author":"Putnick","year":"2016","journal-title":"Developmental Review"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chbah.2025.100232_bib103","series-title":"Proceedings of the 2024 CHI conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (CHI \u201924)","first-page":"1","article-title":"Towards a diffractive analysis of prompt-based generative AI","author":"Rajcic","year":"2024"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.chbah.2025.100232_bib104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"866","DOI":"10.7326\/M18-1990","article-title":"Ensuring fairness in machine learning to advance health equity","volume":"169","author":"Rajkomar","year":"2018","journal-title":"Annals of Internal Medicine"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.chbah.2025.100232_bib105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3098","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-024-03180-7","article-title":"Influence of believed AI involvement on the perception of digital medical advice","volume":"30","author":"Reis","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nature Medicine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chbah.2025.100232_bib106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1007\/s41449-025-00481-6","article-title":"To trust or not to trust a human(-like) AI: A scoping review and conjoint analyses on factors influencing anthropomorphism and trust","author":"Reuter","year":"2025","journal-title":"Zeitschrift f\u00fcr Arbeitswissenschaft"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.chbah.2025.100232_bib107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"676","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tics.2016.07.002","article-title":"Cognitive offloading","volume":"20","author":"Risko","year":"2016","journal-title":"Trends in Cognitive Sciences"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.chbah.2025.100232_bib108","article-title":"How explainable artificial intelligence can increase or decrease clinicians' trust in AI applications in health care: Systematic review","volume":"3","author":"Rosenbacke","year":"2024","journal-title":"JMIR AI"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chbah.2025.100232_bib109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chb.2023.108097","article-title":"Chat-GPT: Validating Technology Acceptance Model (TAM) in education sector via ubiquitous learning mechanism","volume":"154","author":"Saif","year":"2024","journal-title":"Computers in Human Behavior"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chbah.2025.100232_bib110","series-title":"Proceedings of the 2024 CHI conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (CHI \u201924)","first-page":"1","article-title":"Explanations, fairness, and appropriate reliance in human\u2013AI decision-making","author":"Schoeffer","year":"2024"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.chbah.2025.100232_bib111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.im.2019.103174","article-title":"Machines as teammates: A research agenda on AI in team collaboration","volume":"57","author":"Seeber","year":"2020","journal-title":"Information & Management"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chbah.2025.100232_bib112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-82501-9","article-title":"Explainable AI improves task performance in human\u2013AI collaboration","volume":"14","author":"Senoner","year":"2024","journal-title":"Scientific Reports"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.chbah.2025.100232_bib113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2176","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-021-01595-0","article-title":"Underdiagnosis bias of artificial intelligence algorithms applied to chest radiographs in under-served patient populations","volume":"27","author":"Seyyed-Kalantari","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nature Medicine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chbah.2025.100232_bib114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijhcs.2025.103644","article-title":"The influence of anthropomorphism on trust in artificial intelligence: Take virtual agent as an example","volume":"205","author":"Shi","year":"2025","journal-title":"International Journal of Human-Computer Studies"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.chbah.2025.100232_bib115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"495","DOI":"10.1080\/10447318.2020.1741118","article-title":"Human-centered artificial intelligence: Reliable, safe & trustworthy","volume":"36","author":"Shneiderman","year":"2020","journal-title":"International Journal of Human-Computer Interaction"},{"issue":"6043","key":"10.1016\/j.chbah.2025.100232_bib116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"776","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1207745","article-title":"Google effects on memory: Cognitive consequences of having information at our fingertips","volume":"333","author":"Sparrow","year":"2011","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chbah.2025.100232_bib117","series-title":"Business dynamics: Systems thinking and modeling for a complex world","author":"Sterman","year":"2000"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.chbah.2025.100232_bib118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1207\/s15516709cog1202_4","article-title":"Cognitive load during problem solving: Effects on learning","volume":"12","author":"Sweller","year":"1988","journal-title":"Cognitive Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chbah.2025.100232_bib119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s11423-019-09701-3","article-title":"Cognitive load theory and educational technology","volume":"68","author":"Sweller","year":"2020","journal-title":"Educational Technology Research & Development"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chbah.2025.100232_bib120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1007\/s10648-023-09817-2","article-title":"The development of cognitive load theory: Replication crises and incorporation of other theories can lead to theory expansion","volume":"35","author":"Sweller","year":"2023","journal-title":"Educational Psychology Review"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.chbah.2025.100232_bib121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.5465\/amr.2021.0483","article-title":"From the editors\u2014The nuts and bolts of writing a theory paper: A practical guide to getting started","volume":"47","author":"Thatcher","year":"2022","journal-title":"Academy of Management Review"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chbah.2025.100232_bib122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.2196\/69678","article-title":"Trust in artificial intelligence\u2013based clinical decision support systems among health care workers: Systematic review","volume":"27","author":"Tun","year":"2025","journal-title":"Journal of Medical Internet Research"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chbah.2025.100232_bib123","series-title":"Artificial intelligence and the future of teaching and learning: Insights and recommendations","year":"2023"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chbah.2025.100232_bib125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2293","DOI":"10.1038\/s41562-024-02024-1","article-title":"When combinations of humans and AI are useful: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"8","author":"Vaccaro","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nature Human Behaviour"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.chbah.2025.100232_bib126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"186","DOI":"10.1287\/mnsc.46.2.186.11926","article-title":"A theoretical extension of the technology acceptance model: Four longitudinal field studies","volume":"46","author":"Venkatesh","year":"2000","journal-title":"Management Science"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.chbah.2025.100232_bib127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"425","DOI":"10.2307\/30036540","article-title":"User acceptance of information technology: Toward a unified view","volume":"27","author":"Venkatesh","year":"2003","journal-title":"MIS Quarterly"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chbah.2025.100232_bib128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.system.2024.103505","article-title":"Cognitive and sociocultural dynamics of self-regulated use of machine translation and generative AI tools in academic EFL writing","volume":"126","author":"Wang","year":"2024","journal-title":"System"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chbah.2025.100232_bib129","series-title":"Proceedings of the 2024 ACM conference on fairness, accountability, and transparency (FAccT \u201924)","first-page":"1475","article-title":"Investigating and designing for trust in AI-powered code generation tools","author":"Wang","year":"2024"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chbah.2025.100232_bib130","series-title":"Proceedings of the 58th Hawaii international conference on system sciences (HICSS 2025)","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.24251\/HICSS.2025.078","article-title":"Investigating the impact of disclosing generative AI's involvement in video advertising","author":"Wang","year":"2025"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chbah.2025.100232_bib131","series-title":"Proceedings of the 32nd ACM international conference on multimedia (MM \u201924)","first-page":"6813","article-title":"Understanding the impact of AI-generated content on social media: The pixiv case","author":"Wei","year":"2024"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chbah.2025.100232_bib132","series-title":"Simulation and similarity: Using models to understand the world","author":"Weisberg","year":"2013"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chbah.2025.100232_bib133","series-title":"Regulatory considerations on artificial intelligence for health","year":"2023"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.chbah.2025.100232_bib134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"547","DOI":"10.1177\/27523543241292096","article-title":"Made with artificial intelligence: The effect of artificial intelligence disclosures in Instagram advertisements on consumer attitudes","volume":"2","author":"Wortel","year":"2024","journal-title":"Emerging Media"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.chbah.2025.100232_bib135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2838","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-024-03113-4","article-title":"The limits of fair medical imaging AI in real-world generalization","volume":"30","author":"Yang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nature Medicine"},{"issue":"0","key":"10.1016\/j.chbah.2025.100232_bib136","article-title":"From assistants to digital beings: Exploring anthropomorphism, humanness perception, and AI anxiety in large-language-model chatbots","volume":"0","author":"Yao","year":"2025","journal-title":"Social Science Computer Review"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chbah.2025.100232_bib137","series-title":"Case study research and applications: Design and methods","author":"Yin","year":"2018"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chbah.2025.100232_bib138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1186\/s40561-024-00316-7","article-title":"The effects of over-reliance on AI dialogue systems on students' cognitive abilities: A systematic review","volume":"11","author":"Zhai","year":"2024","journal-title":"Smart Learning Environments"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chbah.2025.100232_bib139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dss.2024.114347","article-title":"The impact of emotional expression by artificial intelligence recommendation chatbots on perceived humanness and social interactivity","volume":"187","author":"Zhang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Decision Support Systems"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.chbah.2025.100232_bib140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1093\/pnasnexus\/pgae052","article-title":"Generative artificial intelligence, human creativity, and art","volume":"3","author":"Zhou","year":"2024","journal-title":"PNAS Nexus"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.chbah.2025.100232_bib141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1145\/3633453","article-title":"Measuring GitHub Copilot's impact on productivity","volume":"67","author":"Ziegler","year":"2024","journal-title":"Communications of the ACM"}],"container-title":["Computers in Human Behavior: Artificial Humans"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S2949882125001161?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S2949882125001161?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,8]],"date-time":"2026-07-08T01:19:58Z","timestamp":1783473598000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S2949882125001161"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]},"references-count":133,"alternative-id":["S2949882125001161"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.chbah.2025.100232","relation":{},"ISSN":["2949-8821"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2949-8821","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Transforming the self: Individual-level changes arising from collaboration with generative AI","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Computers in Human Behavior: Artificial Humans","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.chbah.2025.100232","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2025 The Author. Published by Elsevier Inc.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"100232"}}